Ukuqonda Imikhandlu Yasemadolobheni

Imikhandlu yamadolobha isebenza njengesisekelo somthetho wokubusa kukamasipala, ngokuvamile esenziwe yizikhulu ezikhethiwe ezimelela amagumbi noma izifunda ezihlukene ngaphakathi kwedolobha. Umsebenzi wazo oyinhloko ukuthatha ngamabomu imithetho yendawo, ukugunyaza ukuhlelwa kwezimiso zokusetshenziswa kwemali, futhi ibeke izinhlelo eziphambili ezithatha isikhathi eside. Isakhiwo somkhandlu wedolobha siyahlukahluka ngokwesimiso sombuso: ezinye zisebenza ngaphansi kwesimiso esiqinile lapho umphathi wedolobha esebenzisa amandla aphawulekayo, kuyilapho ezinye zilandela indlela yemikhakha yemikha esebenzelayo lapho umphathi wedolobha esingatha imisebenzi yemisebenzi yezemisebenzi yezemisebenzi enjengezemisebenzi yezemisebenzi yezemisebenzi, izivumelwano zezindawo nezimiso zendawo. Imikhandlu ngokuvamile yakha ikha izakhiwo ezikhethekile zokwenza imisebenzi engokwemisebenzi engoko.

Amalungu omhlangano athembele ekufakeni okuvela ezisebenzini zasedolobheni, ezakhamuzini, nasezazini zangaphandle ukuze enze izinqumo ezinolwazi. Igunya lawo lidlulela ekuvumeleni amasu entuthuko yenhloko- dolobha, ukumisa intela, nokugunyaza izilinganiso ezisekela umsebenzi omkhulu womphakathi. Ngenxa yokuthi izakhiwo zithinta cishe zonke izici zokuphila kwasedolobheni (izindawo ezisemadolobheni), amanzi, amapaki, ukuqondisa komkhandlu kubaluleke kakhulu. Emadolobheni amaningi, umkhandlu umisa amalungu ukuba afake izitebhungu futhi agunyaze amabhodi agunyaza ukuhlanganisa, ukulondolozwa okungokomlando, nokuphatha okuhle. Ukuqonda lesi sakhiwo sokubusa kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokuqaphela indlela idemokhrasi esenziwe ngayo.

Ukubaluleka Kwemiklamo Yasendaweni

Izimiso zomphakathi yisisekelo esingokoqobo somphakathi. Ihlanganisa izisekelo zokuhamba (izindawo, amabhuloho, amabhayisekili, izicathulo zomphakathi), izimiso ze-ithilomu (ukuphuza amanzi, amanzi alahlwayo, ugesi, ububanzi), izindawo zomphakathi (amapartk, izindawo zomphakathi), nezindawo ezibalulekile (izikole, imitapo yezincwadi), imitapo yezincwadi). Izakhiwo ezithembekile zithinta umkhiqizo wezomnotho, ukuphepha komphakathi, nokuzihambela komphakathi, nokuzihambela kahle kokuphila. Ngokwesibonelo, i-American Society of Civiniger Enginegers (ACE) idla iU.S. izakhiwo zayo zomphakathi ezingu 2021 zanikeza i-croadssss eziphambili zemali eqolondweni lemali eqolozwe kakhulu. Ngokusho kwe-ACE, ukulahlekelwa kwemali emndenini eMphakathini waseMelika, izindleko zesikhathi ngasinye, izindleko ze-R3, izindleko ze-R3, izindleko zeDoult.

Ukukhula Kwezomnotho Nokuncintisana

Izakhiwo ezinamanani anele ziheha amabhizinisi, zisekela amaketanga okuthutha izinto, futhi zikwazi ukuhambisa izisebenzi. Idolobha elinezinto zokuhamba zanamuhla namathuluzi asebenzayo cishe liyakwazi ukuveza intuthuko entsha futhi ligcine izakhamuzi ezinekhono. Izinqumo zomkhandlu ekubekeni izakhiwo nakwezimali eziyinhloko zingashukumisa ukutshala imali yomuntu siqu njengokungathi umkhandlu uvumela ukusetshenziswa okuxubile esiteshini esisha. Ngokuphambene, izakhiwo ezinganakiwe zixosha ukutshala nokuncitshiswa kwempahla. Ukucwaninga kwe-National Association of Realterterers kubonisa ukuthi imiphakathi efaka imali emapaki nasemigwaqweqweni ebona ukukhokha izindleko zasekhaya ezingekho mvume futhi inciphe.

Impilo Yomphakathi Nokulondeka

Amapayipi aluhlaza (njengezisekelo zezakhiwo zezakhiwo ezihlukene) zenza kube lula ukukhuculula indle, futhi imigwaqo ecwebezelayo ibaluleke kakhulu empilweni yomphakathi. Izinhlangano zedolobha ziqondisa izinga lamanzi elisezingeni eliphezulu nezindlela zokusabela eziphuthumayo, kuhlanganise neziteshi zokucima umlilo nezindlela zokuthutha. Imisebenzi yezemisebenzi yezemfashini yezemvelo (Greenlandswales) enjengezikhungo zemigwaqo ezihambayo nezindawo ezihambayo ezihambayo (i-eleaccurity). Izimoto ziye zanciphisa izikhukhula nokungcoliswa kwamanzi okubangelwa yizikhuthazo ezibangelwa yizifo ezibangelwa amanzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imithetho yemigwaqo egcwele eyongeza imigwaqweqwene, imigwane, nemigwaqweqweni emikhulu ekhuthaza ukusebenza ngezimoto futhi inciphise izingozi zezimoto. EUnited States, izingozi zezimoto ziye zanda ezindaweni zokubona izinto ezisemkhankalweni zeminyeni.

Ukubambisana Kwezenhlalo Nomphakathi

Izinqumo zokuhlela zingaba amabhuloho noma ukuhlukanisa okujulile kwezenhlalo. Ngokomlando, imisebenzi yemigwaqo emikhulu kanye nemigqa yezenzuzo iye yathathwa phakathi kwezindawo ezingenisa imali ephansi nemiphakathi enemibala ephansi, ibangela ukushendezeka nezindawo ezihlukene zempilo. Imikhandlu yamadolobha namuhla inethuba lokwakha izisekelo zezemisebenzi ezihlelelwe izindawo ezigciniwe. Izibonelo zihlanganisa ukutshala izakhiwo eziseceleni ezingeni eliphansi, ukuhlala emapaki nasezingadini zomphakathi eduze kwezindlu zomphakathi, nokuqinisekisa ukufinyelela komphakathi wonke umuntu.

Imithwalo Yemfanelo Eyinhloko Yemikhandlu Yasemadolobheni Eziyalweni

Imikhandlu yamadolobha inegunya ngezakhiwo ngemisebenzi eminingana eyisisekelo, ngayinye idinga ukuhlanganiswa kobuchwepheshe nokulandisa komphakathi. Ngezansi siphula lemithwalo yemfanelo futhi sibonise indlela imikhandlu engayibulala ngayo ngokuphumelelayo.

Ukuhlela Nokuzilungisa

Izimiso ze-Zoning zinquma ukuthi indawo ingasetshenziswa kanjani, ukuthi ikuphi, futhi ngayiphi injongo. Izingqungquthela ziyawamukela futhi ziwalungise la mithetho, ngokuvamile ngemva kokufakwa okukhulu komphakathi. Izinqumo ezithi zithonye izakhiwo ezisemqoka ngokuqondile zidinga ithonya elikhulu: ukuphakama kwamanzi kungadinga ukukhushulelwa, kuyilapho izifunda zezentengiselwano zidinga ukupaka imoto okwanele nokungena ekuthuthweni. Amasu angaphakathi (ayaziwa nangokuthi amasu avamile) amisa umbono wenkathi yokukhula futhi ahlanganisa izakhi zezakhiwo ezifana nobudlelwane bomgwaqo, ukulawulwa kwezikhukhula, nezimiso zezindawo ezivulekileyo. Imikhandlu yaseDolobheni ivumela lezi zicwangciso futhi kufanele iqinisekise ukuba zibonise njalo ukushintsha kwemiphakathi nezimo nezimo nezimo nezimo zezulu.

Ukusetshenziswa kwemvume nezindawo ezihlukene kuvumela ukuphambuka ekwakhiweni okuvamile, ukuvumela ukuba kuvumelane nemisebenzi enjengezemisebenzi yamandla athelekayo noma izakhiwo ezivuselelwayo. Izinhlangano kumelwe zihlole izinzuzo zemisebenzi enjalo ngokumelene nemisebenzi engenzeka. Ukuhlela ngokuhlakanipha kuhlanganisa futhi ukuhlelwa kwemithetho egcizelela uhlobo olubonakalayo lwezakhiwo nemigwaqo kunokusebenzisa ukwehlukana okuqinile, ukuthuthukisa ukuhamba, ukuhlanganisa izindawo ezisebenzisa imoto.

Ukusebenzisa Imali Nokuphatha Imali

Izakhiwo ziyabiza, futhi imikhandlu inomthwalo wokuhlela izimali ngohlelo lwemali lwaminyaka yonke kanye namapulani okuthuthukisa inhloko-mandla (CIP). ICIP iveza imisebenzi, ihlela, futhi ihlela imithombo yezimali, ihlanganise intela yendawo, isifundazwe nemali, izibopho, kanye nezibopho zomphakathi. I-CIP iqinisekisa ukuthi izindleko zomphakathi zokulungisa nokubuyisela izindleko zifakazelwa, hhayi nje ukwakhiwa kokuqala. Izinhlangano kumelwe zenze ukuhwebelana: isikhungo esisha sokuzilibazisa singancintisana nenkokhelo eyinhloko eshintshayo. Imali esobala yakha ukuthemba umphakathi futhi isize ukusekela izivumelwano zesibopho.

Amadolobha amaningi asebenzisa ama-akhawunti anikezelwe − njengemali yokunakekela imigwaqo noma imali yezezentengiselwano . Imikhandlu yamadolobha ingathatha futhi imithetho ephelele yasemgwaqweni edinga ipesenti lemali yokuhamba ukuze yabelwe ukuthuthukisa kwabahamba ngezinyawo nangamabhayisekili. Isiyalo se-Fiscal sidinga ukubika njalo ngezindleko zemisebenzi nangezingalo zesikhathi; imikhandlu kufanele ifune ukuba izisebenzi zisebenzise ukuhlaziya izindleko zokulungisa imoto nesethuthi lemoto ukuze zikhokhise izinqumiso.

Ukuhlanganyela Nokwenza Umphakathi Ubone Ingaphandle

Ukuhlanganyela komphakathi kuyimfuneko engokomthetho kanye namandla entando yeningi. Imikhandlu yamadolobha iphatha ukuqulwa kwamacala, izishadi, nemihlangano yedolobha lapho izakhamuzi zingazwakalisa khona ukukhathazeka ngemisebenzi yezemisebenzi yezemisebenzi ehlongozwayo. Ukuthembisana okuphumelelayo kudlulela ngalé kwezaziso zokuthumela: imikhandlu kufanele isebenzise iziteshi eziningi (ukuhlolwa komphakathi, ukuxhumana komphakathi, izikhathi ezifinyelelekayo) ukuze ifinyelele abantu abahlukahlukene. Eminye imikhandlu isungula amabhodi ezokuhlela izakhamuzi, amabhizinisi endawo, nochwepheshe bezobuchwepheshe ukuze ifake iziphakamiso zezindawo phambi kwemikhandlu.

Ubuchwepheshe bungathuthukisa ukuthatha isinyathelo. Ama-digitation avumela izakhamuzi ukuba zithathe amaphakethi, zibheke amabalazwe emisebenzi, futhi zithuthukise intuthuko. Ukuhlela uhlelo lokuhlela. (hhayi lapho izakhamuzi zivota ngokuqondile ukuthi zingayisebenzisa kanjani ingxenye yemali yenhloko- dolobha,) kuye kwamukelwa amadolobha anjenge New York neParis. Le nqubo ayifundisi nje kuphela izakhamuzi ngokuphuma kwezohwebo kodwa futhi yakha ukusekela okuhlala njalo ekuthengisweni kwezentengiselwano yezakhi zemvelo.

Ukwenziwa Kwemithetho Nezimfuneko

Ngemithetho nangezinqumo, imikhandlu yasedolobheni imisa imithetho emisa izinga lezesisekelo. Ingamisa imithetho yokwakha ehlanganisa ukusebenza kahle kwamandla, isebenzise iziqondiso zokulungisa imigwaqo ezinciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi, noma ifune iziteshi zikagesi ezihamba ngentuthuko entsha. I-Pricies emklamweni wemigwaqo [1] njengemigomo enjenge- Urban Street Design [ I-Icebo lokuqondisa imigwaqo ephephile, efinyelelekayo. Imikhandlwini imisa futhi izitebhula zokulungisa imishini yezemishini, njengamazinga amafutha noma ukuthatha inqubo yokulungisa izimoto. Ngokulungisa izinhlelo eziphambili ze-carbon.

Izinselele Nezixazululo

Imikhandlu yamadolobha ibhekene nezithiyo eziphikelelayo ezinganciphisa noma ziphazamise izakhiwo zezakhiwo zesisekelo. Ukuqonda lezinselele nokwamukela izindlela ezimisiwe zokuzilawula kubalulekile ukuze kutholwe ngokuphumelelayo.

Ukulinganiselwa Kwemali

Amadolobha amaningi athembele ezintela zempahla, izintela zentela, nentela yomsebenzisi, konke okunemingcele yokukhula. Imisebenzi emikhulu idinga ukuboleka ngesibopho esivamile, esidinga ukuvunyelwa yi-(inqubo ehlulekayo). Inhlokodolobha inikeza izinhlelo zikahulumeni noma zikahulumeni incintiswano futhi iza nemithwalo enzima. Ukunweba amadollar alinganiselwe, imikhandlu ingaphishekela ukubambisana komphakathi (amaP3) lapho izinhlangano ezizimele zezimali, ezakha khona, futhi ngezinye izikhathi zisebenzise izakhiwo ezishintshanayo ukuze kutholakale imali eseleni ende. Ngokwesibonelo, amadolobha amaningi aye asebenzisa amaP3 ukuze akhe imigwaqo empompi, amagalaji, nezindawo zokupaka amanzi. Elinye ikhambiso lingathatha izimali, njengentela (ITGS), lapho intela ekhuphulwe khona intela entsha ethuthukiswayo.

Izingcindezi Zezombangazwe

Imikhandlu kumelwe ilinganisele izithakazelo zabathuthukisi abafuna ukuvunyelwa ngokushesha, amaqembu endawo ezungezile afuna ukugcinwa, nezakhamuzi ezingase zimelane noshintsho (“kungabi sekhaya lami” noma i-NIMBY ). Ukucindezela kungaholela ekuyekethiseni ukuthi iprojekthi ilulaze izinzuzo zeprojekthi. Ukuphatha le nqubo, imikhandlu kufanele ithathe izisekelo ezicacile zezakhiwo ezingaphambili, cishe isimiso esinesisekelo semisebenzi esisekelwe ekuzuzeni komphakathi, ukulingana, nokukhokha izindleko. Izibalo zasikhathi sonke nokungenela kubo bobabili abasekeli nezimpikiswano. Inqubo esobala ebhaliwe ngemitayela yomphakathi isakhiwo sokwethemba kanye nemininingwane yomphakathi inikeza amalungu ezombangazwe indawo yokukhetha okunzima.

Imithetho Nezindinganiso Ezishintshayo

Izimiso zendawo ezungezile, izimfuneko zokuthola, kanye nezimiso zokwakha zishintsha njalo. Ukulungisa umsebenzi ophakathi komfula kungabangela ukulibala nokubiza. Imikhandlu inganciphisa lokhu ngokufuna izisebenzi ukuba zakhe ushintsho lwezimiso zemisebenzi kanye nezimiso zokuhlela (ngokwesibonelo, kuhlanganise nengu - 15% yemvume). Kufanele futhi zifake izimali ekuqeqesheni okuqhubekayo kokuhlela nokulungisa imithetho emisha. Izinhlangano ezihlangene nezinhlangano zobuchwepheshe, njengenhlangano ye-American Planning Association[, zinganikeza ukushintshwa kwemikhuba emihle kakhulu. Uma iziqondiso, imikhandlu ingadinga ukulungisa amacebo awo abanzi noma imiyalelo yobunjiniyela ukuba ihlale ikhona, okumelwe yenziwe ngokubambisana, okumelwe kwenziwe ngokusebenza kunezenzo.

Ukuphikiswa Nokwethuka Komphakathi

Imisebenzi yezesisekelo ephezulu yezesisekelo ivame ukubhekana nezinselele ezingokomthetho zomakhelwane, amaqembu emvelo, noma abanikazi bempahla. Imithetho ingavala imisebenzi iminyaka eminingi futhi ikhiphe imithombo yasedolobheni. Isivikelo esingcono kakhulu ukuhlangana okuphelele komphakathi ekuqaleni kwenqubo yokuklama, kuhlanganise nezinzuzo ezixoxweyo njengezindlu ezibekelwe imingcele ephezulu noma izinyathelo zokuvimbela izimoto. Ukuphatha imibiko yendawo ezungezile ngokwaziswa komphakathi okuqinile kunciphisa amathuba okuphumelelayo. Imikhankani ingathatha futhi “intuthuko engenakulinganiswa” eqinisekisa ukuthi izakhiwo aziyonakali imiphakathi esengozini.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo Zezinyathelo Eziphumelelayo

Imikhandlu eminingi yamadolobha iye yabonisa ukuthi ukuhola kwezesisekelo okuqinile kunikeza izinzuzo ezingenakungatshazwa. Ngezansi kunezibonelo ezine ezihlukene eziqokomisa ukwenza isinqumo somkhandlu.

Imigwaqo Ephelele EPortland, E - Oregon

Umkhandlu wedolobha lasePortland wamukela umthetho wawo wokuqala weComplete Streets ngo- 2007, wasungula ukuphepha nokuvuselelwa kwabo bonke abasebenzisa umgwaqo (‘abagibeli bezimoto, abagibeli bamabhayisekili, abagibeli bezimoto, nabashayeli. Lomkhandlu wabeka ingxenye yezimali zokuhamba ukuze ufake imigwaqo egcwele, imigwaqo yebhayisekili, neziqhingi zabahamba ngezinyawo. Ngo-2023, iPortland yayisekwehla ngebanga elingaphezu kwamakhilomitha angu-25% ngeshumi leminyaka. Isimiso sasekelwa yisinqumo saminyaka yonke esasidinga ukukhishwa kwentuthuko ezindaweni ezihlukene. Lo kuzimisela kokwenza ukwethemba umphakathi okusobala nakwamanye amadolobha aphefumlelwe ukuba kulandele.

Izakhiwo eziluhlaza ePhiladelphia, ePennsylvania

Umbuso wakhona ugunyaza uhulumeni ukuba unciphise ukuchitheka kwendle ehlangene, umkhandlu wedolobha lasePhiladelphia wagunyaza iGreen City, iCeac Waters ngo-2011. Esikhundleni sokwakha umhubhe omkhulu ogciniwe ongaphansi komhlaba (olinganiselwa ku-R610 000 000 000 000 000 000 000), umkhandlu wakhetha izakhiwo eziluhlaza ezihlukene ezizosetshenziswa ukufinyelela ngalé kwe-$, izinga elihambayo, imisele yezihlahla evulekile, imisele yezihlahla encishisiwe ngokwemvelo. Imisebenzi eluhlaza efakiwe inciphe kakhulu futhi isindise isilinganiso sezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-R3,8 zezigidi ezilinganiselwa ku-R3. Ukuzimisela komphakathi ukunikela phambili ezindleleni ezintsha ezithuthukisiwe ezindaweni ezizungezile kwenza ukuba izwe futhi kuthuthukiswe indawo ezungezile.

Ukwanda Kokuhanjiswa Komphakathi ELos Angeles, eCalifornia

ILos Angeles City Council ibingumsekeli onamandla wesimiso se-Metro, obhekene nokwanda okukhulu kakhulu kwezokuthutha ezweni elingaphansi kwe-Emembry R futhi ilinganise i-M (izilinganiso zentela ezigunyazwe abavoti). Lo mkhandlu wasiza ekumiseni umfula onikezelwe wezimali futhi usebenzise igunya lawo lokusebenzisa izwe ukuze ukhuthaze ukuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kweziteshi ezintsha. U-Flufred Line izoxhumanisa indawo entshona yeLos Angeles ngo-2027, kanti i-Crenshaw/LAX Line ithuthukisa ukufinyelela imisebenzi kanye nezindiza. Amalungu eMkhandlu-mphini u-nkampane ngokukhuthele ukuze athole inzuzo ewumbuso ukuze athole imvume yokuhamba ngokushesha. Njengomphumela, ukukhuphuka kwe-metrorishi emigqeni yezimoto kukhuphuke ngo-60% ka-2020202020, ukunciphisa izimoto.

Amapaki Nendawo Evulekile EDolobheni LaseNew York, eNew York

I-High Line j·an paki ephakeme eyakhiwe endaweni eyayinemizila yesitimela ethwala impahla kwiskrini .I-ayikho ngaphandle kokusekelwa okunzima yi-New York City Council. Ngo-2002, umkhandlu wavota ukubuyisela isifunda esizungezile ukuze uvumele ukusungulwa kwezwe, okwabangela ukuba kuthathwe imali exhasa ukwakhiwa nokunakekelwa kwepaki. Lo mkhandlu wabeka izigidi ezimalini eziyinhloko zezindawo zokuqala ezimbili. Kusukela ekuqaleni ngo-2009, i-High Line iheke izivakashi ezingaphezu kwezigidi eziyi 8 ngonyaka, yafaka inzuzo eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-R3 ekuthengiseni inzuzo yezezezezezezene. Inhlangano yafaka isibonelo sembulunga yonke ekusekeleni isakhiwo esingahambisani impumelelo yezezombangazwe.

Imikhuba Exubile Nombono Wesikhathi Esizayo

Imikhandlu yamadolobha kumelwe ihambisane nezinguquko ezisheshayo zezobuchwepheshe, zendawo ezungezile, nezenhlalo.

Izindlela Zobuchwepheshe Zasedolobheni Elihlakaniphile

I-inthanethi yezinto (IoT) yemizwa yezezinzwa, imininingwane yangempela, kanye namawele emishini isetshenziswa ukulawula iziteshi zezimoto, ukuqondisa izinga lomoya, ukubikezela ukwehluleka kwezemvelo, nokusebenzisa amandla anele. Izinhlangano kufanele zisebenzise izimiso ezenza imininingwane ikwazi ukuvikela izinto zomuntu siqu. Ngokwesibonelo, umkhandlu wedolobha ungadlulisela umthetho ofuna ukuba izibani ezintsha zomgwaqo zihlanganise izikhungo zemishini ehlakaniphile yesikhathi esizayo. Izinqanda-qhinga zivumela izilinganiso zokulungisa ugesi zihleleke ngokufuna, ukunciphisa izingcingo zokukhanya. Izinzwa ze-pavement zingaqaphelisa amaqembu okulungisa izimbobo ngaphambi kokuba enze izingozi. Nokho, imikhandlu kumelwe iqaphe ngokuvala imishini yezokulungisa imishini.

Imigomo Yokulondolozwa Kwezinto Nenetha

Imikhandlu eminingi iye yabeka izisulu zesimo sezulu esiphambili. Ukukhipha igwebu lezendle ngo-2050 kudinga imikhumbi yempi yomphakathi engenisa ugesi, izakhiwo zikamasipala ezifanele impumelelo, futhi ikhuphule ukukhiqizwa kwamandla. Izinqumo ezinziswayo zokuhlelwa kwemikhankaso. Zifana nokufuna zonke izakhiwo ezintsha zomshini nokwenqabela ukuhlangana kwegesi okungokwemvelo. Inguquko yemvelo ifuna izingxoxo emagumbini emikhandlwini ngaphesheya kwezwe. Izinhlangano zinikeza futhi izitejikelezo eziphezulu ze-LeED ne-Passurence House. Imikha yamandla ekwazi ukuhlanganisa izakhiwo zelanga nezindawo zomphakathi ngokuhlanganisa amabhonasi noma ukukhokha intela. Ukushintshela izimoto zegesi ezisebenza ngogesi (EV) kudinga ukukhokha izikhungo: eminye imikhamayeni ezisethi ezisezingeni ezintshani ezintsha.

Ukuzivumelanisa Nesimo Sezulu Nokushintsha

Imikhumbi inyuka, inyuka, ivunguvungu, namaza okushisa aphoqelela amadolobha ukuba aphinde asebenzise izisekelo zesisekelo. Imikhandlu ifaka imali ezindongeni zezikhukhula, imigwaqo ephakeme, nezithiyo zemvelo njengezindawo ezingamaxhaphozi nemihlume. Amadolobha ase-Inland abhekene nezingozi zomlilo nesomiso; imikhandlu ihlola ukuvuselelwa kwamanzi, izimiso ze-grainterter, kanye nezingashisi-mlilo. Ukuhlelwa komlilo kumelwe kuhlanganiswe kuyo yonke imisebenzi yenhloko-nhloko mhlaba. Ngokwesibonelo, umkhandlu ungayala ukuba yonke imigwaqo emisha ihlanganise izakhiwo ezimile nezihlahla zomthunzi zinciphise umphumela wesiqhingi esishisayo. Izinhlelo ze-Federal Buil Refraent Infracy ne-Miclies (BRI) zinikeze ukuxhasa izakhiwo, futhi kufanele ziphiwe kakhulu.

Intuthuko yomphakathi kanye nokulingana

Inhlangano eqondene “nokusekelwa” igcizelela ukuthi intuthuko yezesisekelo kufanele izuzise zonke izakhamuzi, ikakhulukazi lezo ezibekwe ngokwezimo eziphansi ngokomlando. Imikhandlu ithatha imikhakha elinganayo ekuhleleni inhloko, njengokufaka kuqala imisebenzi ezindaweni ezinezinga eliphansi lokuthola ipaki noma isifuba somoya. Ukuhlanganyela ekusebenziseni imali ekhona ("ascreation). Izinhlelo zokuhlela izakhiwo futhi zisebenzisa izimiso zokuhlanganisa izakhiwo ezihlangene ukuqinisekisa ukuthuthuka okusha okungabizi mali. I-E’s Green Infrature forvolustration uhlelo lohlelo lunikeza usizo lobuchwepheshe ekuhleleni izinto ezikhona. Ngokufaka umphakathi ezidingwayo eziphakathini, imikhandlu ingakha izakhiwo ezinwe isikhathi eside. [[FLT]

Isiphetho

Imikhandlu yamadolobha ingabaphathi abakhethiwe bezezisekelo zendawo, abasebenzisa amandla okuvumela amasu, ukuhlela imali, ukuhlanganisa izakhamuzi, nokumisa izimiso ezilawula zonke izingxenye zokuphila komphakathi. Kusukela emigwaqweni ephelele nasezimisweni zamanzi aluhlaza kuya ezinzweni ezihlakaniphile nasemapulanini aqinile, izinqumo ezenziwe emagumbini omkhandlu zivele ngaphandle amashumi amaningi eminyaka. Izinselele . //ukuhluleka kwemikhawulo ezombangazwe, ukuphikiswa kwe-NIMBY, kodwa azinamandla. Imikhandlu emukela ukukhanya, ukuhlelela, ubufakazi obusekelwe, neminye imikhuba emisha ingaveza inzuzo ethuthukisa inzuzo yezomnotho, impilo yomphakathi, nokusekela indawo ezungezile.

Njengoba amadolobha eqhubeka eguquka enkathini yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukuphazamiseka kwezesayensi, nokushintsha kwenani labantu, imikhandlu yamadolobha iseyigatsha likahulumeni elifinyeleleka kakhulu ezakhamuzini ezivamile. Ukuhlanganyela okhethweni lwendawo, ukuthatha izimemezelo zomphakathi, nokuveza izinto eziza kuqala kuba yizenzo ezibalulekile zokuhlanganyela komphakathi. Ekugcineni, izinga lezezisekelo zedolobha libonisa izinga lenqubo yalo yentando yeningi, kanti nemikhandlu yamadolobha iphakathi kwezinye zombili.