Ngo-1978, abavoti baseCalifornia benza okuthile okuvukelayo: badlula ngokuphelele isishaya-mthetho sabo futhi banciphisa izintela zempahla ngesilinganiso sesakhamuzi esibizwa ngokuthi iProposition 13. Lesisenzo esisodwa sentando yeningi esiqondile saguqula hhayi nje isimiso sentela saseCalifornia kodwa sadala ukuvukela kwentela ezweni lonke okwashintsha ezombangazwe zaseMelika amashumi amaningi. Kwabonisa ukuthi izakhamuzi ezisebenzisa amathuluzi okuhlola, izinyathelo, futhi kukhumbula [ zazingahlupha izazi zezelela izazi zezombangazwe futhi zishintshe isimiso sikahulumeni ngokuyinhloko.

Lezi zinqubo ezintathu zentando yeningi eqondile `ikhono lokugumbuqela imithetho nge , ukudala ezintsha nge iziqu[, futhi ususe izikhulu [izingcingo] [[] [izikhomba-magama] [izinto ezinamandla kakhulu]] [ingawezingawezingamandla kakhulu kodwa ezingaphansi kwesimiso sokubusa ngentando yeningi yaseMelika. I United States isebenza ngokuyinhloko njengedemocraticism, lezi zinqubo zentando yeningi zivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zihambe lapho abamele intando yeningi behluleka ukubonisa intando yomphakathi. Ukuqonda ukuthi lamathuluzi awasebenzi nje ekwazi ukufunda; amandla asebenzayo angaguqula izigaba, ngisho nethonya lesizwe.

Kodwa naphezu kwethonya labo, amaMelika amaningi anezici ezifiphele nje kuphela ngalamathuluzi entando yeningi aqondile. Uyini umehluko phakathi kwe-metapendium nesiqalo? Zingaki izignesha ezizikhumbulayo ezidingayo? Kungani ezinye izifundazwe zivumelana nalezi zinqubo kuyilapho ezinye zizenza zingazivumeli ngokuphelele? Leligebe lolwazi livimbela izakhamuzi ukuba zisebenzise amalungelo azo entando yeningi futhi lishiye amathuluzi anamandla okuguqula uthuli kuyilapho abantu bekhononda ngohulumeni ongasabeli.

Ukuziphendukela Okungokomlando Kwentando Yeningi EMelika

Umsuka Wenkathi Eqhubekayo

Isimiso sanamuhla se esinemifantu, i-astendendums, futhi ikhumbula savela phakathi neNkathi ehambayo (1890s-1920) njengoba abaguquli babefuna ukuqeda ukulawulwa kwemishini yezombangazwe nezithakazelo zezinhlangano kohulumeni. Abaqhubekeki bekholelwa ukuthi idemokrasi emele i-odoli yangcoliswe yizithakazelo ezikhethekile futhi ukuthi izakhamuzi ezivamile zidinga izimiso zokudlula iziphakamiso eziphikiswayo.

I-South Dakota yaba yisifundazwe sokuqala ukwamukela ukuthatha isinyathelo kuqala nokuthatha i-astenderum ngo-1898, ilandelwe ngokushesha yi-Utah, i-Oregon, iMontana, ne-Oklahoma. Ngo- 1918, cishe ingxenye yayo yonke imibuso yathathe uhlobo oluthile lwentando yeningi. Oregon yaba yindawo yokucwaninga yentando yeningi eqondile [[, kanye nezakhamuzi ezisebenzisa lamathuluzi kaningi kangangokuba umbuso wazuza isiteketizo esithi "Isimiso Sezwe sase-Oregon" ." Phakathi kuka-19902 no-1910, i-Oregonvotion yanquma ngezinyathelo ezingu-32 zezakhamuzi, imisa izenzakalo ezasakazwa ezweni lonke.

Inkumbulo yavela kamuva kodwa yavela emasikweni afanayo afuna ukuguqula izinto. iLos Angeles yamukela ilungiselelo lokuqala lokukhumbula ngo-1903, futhi i-Oregon yaba yisifundazwe sokuqala ukuba sikhumbule isifundazwe sonke ngo-19908. Lamathuluzi aklanyelwe ngokucacile ukulwa nokonakala kwezakhamuzi − anikeza amandla okususa izikhulu ezazithengwe izinkampani zezitimela, izinkampani zezimayini, noma abaqondisi bezombangazwe.

Isisekelo sesimiso esiqondile sentando yeningi [[FLT: 1] savela emithonjeni ehlukene: i-Switzerland yentando yeningi, izinhlangano ze-pulgast, kanye nokholo oluqhubekayo ekuhlakanipheni kwezakhamuzi. Izinguquko ezifana noWilliam S. U'Ren eOregon naseJohn Randolph Haynes eCalifornia zaba abashumayeli bevangeli bentando yeningi eqondile, bephikisa ngokuthi izakhamuzi zithembeke kakhulu kunezazi zezombangazwe ezithambekele ekukhohlakaleni.

Ukwanda Neziqongo

Ngawo-1910 kwakhula ngokushesha amalungiselelo entando yeningi aqondile, imibuso eminingi ithatha zonke izinqubo ezintathu ngesikhathi esifanayo. Ukunqoba okuqhubekayo kokhetho lwezwe kwaveza amathuba okuguqula umthetho-sisekelo, futhi izizeyithi zathanda ubukhosi obuthandwayo [ ekulawuleni okuphakeme. Izinhlangano zabesifazane ngokuvamile zivumelana nabameleli bedemokhrasi abaqondile, zibheka lamathuluzi njengezindlela zokuthuthukisa inguquko ngisho nangaphambi kokuba zifinyelele amalungelo okuvota.

Nokho, kwavela ngokushesha. Amandla eNkantolo, ethuswa iziphakamiso ezisheshayo ezivela kuma-collet, ahlongoza ukulinganisela idemokrasi eqondile. Amaningi asho ukuthi ekuqaleni ayewamukela la malungiselelo kamuva aphinde avuselelwa noma avinjelwe kakhulu. Indima yeNkantolo yabonakala ibalulekile[ [nesikhathi esifanayo] [isekela izimiso eziqondile zedemokhrasi], izinkantolo zamisa imingcele eqinisekisa ukuthi awazange aphulanga uhulumeni weRepublicationtions noma amalungelo omuntu ngamunye.

Ukuwohloka Kwezomnotho Okukhulu kwabangela umfutho omusha wentando yeningi njengoba izakhamuzi zazifuna amathuluzi okuxazulula izinkinga zezomnotho lapho izishayamthetho zibonakala zikhubazekile. Izinyathelo zokusingatha umshuwalense wokuswelakala kwemisebenzi, amandla omphakathi, nokushintshwa kwentela zanda.

IMpi Yezwe II neMpi Yomshoshaphansi yanciphisa intshiseko yokubusa ngentando yeningi ngokuqondile, njengoba kwagxila ebunyeni besizwe nasezinhlanganweni ezimelelayo. Abaningi babheka ukubusa ngentando yeningi njengokungahleleka noma okungalula ukusetshenziswa kwesimiso sokulawula izikhali. Inqubo yahlala ezincwadini kodwa yayisetshenziswa kaningi, ingena enkathini yokuzimela okulinganiselwe.

Ukuvuselelwa Kwanamuhla

Ama 1970 abhekana nokuvuselelwa okuqondile kwentando yeningi eqondile, kusukela nge-Colinia procement 13 futhi isakazeke ezweni lonke. Lokhu kubuya kwaveza izici eziningi: ukwehla kokuthembana emva kwe-Watergate kahulumeni, imizwa yokuvukela intela, kanye nezinhlangano ezintsha zezenhlalo ezifuna ushintsho lwesimiso. Ukuvikelwa kwentela, kanye nomngcele wegama abasekeli bonke bathola ukuthi ukulawulwa kwentando yeningi okuqondile kungavimbela ukumelana nomthetho we-ganothi.

Ubuntu bentando yeningi yanamuhla eqondile buhluke kakhulu emisukeni yayo yeNkathi Ehamba phambili. Nakuba abasekeli bokuqala babecabanga ngezakhamuzi ezifuna inkululeko ezindabeni zomphakathi, umkhuba we-paria uhlanganisa imikhankaso ekhokhelwayo [ nezincwadi zokusayina ezikhokhelwayo, ukuhlola, nokukhangisa kwethelevishini. Okwaqala njengendawo yokubusa ngentando yeningi ebanzi kungene kwenye inkundla yezithakazelo ezihleliwe ukuze kuncintisane.

Ubuchwepheshe buye baguqula ukusebenza kwentando yeningi ngokuqondile. Ukuqoqa isigqebhezana somthetho we-inthanethi, nakuba kusenomthetho olinganiselwe, kuthembisa ukunciphisa izindleko nokwandisa ukuhlanganyela. Izezobungane zivumela ukubuthwa ngokushesha ezindinganisweni ze-collet. Amathuluzi emishini avumela ukufundiswa okungcono kwabavoti ngezindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi. Kodwa ubuchwepheshe buvumela ukusetshenziswa kwemishini ngokuqondisisa ngokungaqondi kahle nangethonya elimnyama lemali.

I-Referendendum: Igunya Le-Veto Lesizwe

Indlela Yokusebenza Kakhulu

I- i-retrandendum ibhekisele kakhulu ekubukezeni kwesakhamuzi isenzo sikahulumeni `ivumela abavoti ukuba bavumele noma benqabe imithetho edluliswa yizishaya-mthetho. Lo mbuso usebenza njenge-cheke kuhulumeni omelela i-methority, uqinisekisa ukuthi izinguquko ezinkulu zenqubo ziyobonisa ukuthi ushintsho oluthandwayo kunokuba lubonise ukukhetha umthetho.

Inqubo ye-paretendum iqala ngokuthanda lapho isishaya-mthetho sidlulisa umthetho. Ezindabeni ezinemiphakamiso ye-arhendemu, izakhamuzi zinefasitela elilinganiselwe cishe izinsuku ezingama-90 .ukuhlanganisa izignomezo ezifuna ukuba umthetho unikezwe abavoti. izimfuneko ze-octives ziyahluka kakhulu[[:: kusukela ku-2% wamavoti akhankanyiwe kukhetho lokugcina lwe-gabernal eMassachusetts kuya ku-10% e-Arkansans. Ezinye izifunda izibalo zisekelwe kwingqikithi yevoti ebhaliwe kunokuba ziphonse izimfuneko, zenza umnyango unyuke ngisho nangaphezulu.

Uma isignesha esanele sesayiniwe, umthetho uvame ukumiswa kuze kube sekukhethweni. Lamandla aguquguqukayo enza i-athodendum ibe namandla kakhulu (hhayi usongo lwe-astendendum lungathonya ukuziphatha komthetho. Abenzi bomthetho bangaguqula iziphakamiso ukuze bagweme izinselele zokufuna ukukhomba noma bayeke ngokuphelele izinyathelo eziphikisanayo.

i-pareternations isebenza ngendlela ehlukile, ibangela ukukhiqizwa ngokuzenzakalelayo lapho izishaya-mthetho zicela izinguquko zomthetho-mthetho noma izilinganiso ezithile. Wonke amazwe ngaphandle kukaDelaware adinga imvume yokuvota yokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo, ukwenza lokhu kube uhlobo oluvamile lwe-arentemum. Izifunda eziningi zinikeza futhi izimvume zokuhlela imibandela yesibopho ebalulekile, ukwanda kwentela, noma ezinye izinqumo ezinkulu.

Ukusetshenziswa Okufanele Nokuphumelela

Ukufakwa kwe-teaderendum kuhlanganisa ukubala ngokucophelela. Abaphikisi bomthetho kumelwe basheshe bahlole ukuthi bangaqoqa yini izignome bese bewina ebhokisini lebhola. Lokhu kudinga isakhiwo esihlangeneyo , ukuqoqa, nokuthuthukisa imiyalezo. Izinzuzo ezicindezelwe zesikhathi esihlelwa ngezisekelo ezikhona ezisekelwe emizamweni ezenzekelayo.

Amazinga empumelelo emishini yokuthatha i-astendum ayahlukahluka kakhulu. Ama-arhentententeum ezilungisweni zomthetho-mthetho adlula cishe amaphesenti angu-75 alesi sikhathi, kusikiselwa izishaya-mthetho ngokuvamile zihlongoza ukulungiswa ngokusekela okukhulu. Izicelo zokunxusa ziveza ukuvota kwezenzo zemithetho-jwayezi. /lapho izakhamuzi ziphoqa khona ukuba zivote ngezenzo zokushaya umthetho. "Izinhlahlo zinezinga lokuphumelela elihlukene, futhi amazinga akhona ahamba phambili acishe abe ngu-40-45%.

Imiphumela yokuvimbela ingaba yithonya elibaluleke kakhulu. Abaqondisi bemithetho, bazi ukuthi imithetho ephikisanayo ingabhekana nezinselele, ngokuvamile iyekethisa ngokungenangqondo. Lomphumela wesithunzi kunzima ukuwulinganisa kodwa ukuziphatha komthetho okunesimo esiqinile ezizweni okunamasiko aqinile.

Inzuzo yezomnotho ilawula imikhankaso eminingi. Amaqembu amabhizinisi asebenzisa ama-apenteum ukuze avimbele imithetho, kuyilapho izinyunyana zezisebenzi zibekela umthetho omelene nomsebenzi omelene nomthetho. Izinhlangano zendawo ezungezile zivotela imisebenzi yokuthuthukisa. Lendlela isikisela ukuthi ama-apenteum afeza izithakazelo ezihleliwe njengezinhlangano zezakhamuzi ezizenzakalelayo.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo Nezimpawu Zomhlaba

ka-2017 I-Medicaid i-tempendium ibonisa amandla anamuhla. Ngemva kokuba isishaya-mthetho senqaba ngokuphindaphindiwe ukwanda naphezu kokusekela komphakathi, abasekeli bakubeka phezu kwe-colotor ngenkambo yezakhamuzi. Abavoter bavuma ukwanda 59-41%, ukumelana nokuvinjelwa kwemithetho. Nokho, uMbusi Paul LeGage wenqaba ukumiswa, ebonisa ukuthi ukunqoba akuqinisekisi ukuguqulwa kwenqubo esheshayo.

Intethelensi yecarbon e-statenderums yaseWashington ibonisa indlela ama-apetranteum angaba ngayo izimpi ezibizayo. Ngo-2018 akhangwa yimali engaphezulu kwamaRandi ayizigidi ezingu - 1,2 esetshenziswa ngokuphikisa, ngokuyinhloko ezinkampanini zikawoyela, okuyenza ibe isilinganiso esibiza kakhulu emlandweni kahulumeni. Ukunqotshwa kwayo kwabonisa indlela iziphethu ezinganquma ngayo imiphumela yokuthenwa kwe-tempeum [ kungakhathaliseki umbono wokuqala womphakathi.

I-Massachusetts 2020 yokuvota okunesigaba esiphezulu kwe-cooperandum yembula inselele enzima. Naphezu kokusekela kokuqala kokuhlola, isilinganiso sehluleka ku-55-45% ngemva kokuba abaphikisi bephikisa ukuthi kwakunzima kakhulu. Lokhu kwaqokomisa indlela impumelelo edinga ngayo inqubo enhle kodwa ukukhulumisana okucacile okulula [ ekuvoteleni ukubheka amabhola amade.

Izinto Ezithathwa Kuqala: Izakhamuzi Njengabenzi Bomthetho

Inqubo Eyisinyathelo Esiyinhloko Iyachazwa

Inqubo ethathayo imelela uhlobo olusebenza kakhulu lwentando yeningi eqondile, ivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zihlele imithetho yokuhlela nokumisa ngaphandle kokuhileleka komthetho. Lomandla okusungula umthetho uhlukanisa idemokrasi eqondile yaseMelika kwezinye izimiso eziningi zedemokrasi emhlabeni wonke.

Izigodi ezingamashumi amabili nane zivumela uhlobo oluthile lokuthatha isinyathelo kuqala, nakuba amalungiselelo akhethekile ehluka kakhulu. Lenqubo iqala ngokuhlela umthetho ohlongozwayo noma izinguquko zomthetho-mthetho. Le nqubo yokuhlela ibonakala inzima kakhulu.(ukuthatha izinyathelo ezibhaliwe ngokulandelana) ingadala isiphithiphithi somthetho ngisho noma abavoti besamukela. Izigodlo eziningi zidinga noma zikhuthaza ukuhlanganisa neseluleko somthetho [ ukuqinisekisa ulimi olungokomthetho olufanele.

Ukubuthana kwamanani kumelela isithiyo sokuqala esiphakeme kakhulu. Izimfuneko zisukela ku-3% yamavoti aphonswe kukhetho lokugcina lwe-gaberna eMassachusetts kuya ku-15% eWyoming. Izinguquko zomthetho-mthetho zidinga ukusayinwa kakhulu kunezindlela zomthetho. Amanye amazwe abeka izimfuneko zokusakaza indawo, amisa izisayino ezivela kuma-aublicator noma kuma-conorion ezifunda zomhlaba ukuqinisekisa ukusekelwa kwezwe lonke.

I-time line-octive yokuhlanganisa isuka ku-64 zinsuku eMassachusetts kuya esikhathini esingenamkhawulo e-Oregon. Imizuzu emifushane efuna imizamo eqoqwe kahle engaqasha abaqoqi abaqeqeshi, kuyilapho izikhathi ezinde zivumela imikhankaso yotshani ukuba iphumelele ngemizamo yezisebenzi zokuzithandela. Ezinye izigaba zenqabela ukukhokha isyini ngasinye, ukuzama ukulondoloza izimpande zotshani.

Ama-intshi aqondile. Abaqala ngokungaqondile

Izinyathelo ezithatha isinyathelo [ zidlulela ngqo kumbhexeshi webhola owake wafaneleka, udlula ngokuphelele umnyango wendlu yomthetho. Lendlela inxusa abameleli abaqinisekayo ekusekeleni komphakathi nasekungaqinisekini ukuyekethisa kwemithetho. Izinyathelo eziqondile zilondoloza ukuvumelana komthetho kodwa zidela amathuba okuthuthukisa inqubo ngokubukeza umthetho.

Inyathelo elingaqondile kuqala liya kusishaya-mthetho, esingamisa isiphakamiso, sisilungise, noma sisenqabe. Uma isishayamthetho singenzi ngendlela eyanelisayo, isilinganiso siqhubekela kwi-collet. Lenqubo isho ukuthi ihlanganisa ukufakwa kwezakhamuzi kanye nobuchwepheshe bokushaya umthetho, nakuba ngokuvamile imane ibambezele ukuhlelwa kwe-collet okungenakugwenywa.

Ezinye izifundazwe zinikeza zombili izindlela zokukhetha, zivumele abaxhasi abathatha isinyathelo kuqala bakhethe indlela yabo. Ezinye ziyala ukuba kufike enye noma enye. imfanelo phakathi kwemibono eqondile nengaqondile ibonisa izinkolelo ezihlukene zedemokrasi , ukuthi ukuhlakanipha kwezakhamuzi kudinga ukuthuthukiswa kwemithetho noma ukuthi izishaya-mthetho ziyokwehlisa izihlongozo ezithandwayo ngokungenakugwenywa.

Imikhankaso Yanamuhla Eqalwe

Imikhankaso yokuthatha isinyathelo kuqala ifana kakhulu nokhetho olufana nezimiso zokuhlela. Abacebisi bomkhakha womsebenzi baphatha amasu, abahloli bezincwadi, nabakhangisi bezindaba baveza izikhangiso. Ukusetshenziswa kwezindlela zobuchwepheshe kuye kwanyusa izindleko ezinkulu kakhulu.] Imikhankaso ephumelelayo kazwelonke manje ibiza izigidi zamaRandi.

Ukubuthana kwamaphepha sekuyimboni yazo. Ifemu yochwepheshe iqinisekisa ukuqoqwa kwemali ehleliwe, i-R5-15 ngesayina kuxhomeke ebunzimeni nasesikhathini. Nakuba lokhu kuhweba kuqinisekisa ukutholakala kwezizathu eziphambili, abacusumbuli baphikisa ukuthi konakalisa isimo sotshani bemisebenzi yezakhamuzi.

[[QUT:0] i-pat yemali ezinyatheloni zokuthatha isinyathelo [ ibangela impikiswano eqhubekayo. Nakuba imingcele yezimali zomkhankaso isebenza kokhetho olucela ukuvota, izinkantolo zivame ukulahla imingcele yokuchitha ezindinganisweni zokubhalisa njengezokwephula izinkulumo zokukhululeka. Lokhu kudala izimo lapho abanikeli ababodwa noma izinkampani zingasebenzisa khona izilinganiso ezingapheli zokusekela noma izinyathelo eziphikisayo.

Abaphikisi baye bavela njengecebo lokuvikela. Uma bebhekene nezinyathelo ezingafuneki, abaphikisi ngezinye izikhathi basikisela izinyathelo zokuncintisana eziklanyelwe ukudida abavoti noma ukunikeza ezinye izindlela ezithandekayo. Izinyathelo eziphikisanayo zeCalifornia ezilawula imithetho yezinso ngo-202020 zaveza lelicebo, ngezindlela zokuzimela ezisekelwe yizithakazelo zempilo ezihlukene.

Izinyathelo Zokuqala Eziwuphawu Ezashintsha IMelika

I-California's Procence 13 (1978) iseyisiqalo sesakhamuzi esinethonya kakhulu emlandweni waseMelika. Ngokulinganisela ukwanda kwentela yempahla nokufuna intela ephakeme yokuhamba ngentela, yaphinde yahlela imali yeCalifornia futhi yabangela ukuvukela intela ezweni lonke. Impumelelo yayo yabonisa ukuthi izakhamuzi zingayehlisa imingcele ethandwayo yemithetho yemithetho eyisisekelo.

ITaxipayer yaseColorado Bill of Rights (TABOR) ngo-1992 yaqhubekela phambili, ifuna ukuba umvoti avume ukunyuswa kwayo yonke intela futhi inciphise ukukhula kwemali kahulumeni. Izindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi zeTaBOR ziye zacindezela uhulumeni weColorado iminyaka engamashumi amathathu, zibonisa ukuthi izimo zingazidala kanjani izinguquko zokwakha ezihlala isikhathi eside [[ ezimelana nokulungisa inqubo.

Inhlangano esemthethweni iye yaphumelela kakhulu ngokuthatha izinyathelo. Ngemva kokuba izishayamthetho zibonise ukuthi azifuni ukwenza okuthile, abameleli baphendukela ekuqondiseni idemokrasi. Izindlela zokuqamba insangu esemthethweni zaphula umthetho kahulumeni wokunqanda ukuvinjelwa kwensangu futhi zabangela ukudlondlobala kwezizwe zonke.

Ukulingana kwemishado kulandisa indaba eyinkimbinkimbi yokushintsha kwezenhlalo ngentando yeningi eqondile. Ekuqaleni, abamelene nomshado ongokobulili obufanayo basebenzisa izinyathelo zokuwuvimbela ezifundazweni eziningi. Kamuva, abasekeli basebenzisa ithuluzi elifanayo ukuthuthukisa ukulingana komshado. Lokhu kuqhubekela phambili kwabonisa indlela [[FLT: 0] iziqu ezingaphazamisa ngayo futhi zithuthukise amalungelo omphakathi [, kuye ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo kombono womphakathi.

Khumbula: Ukulandisa Okuqondile

Ukuqonda Kukhumbula Umshini

I- imelela amandla aqondile entando yeningi anamandla kakhulu, `ikhono lokususa izikhulu ezikhethiwe ngaphambi kokuba ziphelelwe imibandela. Nakuba ukuqashwa kudinga ukuziphatha okubi okungokomthetho, ukukhumbula kungabangelwa ukunganeliseki okulula kwezombangazwe, kuzenze zibe inqubo yokugcina yedemokrasi yokulandisa.

Iziteshi ezingamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye zivumela ukukhunjulwa kwezikhulu zezwe lonke, nakuba eziningi zivumela ukukhumbula kwendawo. Izisekelo zenkumbulo ziyahluka kakhulu. Ezinye izimo zidinga izizathu ezicacisiwe ezinjengokuziphatha okubi noma ukungakwazi, kuyilapho ezinye zivumela ukukhumbula nganoma isiphi isizathu. noma akukho sizathu. " inkumbulo yezombangazwe"[ imest khumbulela" [[[FLT:]]]

Inqubo yokukhumbula ihlanganisa izigaba ezimbili: imfanelo nokhetho. Okokuqala, abasekeli kumelwe baqoqe izignesha − ngokuvamile kudinga 15-25% yamavoti afakwa kukhetho lokugcina lwesikhulu. Lomnyango ophakeme kunalawo athathwayo noma ama-astendendum abonisa ukuthi inkathi yokuhlanganisa ikhona ephazamisayo. Inkathi yokusayinwa isukela kumashumi ama-60 kuya ku-180, kanye nezikhathi ezimfushane zivikela izikhulu ukuba zingazikhumbuli izinsongo.

Uma sekufanelekile, khumbula ukuthi okhetho luthatha izindlela ezihlukahlukene. Ezinye izizwe zivota kanye kanye ekususweni nasekuthatheni indawo, kuyilapho ezinye zikhetha ngokhetho oluhlukene. Ukusondela kweCalifornia ku-(-"ukukhumbula ngesikhathi esisodwa lapho kukhethwa ukubuyiselwa ) kuveza imiphumela lapho ukusekela okungu-49% kulahlekelwa khona ukubuyiselwa kokutholwa kwamashumi amabili%.

Ezombangazwe Nezindlela Zokukhumbula

[ Imizamo idlula kakhulu ukuphumelela ukukhumbula [, futhi eziningi zehluleka ukuqoqa izignesha ezanele noma ukulahlekelwa ebhodini lemidlalo. Lelinani elikhulu lokwehluleka libonisa kokubili ubunzima bokukhumbula nokusetshenziswa kwazo njengemibhikisho yezombangazwe kunokuba imizamo engathi sína yokususa.

Inkathi ibonakala ibalulekile emikhankasweni yokukhumbula. Ukuqala kusenesikhathi esiningi sokusayinwa kodwa kungase kubonakale kusemqoka. Ukulinda amahlazo noma izinqumo ezingathandwayo kunikeza isisekelo esingcono kodwa kushiya isikhathi esincane ngaphambi kokhetho oluvamile. indawo eshubile ivame ukuwela ezinyangeni eziyi-12-18 ibe yizikhalo zokuqala kodwa isikhathi esisele sobude besikhathi esisele.

Inkumbulo iye yasuka enjongweni yayo yokuqala yokulwa nokonakala yaba amathuluzi empi elwayo elwayo. Amaqembu ezombangazwe manje asebenzisa inkumbulo yokulawula amagumbi okulawula noma ukujezisa izikhulu ngenxa yamavoti angathandwa. Lokhu kusetshenziswa kwezikhali kwenkumbulo kuye kwaholela amanye amazwe ekuvimbeleni ukusetshenziswa noma ukwanda kwezimfuneko zokusayina.

Imali ekhunjulwayo [ ikhumbula [1] kokubili ngokwezimali nangokwezombangazwe------arhente. Ukhetho olukhethekile lubiza izigidi zababakhi bentela ngesikhathi kudala ukungahleleki kukahulumeni. Ngisho nokukhohlwa kungazenza buthaka izikhulu ezihloselwe ukubusa futhi ziphazamiseke ekulawuleni. Lezizindleko ziholela abaningi ekubhekeni inkumbulo njengezindawo zokuhlengazeli ezidlulele kunamathuluzi okulandisa.

Inkumbulo Engokomlando Nethonya Layo

[1921] Inkumbulo kaMbusi waseNyakatho Dakota Lynn Frazier yayiyisikhumbuzo sokuqala esiphumelelayo se-yuberneria, esiqhutshwa ukuphikisa kwakhe i-socialism Nonpartisan League. Lokhu kukhumbula kwakuqala kwabonisa ukuthi lelithuluzi lingase lilwe izimpi zemibono ngaphandle kokonakala okulula.

Ukukhumbula kukaMbusi uGqrhway Davis ka 2003 kwaguqula inkumbulo yezombangazwe. Ukususwa kukaDavis naphezu kokungamangalelwa kwenkohlakalo − kulawulwa ngokuphambana phakathi nobunzima bamandla nokungahleleki kwemali — kwabonisa ukuthi kuphela] ukuthandwa kungabangela ukukhunjulwa okuphumelelayo [[. Ukunqoba kwe-Chernold Schwarzezegger okunamandla kubonisa ukuthi ukunqoba okunamandla kungabonisa ukuthi ukhunjulwa kanjani abantu bangaphandle ekulawuleni.

UWisconsin ukhumbula imizamo yangemva komthetho kaMbusi uScott Walker wokulwa nomthetho wempi waba yinkundla yempi yezwe lonke yezombangazwe. Nakuba uWalker asinda ekukhumbuleni ukhetho lwakhe ngo-2012, iziphathi zesifundazwe eziningana zakhunjulwa ngokuphumelelayo, okubonisa ukuthi zikhumbula ukuthi zingaba khona izikhulu zezomthetho kanye nokuziphendulela komphathi.

I inkumbulo yase California ikhumbula umzamo ngokumelene noGavin Newsom, ihluleka ngengalo efanayo kukhetho lwakhe lokuqala, ibone ukulinganiselwa. Naphezu kokwehluleka okungamaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-300 asetshenziswayo nokuhlanganiswa okukhulu kwemithombo yezindaba, inkumbulo yehluleka ukunqoba izibalo eziyisisekelo esifundazweni esiluhlaza, isikisela ukuthi ikhumbula umsebenzi ongcono kakhulu lapho inqamula imigqa ye-gallery.

Ukuguqu-guquka kwesimo

Izindlela Zendawo Nempucuko Yezombangazwe

Ukutholakala nokusetshenziswa kwamathuluzi entando yeningi ngokuqondile kulandela izindlela ezicacile zokulinganisa nezomdabu. Izifundazwe zaseNtshonalanga, nefa lazo leNkathi ehamba phambili nemizila ye-ibrary ehamba phambili, zihlanganisa zonke izindlela ezintathu ezigcwele kakhulu. Izifundazwe zaphakathi entshonalanga zibonisa ukutholwa ngokuxubana, ngokuvamile zivumela ukuthathwa kwezindlela kodwa zingakhunjulwa. Izifunda zaseMpumalanga nezaseNingizimu ngokuvamile zivimbela noma zinqabela ngokuqondile idemo yentando yeningi, ziveza amasiko ezombangazwe ahlukahlukene.

Lokhu kusakazwa kwezwe akuzenzakalelanga. Izifundazwe zaseNtshonalanga, ezikhula phakathi neNkathi Ehamba phambili, zafaka idemokrasi eqondile emabhukwini azo asungulwe. Umbuso wamuva nje washo imishini eqinile yezombangazwe ukuze kumelane nokuguqulwa. umqondo ophambene wokwaneliswa kwezakhamuzi [ uvumelana nefilosofi eqondile yentando yeningi.

Impucuko yezombangazwe ithonya kakhulu indlela amazwe asebenzisa ngayo amathuluzi akhona. I-Oregon isebenzisa izinyathelo ezithatha ikhanda kodwa izame kancane. I-Arizona isebenzisa zonke izinqubo ezintathu. ICalifornia isakhiwo sezimboni esithatha isinyathelo kuqala [[ iveza izilinganiso eziningi kakhulu kukhetho ngalunye, kuyilapho i-Nevada eseduze ibona ezimbalwa kakhulu naphezu kwamalungiselelo afanayo.

Ukwahlukana okuvamile kuthinta ukusebenza kwentando yeningi. Izindawo zasedolobheni, ezinemiphakathi egcwele abantu namaqembu ahleliwe, ziqoqa kalula izigqwithela. Nokho, abavoti basemaphandleni bavame ukunquma imiphumela, badala ukungezwani phakathi kwezindawo ezisuka kuzo inqubo kanye nalapho benqume khona.

Umthetho-sisekelo woMbuso umisa izimiso ezihlukene kakhulu zentando yeningi. Ezinye izifundazwe zibeka imingcele engaphansi yezindaba , zenqabela ukuthatha izinyathelo ezithile ezindabeni ezithile ezinjengeziphakamiso, isakhiwo somthetho-mthetho, noma imihlangano yomthetho-sisekelo. Ezinye zivumela ukuthatha izinyathelo kunoma isiphi isihloko, kuholele ezilinganisweni ze-odoli kusuka kumandla enuzi kuya ekugcineni isikhathi emini.

Umthetho owodwa oyinhloko, odinga izinyathelo zokuxoxa ngesihloko esisodwa kuphela, uhlose ukuvimbela ukulolonga kodwa ubangele izinselele. Izinkantolo kumelwe zinqume ukuthi inguquko ebanzi ingqubuzana yini nezimfuneko ezihambisana nesihloko esisodwa, ngokuvamile ishaya izinyathelo eziyinkimbinkimbi zobuchwepheshe kunokuba isho into engokoqobo.

Ukubukeza kobujudizi benyathelo lokuqala [ kuyahlukahluka ngokuphawulekayo ngokwezwe. Ezinye izinkantolo zithatha izinyathelo zamaphoyisa ngonya zokulalela umthetho-sisekelo, kuyilapho ezinye zifuna ukuvota. Lesenzo sokwahlulela noma ukunqanda kuthinta kakhulu amazinga empumelelo empumelelo empumelelo kanye namasu axhasayo.

Imibuso yokuguqula imithetho ihluka kakhulu. Ezinye izizwe zenqabela izishaya-mthetho ezithathelwa umvoti ozivotayo ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa umvoti olandelayo. Ezinye zivumela izinguquko zemithetho ngemva kokulinda noma ngezikhathi ezinkulu. Lemithetho inquma ukuthi ukunqoba kokuqala kuhlala njalo noma kungokwesikhashana.

Izinselele Zanamuhla Nokushintsha Kweminyaka Yamanani

Ithonya lobuchwepheshe embusweni wentando yeningi oqondile

Inguquko yemisebe ye-FLT ishintshe ngokwezimo ze- indlela idemokrasi esebenza ngayo ngokuqondile, nakuba izisekelo zomthetho zingayigcinanga ijubane. Ukuhlanganisa isigqebhezana ngo-University, nakuba kunokwenzeka ngokwezobuchwepheshe, kubhekene nemingcele engokomthetho emazweni amaningi edinga ukusayinwa okungokomzimba. Umqedazwe we-COVID-19 uphoqelelwa ukuba uhlale isikhashana, kodwa ushintsho oluhlala njalo lungafinyeleki.

Izezindaba zomphakathi ziye zaguqula umkhankaso wokuhlela nokuthumela imiyalezo. Imikhankaso yama- Grasroot ingahamba ngesivinini esisodwa, isisekelo sokwakha ngaphandle kwesisekelo semvelo. Nokho, lesivinini esifanayo senza ikwazi ukusakazeka ngokushesha kokungaqondi kahle [ ngezindlela zokuvota, kuphazamisa imizamo yemfundo.

Ukukhangisa ngemishini kuvumela ukufakwa kwamavoti okuncane kakhulu, kodwa futhi kuphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngokusetshenziswa kwemali ngempoqo kanye nethonya elimnyama. Ikhono lokubonisa imiyalezo ehlukene kubavoti abahlukahlukene esekelwe ekwazisweni okusekelwe ekuphikiseni okusekelwe empikiswaneni engokwesiko yokucabangela komphakathi ngezindlela zokuvota.

ukuvota okungaboniswa emanyatheloni [ kucatshangwa ukuthi kungasiza ukuthatha idemokrasi eqondile kaningi, kodwa ukukhathalela ukuphepha nokuhlukanisa kwemitapo kuvimbela ukufezeka. Ukuhlola kwe-Estonia ukubusa nge-democracy kunikeza izimpawu, kodwa uhulumeni waseMelika nezinselele zokhuseleko kwenza ukuba ukutholwa kube nzima.

Imali, Ithonya Nobuqotho Obubusayo

I- yemali ebuthweni lentando yeningi eliqondile iye yaba yimpikiswano eyandayo ngokunyuka kwemali. Imikhankaso yokuthatha isinyathelo echithwayo yaseCalifornia echithwa ngaphezu kwezigidi ezingu - R2, ihlanganisa izinhlanga eziningi zikahulumeni. Lokhu kuchitha izinzuzo zomncintiswano wezikhali zicebile futhi kungakonakalisa inzuzo yentando yeningi.

Kungaphandle kwethonya lezwe ngezinhlangano zesizwe kanye nabanikeli baphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nokulawula kwentando yeningi kwendawo. Uma i-New York blaises ixhasa ama-montana noma izinyunyana zase California zisekela izinyathelo ze-Oregon, ezibuswa ngentando yeningi. Lemidanganiso enqamule ithonya inselele yemibono engokwesiko yobukhosi bombuso.

Izinyathelo zokuthatha isinyathelo ezifihlekile njengezinhlangano zezakhamuzi zilulaza ukwethenjwa komphakathi. Uma imikhankaso ebonakala iyizimpande zotshani empeleni iyimisebenzi ye- exhaswe izimboni ezifuna ukukhululeka komthetho, abavoti bazama ukuthola izinhlelo zoqobo zezakhamuzi nokusetshenziswa kwenkampani.

Imali emnyama egelezwa phakathi kwezinhlangano ezingamashumi amahlanu1(c)(4) ifihla imithombo yokuxhasa ngemali emikhankasweni eminingi. Abavoter bangase bangabazi ukuthi ubani obangela ukuthatha isinyathelo kuze kube ngemva kokhetho, uma kwenzeka. Lokhu kufiphala kululaza ukwenza isinqumo sentando yeningi okunolwazi futhi kwenza ithonya lenkampani lezeba libe yize.

Ukuyinkimbinkimbi Nokubambisana Kwezindlela Zokusebenza

Izindlela zanamuhla zokuvota zivame ukuhlanganisa omagazini bobuchwepheshe obukhulu ngaphezu kobuchwepheshe obuningi babavoti. Uma kuthathwa izinyathelo zokukhuluma ngemithetho yentela eyinkimbinkimbi, amapulani, noma imibuzo yezesayensi, abavoti bangazenza izinqumo eziqondiswe ngolwazi? Lombuzo wekhono ubekela inselele ukubekwa kokuhlakanipha kwesakhamuzi okuyisisekelo kobudemokhrasi.

Ulimi lwebhola lokulinganisela, ngokuvamile olubhalwe ngezindlela ezingokomthetho, lungadida abavoti. Ukuhlolwa kubonisa ukuthi abavoti abaningi abaqondi ukuthi yini abavoti kuyo, kunalokho bathembele ekufuneni abahlukanisi noma izimemezelo. Leligebe lokuqonda phakathi kwenhloso nokuqonda lilulaza ukufaneleka kwentando yeningi.

ubude nenani lemilinganiso ye-bolot kwezinye izifundazwe ziqeda abavoti. I-colot yaseCalifornia ngezinye izikhathi ihlanganisa inqwaba yezinyathelo zikahulumeni nezindawo, ngayinye enezincazelo ezinde. Ukukhathala kuholela ekususweni, lapho abavoti abaningi beyeka khona ngokuphelele, ukunciphisa ukuthatha isigaba sedemokhrasi.

Izinga lokwaziswa ngezindlela zokuvota liyahlukahluka. Nakuba abaqondisi benikeza izincazelo ezingokomthetho, abavoti abaningi bathembela ekukhangiseni, okungase kudukise noma kusebenzise. Inselele yokunikeza ukwaziswa okunembile, okufinyelelekayo ngezinyathelo eziyinkimbinkimbi ayikaphenduliwe.

Ukwenza Intando Yeningi Isebenze Kangcono

Izindululo Nezinguquko

Izinguquko ezihlukahlukene zingasingatha izinselele zamanje zentando yeningi kuyilapho zilondoloza izinzuzo zazo. ukuvota okungathathwa phambi kokhetho lunganikeza abavoti ukwaziswa okungcono ngezingxoxo ezihlelwe kahle nochwepheshe nezakhamuzi ezikanye nabo. Izazi ze-Oregon's Initive Review zinikeza isibonelo esisodwa, ukwakha amagosa ezakhamuzi ahlola futhi anikeze isiqondiso sovoti.

Ukuthuthukisa ukuqoqa kungabuyisela izimpande zotshani ngesikhathi uqhubeka ungena. Ukuvumela ukubuthana nge-website ngokuqinisekisa okufanelekile kunganciphisa izindleko futhi kwandise ukuhlanganyela. Okunye, ukunikeza izimali zomphakathi noma imithombo yokusayina kunganciphisa amasimu okudlala phakathi kwezimpande zotshani nemizamo yenkampani.

ICampaign ngokwezimali inguquko[ eqondile ezilinganisweni zebhola ingathintana nokusetshenziswa kwemali engekho. Ukukhetha kuhlanganisa ukuxhasa izimali zomphakathi, ukuchitha imingcele (uma kungumthetho-sisekelo), noma ukukhuliswa kwezimfuneko zokwambula. Abanye basikisela ukwelapha imikhankaso yezibalo njengemikhankaso yokuzingela ukuqondisa.

Ukwenza lula ulimi lwe-collet nohlelo kungathuthukisa ukuqonda kwabavoti. Izimfuneko zolimi olungenasihloko, amafomethi ahlelwe ngokwezinga elifanele, kanye nezinsiza-kubona kungasiza abavoti ukuba baqonde izinyathelo eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ezinye izifundazwe zizama ukuqondisa abavoti bamavidiyo noma amathuluzi okuxhumana.

Ukuvikela Ubuqotho Obubusa Ngentando Yeningi

Ukuvikela idemokrasi ngokuqondile ekuxhakathisweni kudinga izindlela eziningi. Izimfuneko zokwambulwa [ kungaveza imithombo yezezimali ngesikhathi sangempela, hhayi ngemva kokhetho. Izinqolobane zezincwadi eziqoshiwe zingalandela umkhankaso we-inthanethi. Ithonya lamazwe angaphandle lingavimbela ukungenela kwezizwe zonke.

Izimiso zokuhlola iqiniso noqiniso zingalwa nokungaqondi kahle ngezinyathelo zomdlandla. Imishini yokuhlola ingahlola izincazelo zokunemba. Izinhlangano zemithombo yezindaba zingahlela ukuhlanganisa isilinganiso se-collet. Amapulatifomu ezokuxhumana angathatha izinyathelo ezingamanga.

Ukubukeza kokwahlulela okuqinisayo kuyilapho kubhekisa kumavoti kuyodinga ukulinganisela okucophelelayo. Ukubukeza kwangaphambi kokukhetha kungaveza izinkinga zomthetho-sisekelo ngaphambi kokuba imikhankaso yokukhetha ichithe izigidi. Ukubukeza iposi lokukhetha kufanele kube ngenkathi efanele kodwa kuphelele. Izinkantolo zidinga izindinganiso ezicacile zokuhlola izinyathelo ezigunyaziwe zomvoti.

Ukuvikela amalungelo amancane ebushiqelani obuningi ngentando yeningi kuhlala kuyinselele. imingcele yoMthetho - sisekelo, ukubukezwa kokwahlulela, nezimfuneko eziphakeme kunikeza isivikelo esithile, kodwa ukungezwani phakathi kobukhosi obuthandwayo namalungelo abantu kuyaqhubeka.

Isiphetho: Ziyini Izinyathelo Zokubuyisela Imali, Izinyathelo Ezithathwayo, Nezenkumbulo?

Ukuqonda ama-pareter, izinyathelo, nokukhumbula kusho ukuqonda kokubili amandla awo amakhulu entando yeningi kanye nokungalawuleki kwawo ukulawula. Lamathuluzi entando yeningi anikeza izakhamuzi amandla angenakulinganiswa okumisa imithetho, ukugumbuqela izinqumo zemithetho, nokususa izikhulu eziphambukayo. Zisebenza njengamavalv okuphepha abalulekile uma uhulumeni omelele ehluleka ukubonisa intando ethandwayo, okwenza inguquko enokuthula ngezinhlamvu zezinhlamvu kunokuba ishiywe.

Umlando wentando yeningi yaseMelika wembula kokubili impumelelo eshukumisayo nokuhluleka ukuxwayisa. Izakhamuzi ziye zasebenzisa lamathuluzi ukuze zifinyelele izinguquko ezingeke zibekwe izishaya - mthetho (ukusuka ku-schemess) ekufuneni insangu. Ziye zawasebenzisa futhi ekubekeni insesansi ngokomthetho. Ziye zasebenzisa ukukhuthaza ukucwaswa, ukuvikela izithakazelo ezikhethekile, nokudala ukungahleleki kukahulumeni. Lomlando oxubeneyo uveza ukungezwani okuyisisekelo phakathi kobukhosi obuthandwayo namalungelo amancane, phakathi kokuhlakanipha kwezakhamuzi nokubusa kwesixuku.

Izinselele zemali − ithonya lemali, ukuphazamiseka kwezobuchwepheshe, ukuqina okukhulayo , ukulawulwa kwentando yeningi. . Uma izinhlangano ze-diolar eziyizigidi eziyinkulungwane zingathenga ukungenela nokunqoba, lapho imithombo yezokuxhumana isakaza ukwaziswa okunganembile ngokushesha kuneqiniso, lapho izinyathelo zokuvota ezidinga ubuchwepheshe abavoti abaningi abaswele, zingayifeza injongo yayo yokubusa ngentando yeningi? Lezinselele zifuna ukusungulwa nokushintshwa, hhayi ukulahlwa kwemithetho yezakhamuzi.

Kuzakhamuzi ngazinye, lamathuluzi ahlala enamandla okuhlanganyela kwezombangazwe ngaphandle kokuvota. Ukuqonda indlela yokusebenzisa ama-athompe, izinyathelo, kanye nokukhumbula (ukuthi) kulwisana nokusetshenziswa kwazo kabi (ukuwulwazi olubalulekile) lukamphakathi. Uma kuhlanganiswa izignesha, ukukhankasela amanyathelo, noma ukuvota nje okuqondiswe emazwini okukhokhela, izakhamuzi zihlanganyela ngokuqondisa okuqondile ikusasa lemiphakathi yazo.

Indlela phambili idinga ukulinganisela isithembiso sentando yeningi ngokuqondile nokuhlola okungokoqobo ukulinganiselwa kwayo. Akuyona yonke impikiswano evumelana noyebo-okanye-nov. Akusiyo yonke indawo ethandwayo ehlakaniphile noma elungile. Akusikho sonke isakhamuzi esithatha isinyathelo esibonisa umzwelo wotshani oqotho. Ukuqaphela lemisebenzi edinga idemokrasi eqondile kubeke inselele kokubili izakhamuzi nezinhlangano inselele.

Ekugcineni, amathuluzi entando yeningi aqondiswe ngokuqondile awalungile ngokwemvelo noma mabi, alungile noma anonya njengezakhamuzi eziwasebenzisayo. Uma zisetshenziswa ngokucabangela izakhamuzi ezinolwazi ukuze zizuzise umphakathi wangempela, zingathola izinguquko eziphawulekayo futhi zigcine amandla enecala. Uma zisetshenziswa ngokugxeka ngezithakazelo ezikhethekile noma izinkanuko zesixuku, zingalulaza uhulumeni omelelayo namalungelo omuntu ngamunye. Umehluko awukho emamathuluzini ngokwawo kodwa ukhona ngendlela izakhamuzi ezikhetha ngayo ukuwasebenzisa.

Njengoba idemokrasi yaseMelika ibhekene nezinselele ezintsha − ukuqamba amagemfe, ukungathembani, ukuphazamiseka kwezobuchwepheshe , amathuluzi entando yeningi angaqondile kunikeza kokubili amathuba nezingozi. Angasiza ukuba izakhamuzi zikwazi ukusungula izinto lapho izishaya-mthetho zithatha amabhodi, noma zingajulisa ukuhlukana ngokuthatha wonke amavoti ezindabeni eziphikisanayo. Zingabuyisela ukholo kuhulumeni ozimele, noma zingabanjwa yizithakazelo ezifanayo ezikhethekile ezingcolisa idemokrati.

Ikusasa le-apendum, izinyathelo, nokukhumbula lixhomeke ekuqondeni kwezakhamuzi nasekuziphatheni ngokuzinakekela. Lokhu kusho ukucwaninga isilinganiso se-bollet ngokucophelela, ukuhlanganyela ekusayineni ngokucubungulisela, nokusondela ngokuhluzekile. Kusho ukusekela izinguquko ezithuthukisa ukungenela kwezakhamuzi kunokuzivimbela. Okubaluleke kakhulu, kusho ukuqaphela ukuthi idemokratisli eqondile ayithatheli indawo kahulumeni ongummele kodwa ithuluzi lokusetshenziswa ngokunenzuzo lapho abameleli behluleka ukumelela.

Kulabo abafuna ukuqonda nokuhlanganyela nentando yeningi yaseMelika, ukwazi lamathuluzi okuhlanganyela ngokuqondile kubalulekile. Bamelela idemokrasi ngokuqondiswe ngqo zokwenza imithetho, ukubukeza izenzo zikahulumeni, nokubeka izikhulu ezizolandisa ngaphandle kokuxhumana. Lamandla aqondile anomthwalo wemfanelo oqondile: ukusebenzisa lamathuluzi ngokuhlakanipha, ukuhlonipha ukubusa kweningi namalungelo amancane, nokuphishekela ukuzuzisa umphakathi kunokuba inzuzo yomuntu siqu. Ekuqondeni nasekusebenziseni lamandla ngenhlonipho, izakhamuzi zifeza ukubiza kombuso wentando yeningi: ukubusa kwazo.

Imithombo Yengcebo Eyengeziwe

Izakhamuzi ezinesithakazelo kakhulu ekufundeni ngamathuluzi entando yeningi aqondile ezifundazweni zazo, i-National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL) inikeza ukwaziswa okubanzi okungokombuso ngesigaba ngeyokuqala, i-tempendam, kanye nokukhumbula amalungiselelo. i-Ballottedia[[ inikeza ukulandelela ngokulandelana okuningiliziwe kwezindlela zamanje nezingokomlando, isiza ukucwaninga nokuqonda izimpawu ezizobhekana nazo ngoSuku Lokwenza Inguquko.

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