Isingeniso: Umklamo WaseMelika WeFederalism

I-United States isebenza ngaphansi kwesimiso sikahulumeni kahulumeni, isakhiwo esenziwe ngamabomu yi-Framers of the Constitution ukuba sabe igunya emazingeni amathathu ahlukene: uhulumeni, umbuso, nezwe nendawo. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kwamandla kwakungeyingozi emlandweni kodwa ukusabela okuklanywe ngokucophelela kolwazi lwamakoloni ngombuso waseBrithani ophakathi. AmaFrame afuna ukwakha uhulumeni onamandla ngokwanele ukuba uhlanganise isizwe kodwa ohlonipheke ngokwaneleyo ukuba silondoloze inkululeko nenhlalo yezifunda.

Kusenesikhathi esingaphezu kwamakhulu amabili eminyaka kamuva, ukuqonda lokho uhulumeni ngamunye okwaziyo nokungenakukwenza kusebalulekile ekufundeni komphakathi. Imingcele ephakathi kwala amazinga ayiminyene; iye yazivelela ngokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo, izinqumo zeNkantolo ePhakeme, nokushintshana kwenqubo yezombangazwe. Nokho isimiso esiyisisekelo sisalokhu sikhona: isimiso esilinganiselayo lapho amandla enyuka ekhuphuka kubantu futhi ehlukaniswe ngokuqonde ngokuqonde phakathi kwemibuso ephikisanayo. Lesi sihloko sihlola imibuso nokulinganiselwa kwezinga ngalinye likahulumeni, sinikeza isiqondiso esibanzi sabafundisi, abafundi, nezakhamuzi eziboshelwe ukuyo.

Isisekelo sencwadi yokuqonda lokhu kuhlukana yi-Constitution yase-U.S., enika uhulumeni wezwe amandla athile kuyilapho igcina wonke amanye amagunya ezindawo nabantu. Leli lungiselelo, elaziwa ngokuthi i-constalism, lidala kokubili ukucaca nokucindezeleka. Njengoba iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yaphawula ngokuphindaphindiwe, uMthetho-sisekelo awuvumeli noma iliphi izinga likahulumeni ukuba lidlule igunya lawo elimisiwe, kodwa futhi ushiya indawo enkulu yokuchaza nokuzivumela. Ukubheka ngokujulile isisekelo somthetho-soshalidistism, iNational Archivesstings inikeza umbhalo ogcwele nomongomlando womthetho-mthetho-sisekelo [[[FLT].[FLD]]

Imibuso Kahulumeni Kahulumeni Ozimele: Igunya Lesizwe

Uhulumeni uphethe igunya ezindabeni ezithinta izwe lonke. Imibuso yawo ihlelwe ngokuyinhloko eSiphakamisweni I, isiqephu 8 soMthetho-sisekelo, esibala imithwalo yemfanelo ekhethekile enikwa i-Congress. Lamagunya ahlelwayo akha itshe legunya likahulumeni, futhi ahunyushwa kabanzi isikhathi eside nge-Enice and Sed Clausle, evumela ukuba iSishaya-Mkhandlu senze yonke imithetho "eyimfuneko nefanele" yokuthwala amandla aso ahlukene.

Amandla Anamandla Omhlangano

UMthetho - sisekelo unikeza iSishaya - mthetho amandla:

  • Isivumelwano sezentengiselwano zangaphandle: i-Claus yezentengiselwano zikahulumeni unikeza igunya lokuhweba ngezindawo ezinqamule imigqa kahulumeni noma ezihlanganisa izizwe zakwamanye amazwe. Lombuso uye waba isisekelo sohlelo lwemithetho kahulumeni, kusukela emithethweni yamalungelo abantu kuya ezimisweni zendawo ezungezile.
  • Impi iphakamisiwe futhi iphakamise amabutho ezempi: Ingqungquthela kuphela engamemezela impi, futhi inamandla okuphakamisa nokusekela amabutho, ukulungiselela nokugcina ibutho lempi, futhi ibeke imithetho yokubusa amabutho ahlomile. UMongameli ukhonza njengoMphathi kuNkosana, kodwa uKhomishani ulawula ukuxhasa nokugunyaza.
  • Imali ekhokhelwayo futhi ilawula inani layo: Uhulumeni wezwe unegunya elikhethekile lokuveza imali, ukumisa inani layo, nokujezisa umgunyathi. Lomandla abalulekile ekulondolozeni umnotho wesizwe ozinzileyo futhi avimbele isiphithiphithi semiba yombuso encintisanayo.
  • i-Estlip umthetho ofanayo wokwenza imvelo nemithetho yokufuduka: Uhulumeni kahulumeni umisa izimfuneko zokuba isakhamuzi sase-U.S. nokulawula okungase kungene ezweni. I-United States ayinakwenza izinqubo zayo zokufuduka, nakuba ingabambisana nemizamo yomthetho wokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa.
  • Isiphuphutheki samahhovisi eposi nemigwaqo yeposi: Uhulumeni wezwe uphethe i-United States Postal Service futhi unegunya phezu kwesisekelo esisekela ukuhanjiswa kweposi.
  • Imvume esemthethweni nemvume yamalungelo asemthethweni: Ukukhuthaza ukusungula nokwakha, uhulumeni kahulumeni unikeza abasunguli nababhali amalungelo akhethekile emsebenzini wabo isikhathi esilinganiselwe.
  • Govern i-District of Columbia ne-guvernet: inegunya eliqinile phezu kwenhloko - dolobha nezindawo zesizwe njenge Puerto Rico, Guam, neZiQhingi Ezimsulwa zase-U.S.

Amandla Abaqondisi Nabehluleli

Amandla kahulumeni kahulumeni akalinganiselwe kuKhongolo. UMongameli usebenzisa igunya lomphathi, kuhlanganise namandla okuphoqelela imithetho kahulumeni, ukwenza inkambiso yangaphandle, ukuxoxa, nokumisa amajaji kahulumeni nezinye izikhulu. Ijaji lezwe, eliholwa yiNkantolo Ephakeme, lichaza umthetho kahulumeni noMthetho-sisekelo futhi linamandla okuhlola ukubulala imithetho ephula amalungiselelo omthetho-mthetho.

Isikhundla segunya likahulumeni siye sakhula ngokuphawulekayo kusukela enkathini yokuFunda, ikakhulukazi ngemva kwenkathi yeNew Deal ne-Civil Rights. Namuhla, uhulumeni kahulumeni ufeza indima enkulu ezindaweni ezinjengezempilo, imfundo, isivikelo sendawo ezungezile, nokugcinwa kwamalungelo omphakathi. Nokho, lokhu kwanda kuye kwaphikiswana futhi kwabangela izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngemingcele efanele yamandla kahulumeni.

Ukulinganiselwa Kwamandla Ombuso Ozimele

Uhulumeni kahulumeni, naphezu kwegunya lawo elikhulu, usebenza ngaphansi kwemingcele ephawulekayo:

  • Imfundiso yamandla enombolo: uhulumeni kahulumeni ungasebenzisa amandla ombuso awunikezayo. Yonke eminye imibuso igcinelwe imibuso noma abantu. Lesimiso saphinde saqinisekiswa enkantolo yeNkantolo Ephakeme United States v. Lopez [1955], eyabulala umthetho kahulumeni ezisekelweni ukuthi iSishayamthetho weSishaya-Mnyango sasiye sadlula amandla aso ebhizinisini.
  • ISigqi Samalungelo: Izinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi zoMthetho-sisekelo zibeka imingcele ethile ewumbuso kahulumeni. Uhulumeni wezwe awunakukwazi ukuhlanganisa inkululeko yokukhuluma, yenkolo, yokucindezela, noma yokuhlangana; ngeke enze uphenyo olungenangqondo nokuquleka; ngeke kuphuce abantu ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho; futhi kumelwe bahloniphe amanye amalungelo ayisisekelo.
  • Ukuhlukanisa imibuso nokuhlola nokulinganisela: phakathi kukahulumeni wombuso ngokwawo, amandla ahlukaniswa phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu, ngalinye elingahlola amanye. UMkhandlu umisa imithetho, kodwa uMongameli angamisa izikhulu nabahluleli, kodwa iSigebengu siwaqinisekisa; iNkantolo Ephakeme ingamemezela imithetho engavumelani nemithetho, kodwa iSishaya-mthetho singaveza iziphendulo zomthetho ukuze kubekwe iziqondiso zokwahlulela.
  • I-Federalism kanye nombuso: ISichibiyelo seshumi sigcina ngokucacile imibuso engagunyazwanga. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqaphela izindawo ezithile zegunya elingokwesiko lombuso lapho ukungenela kukahulumeni kulinganiselwe, kuhlanganise nokuqondisa ukhetho, ukugcinwa komthetho wendawo, kanye nomthetho wokusetshenziswa kwezwe.
  • Imingcele engokwesiko: Izenzo ezithile zidinga imikhosi emikhulu noma izinqubo ezikhethekile. Ngokwesibonelo, izivumelwano zokugunyaza zidinga amavoti amabili-sithathu eSigeqeni, futhi ukumiswa komthetho-sisekelo kudinga amavoti amabili-ntathu kuzo zombili izindlu zeSishaya-Mkhandlu noma umhlangano obizwa ngama-tridi amabili amazwe.

Ababusi Bakahulumeni: Izinhlangano Zombuso Wentando Yeningi

Ohulumeni boMbuso banegunya elikhulu ezindabeni ezithinta ukuphila kwansuku zonke kwezakhamuzi zabo. Ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo seshumi, amandla angaphathiswa uhulumeni kahulumeni noma awenqatshelwe emibuso agcinelwa izifundazwe ngokulandelana, noma abantu. Lokhu kubekwa kwamandla kuyisisekelo sobukhosi bukahulumeni phakathi kwesimiso sikahulumeni. Amazwe ngokuvamile achazwa ngokuthi "izinhlangano zentando yeningi" ngoba angazama ngezimiso ezihlukile nangezindlela zokuxoxa, anikeze ezinye izilinganiso ezingase zithathwe ezinye izifundazwe noma uhulumeni kahulumeni kamuva.

Amaphoyisa Negunya Elivamile

Isigaba esibaluleke kakhulu samandla kahulumeni amandla amaphoyisa, ayigunya lokulawula impilo, ukuphepha, inhlalakahle, nokuziphatha kwabantu. Lamandla awabalwanga ngokucacile kuMthetho-sisekelo kodwa aqondwa njengefa ebukhosini bezwe. Ngaphansi kwaleligunya, angathi:

  • [ imisa imishayo yempilo yomphakathi:[ imisa izinyathelo zokuhlukanisa, idinga ukugoma ukuze kugonywe izikole, ochwepheshe bezokunakekela impilo, futhi ibeke izindinganiso zezibhedlela namakhaya asebegugile.
  • Umthetho wobugebengu ophoqelelwe:[ Imithetho eminingi yobugebengu iyimithetho kahulumeni. Izwe lichaza amacala, izaphulamthetho ezigwetshwayo, nokusebenzisa izimiso zasejele. Izelele eziningi zecala ziphathwa ezinkantolo zikahulumeni ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni.
  • Imfundo esemthethweni: Amazwe amisa izimiso zesikole somphakathi, amise izindinganiso zohlelo lwezifundo, aqinisekisise othisha, futhi anikeze ukuhlola okusemthethweni. Nakuba uhulumeni kahulumeni unikeza izimali futhi ubeka izimfuneko ezithile ngaphansi kwemithetho njenge-Everses Fineed Act, umthwalo wemfanelo wemfundo uxhomeke ezifundazweni.
  • Okhetho lwe-Conduct: imisa isikhathi, indawo, nendlela yokukhetha emahhovisi kahulumeni nombuso, engaphansi kokumiswa kwe-costant. Badweba imingcele yesifunda, bamisa izinqubo zokubhalisa, futhi baqondise izindawo zokuvota. Lomandla aye ancintisana kakhulu ezimpikiswaneni zokuvota namalungelo okhetho.
  • [[[QL:0] ivimbela umshado nobuhlobo basekhaya:[ eUnited States ikhipha izimvume zomshado, imisa isisekelo sesehlukaniso, inquma ukuwinwa kwabantwana nokusekela amalungiselelo, futhi yengamele ukutholwa.
  • Isivumelwano sezentengiselwano sezwe:[ imisebenzi yezebhizinisi eyenzeka yonke phakathi kwemingcele yayo, kuhlanganise nokuqashwa kwemisebenzi yobuchwepheshe, ukuhlanganiswa kwamabhizinisi, kanye nomthetho wezinkampani zomshuwalense.
  • Amazwe ezwe nemithombo yemvelo: amazwe aphethe amagodi amakhulu ezwe lomphakathi emingceleni yawo futhi alawule ukukhishwa kwemithombo yemvelo enjengowoyela, igesi, izingodo, namanzi.

Imithetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni Nezakhiwo

Umbuso ngamunye unomthetho-sisekelo wawo, omisa isakhiwo sikahulumeni wawo futhi ubala amalungelo ezakhamuzi zawo. Imithetho-sisekelo yoMbuso ivame ukuba mide futhi inemininingwane eminingi kunomthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni, futhi ngokuvamile inikeza isivikelo esingaphezu kwaleso esiseSigqeni samaLungelo sikahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, eminye imithetho-mthetho yombuso iqinisekisa ngokuqondile ilungelo lokuba umuntu angabi nandaba, ilungelo lokuhlala endaweni ehlanzekile, noma ilungelo lokuthola imfundo eyanele.

Ohulumeni bakahulumeni babonisa isimo sikahulumeni ngokuba namagatsha amathathu: isikhulu (impondo-mfene), isikhulu somthetho (isishaya-mthetho), nesahlulelo (izinkantolo zezwe). Nokho, kunezinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu phakathi kwezifundazwe. Amanye amazwe anazo izishaya-mthetho ezingochwepheshe besikhathi esigcwele, kanti amanye anengxenye yengxenye "izindlu zomthetho zomthetho ezizimele"." Amanye amazwe akhetha abahluleli bawo, kuyilapho amanye emisa. Abanye ababusi banegunya elinamandla leveto, kuhlanganise negunya le-prote-veto, kanti amanye anemibuso elinganiselwe.

Ukucaciswa kosizo lwezakhiwo zikahulumeni nemisebenzi kungatholakala USA.gov's State State State State makhasi, enikeza ama-website ombuso kanye nemithombo yolwazi.

Ukulinganiselwa Kwemibuso KaHulumeni

Amazwe asebenza ngaphansi kwemingcele eminingi elinganisela igunya lawo:

  • Isimiso sokuncitshiswa kuka Claus: Isiphakamiso VI soMthetho-sisekelo simisa ukuthi umthetho kahulumeni ungumthetho ophakeme wezwe. Uma umthetho kahulumeni uphikisana nomthetho kahulumeni osemthethweni kahulumeni osemthethweni, umthetho kahulumeni kumelwe uphume. Lesisimiso samiswa ekuqaleni komlando wesizwe MCulloch v. Maryland[ [1819], okuthi umthetho kahulumeni awunakho ukukhokha intela.
  • Izentengiselwano uClaus: Izwe alinakukhetha ezentengiselwano zamazwe noma umthwalo onzima ngokungafanele. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yawisa imithetho kahulumeni esekela amabhizinisi angaphandle kwezwe noma edala izithiyo zokugeleza ngokukhululekile kwezimpahla ezimigqeni kahulumeni.
  • ISichibiyelo seshumi nane: I-Classias e-Actry Procession ne-Univince Protection Claus yeSichibiyelo seshumi nane nenye isebenza kumazwe, iwenqabela ukuncisha abantu ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho futhi unganqibi abantu isivikelo esilinganayo semithetho. INkanto ePhakeme isebenzise lemisho ku "inxanxathela" eminingi yesivikelo seBhibhele yamaLungelo amelene nezinqumo, okusho ukuthi kumelwe ihloniphe amalungelo ayisisekelo njengenkululeko yokukhuluma, inkululeko yenkolo, nelungelo lokuphatha izikhali.
  • Isihlengo esingokwesiko: ezindaweni lapho uhulumeni kahulumeni unegunya elikhethekile, amazwe awanakwenza. Ngokwesibonelo, amazwe awanakungena ezivumelwaneni namazwe angaphandle, imali, noma amemezele impi. Ezindaweni zegunya elihlangene, umthetho kahulumeni ungasusa umthetho wombuso uma uMkhandlu uhlose ukugcwala insimu noma uma umthetho kahulumeni uphikisana nomthetho kahulumeni.
  • Imingcele yomthetho-sisekelo wezwe:[ Umthetho-sisekelo wombuso ngamunye ubeka imingcele emandleni kahulumeni, kuhlanganise nezivikelo zamalungelo abantu ngabanye, imingcele entela nemali esetshenziswayo, nezimfuneko zezinqubo zomthetho.
  • Ukholo Olugcwele no Claus: Amazwe kumelwe ahloniphe izenzo zomphakathi, amarekhodi, kanye nokwahlulela kwezinye izifundazwe. Ilayisense yomshado ekhishwa kwesinye isifundazwe kumelwe iqashelwe kuzo zonke ezinye izifundazwe, njengoba kumelwe ukuba izahlulelo zenkantolo ezivela kwezinye izifunda.

Imibuso Kahulumeni Wasendaweni: Isondelene Kakhulu Nabantu

Ohulumeni bendawo, kuhlanganise nohulumeni bendawo, omasipala, amalokishi, izifunda, nezigodi ezikhethekile, bayizinga likahulumeni oseduze kakhulu nabantu. Ngokungafani nohulumeni bamazwe, abanegunya eliwumbuso eliyifa, ohulumeni bendawo bayizidalwa zikahulumeni. Bathola wonke amandla abo kumthetho kahulumeni futhi bayakwazi ukudalwa, bashintshwe, noma baqedwe yizikhundla zikahulumeni. Lesimiso, esaziwa ngokuthi uMthetho , ubambelele ekutheni ohulumeni bendawo banawo kuphela lawomandla abawanikezwa ngokuqondile yizwe, lawo ashiwo yileyo egunya egunyaniwezwe, naleyo ebalulekile ekwazinjongweni zabo.

Izinhlobo Zikahulumeni Wendawo

Kunezinhlobo eziningana zikahulumeni wendawo e - United States, ngasinye esinezakhiwo nemibuso ehlukile:

  • Izifunda: ama-Orients ayizindawo ezinkulu kakhulu ezizweni futhi anikeza izinkonzo ezinjengokugcinwa komthetho, impilo yomphakathi, ukunakekelwa komgwaqo, nokuqondisa kokhetho. Ohulumeni besifunda-sifunda bangabuswa yibhodi yamakhomishane, isikhulu sesifunda, noma zombili, kuye ngomthetho wezwe.
  • Izindawo ezisemthethweni: Amadolobha, amadolobhana, namadolobhana kuhlanganisa izindawo ezinikeza izinkonzo eziningi kakhulu ezakhamuzini, kuhlanganise nesivikelo samaphoyisa nomlilo, amanzi nezindawo zokuchitha indle, izinkonzo zezindawo zokuhlala nezokuzilibazisa, kanye nezindawo zokuhlala. Izikhulu zingasebenza ngaphansi kwesimiso somphathi-mameya, umkhandlu-mkhandlu, noma izakhiwo zikahulumeni.
  • Imikhumbi-mfucumfucu:[ Kwezinye izifundazwe, ngokuyinhloko eNyakatho-mpumalanga nase Midwest, amalokishi ayizindawo zikahulumeni ezinikeza izinkonzo ezindaweni zasemaphandleni nasemaphethelweni amadolobha. Amandla nemithwalo yemfanelo kuyahlukahluka kakhulu ngokombuso.
  • Izigodi ezikhethekile: Lezi ziyizinhlangano zikahulumeni ezizimele eziklanyelwe ukunikeza izinkonzo ezithile, njengezifunda zesikole, izifunda zamanzi, izifunda zomlilo, izigodi zemitapo, neziphathimandla zokuthutha. Zinezazo izibhodi ezibusayo negunya lokukhokha intela.

Amandla Kahulumeni Wendawo

Nakuba imibuso yohulumeni bendawo ihlukahluka ngokwezwe, ngokuvamile ihlanganisa:

  • Izwe elisetshenziswayo nezindawo: Ohulumeni bendawo balawula indlela impahla engasetshenziswa ngayo ngezimiso zezindawo, izimiso zokwakha, iziqondiso zokwahlukanisa, nezinqubo zokuhlela. Lena ingenye yemibuso ebaluleke kakhulu kahulumeni wendawo, njengoba ilawula isimo semiphakathi futhi ithinta amazinga empahla.
  • Isivumelwano sezinkonzo ezibalulekile:[ Ohulumeni bendawo banikeza izinkonzo izakhamuzi ezithembele kuzo nsuku zonke, kuhlanganise nesivikelo samaphoyisa, ukucishwa komlilo, izinkonzo zezokwelapha eziphuthumayo, ukuqoqwa kwemfucumfucu, ukulungiswa kwemigwaqo, kanye nezinto zokuhamba zomphakathi.
  • Intela yendawo: Ohulumeni bendawo bafaka intela yempahla, intela yokuthengisa, intela yeholo, nentela ehlukahlukene yokuxhasa imisebenzi yabo. Izintela zempahla ziwumthombo omkhulu wemali yendawo, futhi amazinga abo abekwa izindikimba ezibusayo ezingaphansi kwemingcele emiswe uhulumeni.
  • [ Ukuphepha komlilo nokugcinwa komthetho: iminyango yamaphoyisa yendawo imisa imibuso nemithetho yendawo, ihlola ubugebengu, futhi igcine ukuhleleka komphakathi. Iminyango yomlilo yendawo inikeza ukunqanda umlilo futhi ngokuvamile izinkonzo zezokwelapha eziphuthumayo.
  • Izithena nokuzijabulisa: Ohulumeni bendawo baphethe amapaki, imidlalo, izikhungo zomphakathi, amadamu okubhukuda, nezinhlelo zokuzilibazisa.
  • Okhetho lwendawo: ohulumeni bendawo banikeza okhetho kumahhovisi endawo, njengomphathi-maya, umkhandlu wedolobha, ibhodi yesikole, nezilinganiso zebhola. Basebenza futhi njengephuzu eliyinhloko lokuxhumana ekubhalisweni kwamavoti emazweni amaningi.
  • Ukugunyaza nomthetho: Ohulumeni bendawo bagunyaza amabhizinisi emvume, balawula iziqasha zesikhashana, balawule umsindo kanye nohlupho, futhi baphoqelele izikhombo zempilo nezokuphepha.

Ukubusa Kwasekhaya Nokuzenzakalela Kwasendaweni

Izifunda eziningi ziye zamukela umthetho wekhaya amalungiselelo anika ohulumeni bendawo inkululeko enkulu. Ngaphansi kokubusa kwasekhaya, i-compatission noma isifundazwe singamukela umthetho waso siqu kanye namandla okusebenzisa anganqatshelwe ngokuqondile ngumthetho kahulumeni, kunokuba kubekelwe imingcele enikezwa ngokusemthethweni. Ukubusa kwasekhaya kwenza ohulumeni bendawo bavumelane ngokwengeziwe nokusingatha izidingo zendawo ngaphandle kokufuna imvume kuhulumeni. Nokho, umthetho wasekhaya awukuqedisi ukuphakama kombuso; imithetho yombuso isalokhu ilahla imithetho yendawo lapho bexabana, futhi amazwe angasibekela inselele isenzo sendawo ezindaweni ezikhathalela umbuso.

INhlangano yesizwe yamadolobha inikeza ingcebo enkulu endimani kahulumeni wendawo esimisweni sikahulumeni, kuhlanganise nokucubungula ukubusa kwasekhaya, ukubusa kweDillon, kanye nokuhlengwa kwezwe.

Ukulinganiselwa Kwemibuso Yendawo

Ohulumeni bendawo babhekana nezithiyo eziningi egunyeni labo:

  • Isimo sokuhlenga: Amazwe angalahla imithetho yendawo ezihloko eziningi, kusukela ekuqondiseni izibhamu kuya emalini encishisiwe kuya ezindinganisweni zendawo ezungezile. Eminyakeni yamuva, amazwe amaningi aye amisa imithetho yokuzikhulula elinganisela igunya lendawo ezindaweni ezinjengokulawula, ikhefu lokugula, nokuvimbela kwepulasitiki.
  • Imingcele engokobuzwe: Ohulumeni bendawo kumelwe bahloniphe amalungelo afanayo omthetho-sisekelo njengohulumeni abangohulumeni nohulumeni. Abakwazi ukuhlukanisa ngokusekelwe ohlangeni noma kwezinye izici ezivikelweyo, abanakuphoqa ukusesha nokuquleka okungacabangeli, futhi abanakuncisha abantu impahla ngaphandle kwenqubo efanele yomthetho.
  • Imingcele yemithetho evimbelayo: Ohulumeni bendawo abaningi babhekene nemingcele eqinile ekhonweni labo lokunyusa inzuzo. Umthetho-sisekelo woMbuso nezimiso ngokuvamile kuvala intela yempahla, kulinganisela ukukhula kwezindinganiso ezihlongozwayo, futhi kudinga ukuvunyelwa kwentela entsha noma isibopho. Lokhu kuvimbela kungenza kube nzima kohulumeni bendawo ukuqoqa izinkonzo ezibalulekile.
  • Isilinganiso esiphakanyisiwe sokufinyelela: Ohulumeni bendawo bangasebenzisa igunya kuphela phakathi kwemingcele yabo yendawo. Abakwazi ukulawula ukuziphatha ngaphandle kwemingcele yabo, futhi kumelwe bahambisane nezindawo ezingomakhelwane ezindabeni zesifunda ezinjengezokuthutha, izinga lomoya, kanye nokutholakala kwamanzi.
  • Isekelwe ekuxhaseni imali yombuso nombuso: Ohulumeni abaningi bendawo bathembele kakhulu ekudlulisweni kwezindawo ezisemthonjeni kahulumeni kuvela kuhulumeni nakuhulumeni. Lokhu kuxhomekeka kungadala ukuchayeka ekuhleleni imali kanye nezinguquko zenqubo emazingeni aphezulu kahulumeni, futhi ngokuvamile kuvela ngezintambo ezixhunyiwe ezihambelana nomthetho nezimo.

Amandla Akhona: Lapho Awohlokile

Akuwona wonke amagunya kahulumeni asesilinganisweni esisodwa kuphela. Imibuso eminingi ihlanganyelwa phakathi kukahulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni nezwe, noma phakathi kwezifunda nezindawo. Lezi zaziwa ngokuthi amandla avumelanayo, futhi ziyisici esiyinhloko sobuzwe baseMelika. Uma zombili lezi zigaba zisebenzisa amandla avumelanayo, umthetho kahulumeni uphakeme kakhulu engxabanweni, kodwa izifunda zikhululeke ukuba zenze isenzo isikhathi eside uma nje uMkhandlu ungawuhlengi umkhakha.

Izibonelo zamandla akhona manje zihlanganisa:

  • Ukuthengiselana: Kokubili uhulumeni wombuso nohulumeni bafaka intela yeholo, intela yenkampani, nentela yokukhipha. Ohulumeni bendawo bayazifaka futhi izintela zempahla futhi ngezinye izikhathi iholo noma intela yokuthengisela. Lokhu kudala isimiso sentela ehlahlelayo engaholela emaqophelweni aphezulu nasebunkingeni.
  • Umthetho we-Environment: Uhulumeni wamazwe umisa izindinganiso zendawo ezungezile ngaphansi kwemithetho enjenge-Cease Air Act ne-Celean Water Act, kodwa imibuso ingathatha izindinganiso eziqinile futhi ngokuvamile inomthwalo wemfanelo wokusebenzisa izinhlelo zikahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, iCalifornia, inegunya lokumisa izindinganiso zayo siqu zokukhipha imoto eziqinile kunezimfuneko zikahulumeni.
  • Imithetho ephoqelelayo: [izemthetho wobugebengu omningi uwumthetho kahulumeni, uhulumeni wezwe futhi uphambanisa ukuziphatha okuthile, ikakhulukazi amacala anqamule imikhawulo kahulumeni noma ahlanganisa impahla kahulumeni. Izinhlangano zomthetho zomphakathi eziqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho njenge FBI, DEA, ne-ATF zisebenza eduze kwezwe namaphoyisa endawo.
  • Umthetho wezezimali: uhulumeni wezwe ulawula amabhange aqashwe ngokwesizwe, kuyilapho izigaba zilawula amabhange kahulumeni aneziteshi. Zombili izinga linegunya lokulawula izinhlangano zezimali, lidala isimiso sokubhange okumbaxa-mbili.
  • Isihe sokuphepha nokulondeka: Bobabili ohulumeni bezwe nohulumeni balawula ukuphepha emsebenzini (OSHA ngokwezinga likahulumeni, amapulani kahulumeni ezifundani eziningi), ukuphepha komkhiqizo, nokuphepha kokudla nezidakamizwa.

Izinselele Zanamuhla Ebuhlotsheni Bezinhlangano Zasebuthweni

Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso phakathi kohulumeni bamazwe, nohulumeni bendawo akuyona indaba exazululiwe. Ezombangazwe ze-Atemporary zigcwele izimpikiswano ngemingcele eyiyo yegunya enqunyiweni ngayinye. Izinselele eziningana eziyinhloko zichaza isimo samanje sombuso waseMelika:

Ukukhululwa Nokuncipha Kwegunya Lendawo

Eminyakeni yamuva, izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni ziye zasebenzisa isilinganiso esikhulayo sokulinganisela igunya lohulumeni bendawo, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni eziphikisanayo kwezombangazwe njengemithetho yezibhamu, iholo elilinganiselwe, ikhefu elikhokhwayo, nesivikelo sokunqanda ukuhlukana kwezikhali. Lokhu kuye kwaguqula indlela engokomlando yemibuso yokunikeza amadolobha nezindawo inkululeko enkulu, futhi kuye kwabangela izimpikiswano ngokuthi amazwe angayiphuli yini indima yawo esimisweni sikahulumeni.

Izilwane Nezimo Ezizimele

Uhulumeni usebenzisa amandla awo okusebenzisa ukuze athonye isimiso sombuso nesendawo ngokuhlanganisa izimo zokunikeza. Isibonelo esivelele kakhulu uhlelo lwemali yomgwaqo omkhulu kahulumeni, oluye lwasetshenziselwa ukukhuthaza amazwe ukuba aphakamise iminyaka yokuphuza ibe ngu-21 futhi athathe imithetho yokuphepha efanayo. Nakuba iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yasekela lomkhuba, iphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nokuphoqelelwa nokukhukhuleka kobukhosi bombuso.

Umbuso Ophethe Namandla Abusayo

Ukukhula kwezwe eliphethe kuthinte futhi ukulinganisela kwegunya. Izinhlangano ze-Federal zinikeza imithetho ephethe umthetho, ngokuvamile ngokuhlakanipha okukhulu okuye kwanikezwa uMkhandlu. Izwe nezindawo kumelwe kuvumelane nalezimiso noma lezindawo ezilahlekelwa imali kahulumeni. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, imibuso iye yahlehlisa imingcele ngokuphambana, izivumelwano zokubambisana, nangokusebenzisa ezinye izindlela ezisemqoka zikahulumeni.

Kulabo abanesithakazelo ekuhlolweni okujulile kwe-construl kanye nobudlelwane bohulumeni, i-Legal Information Institute eCornell Law School inikeza ukucubungula okubanzi kwemithetho kahulumeni ye-hulumente ye-jurisprance[[FL:1], kuhlanganise namacala ayinhloko eNkantolo ePhakeme kanye nokukhulumela kwezemfundo.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Njalo KobuFalist

Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso ehlangene, ezweni, nasezindaweni ezihlukene zikahulumeni akusona nje isici esisemkhakheni wezobuchwepheshe wesimiso sezombangazwe sase-U.S. Kuyisimiso esiyisisekelo esilawula indlela amaMelika abhekana ngayo nokuphathwa, indlela izimiso ezimiswa ngayo, nendlela amalungelo avikelwa ngayo. Isigaba ngasinye sikahulumeni sinemithwalo yemfanelo ehlukile nokulinganiselwa okubonisa ukuklanywa kwe-Framers kanye nezidingo ezizinzileyo zesizwe esiyinkimbinkimbi, esinhlobo-intlobo.

Kubafundisi nabafundi bezakhamuzi, ukuqonda lokhu kuhlukanisa kubalulekile. Uhulumeni kahulumeni uphethe izindaba zesizwe futhi unegunya lokuthatha isinyathelo lapho uMthetho-sisekelo umnika khona amandla. Ohulumeni boMbuso basebenzisa amandla amakhulu empilo, ukuphepha, nenhlalakahle yezakhamuzi zabo futhi basebenza njengezindawo zokucwaninga ukuze kuqaliswe inqubo. Ohulumeni bendawo banikeza izinkonzo nezimiso ezihlela ngokuqondile izinga lokuphila emiphakathini, zisebenza phakathi komthetho wezwe.

Imingcele ephakathi kwalamazinga ayimiswanga kodwa ixoxwa ngokuqhubekayo ngomthetho, ukuhlaziywa, nangomkhuba wezombangazwe. Lemfanelo enamandla iwukuqina nomthombo wengcindezelo. Ivumela isimiso ukuba sivumelane nezimo ezishintshayo, kodwa futhi idala izingxabano ezidinga ukunqunywa okucophelelayo. Izimiso zobuzwe, ukuphakama, namalungelo omthetho-sisekelo zinikeza uhlelo lokuxazulula lezingxabano, kodwa imiphumela ixhomeke ekuhlakanipheni nasekwahluleleni kwabenzi bomthetho, abahluleli, nezakhamuzi.

Ukufundisa abafundi ngemibuso kahulumeni ngakunye akukona nje ukuthatha ngekhanda uhlu lwemisebenzi. Kuwukubasiza ukuba baqonde izakhiwo zokuzibusa kwabo, imingcele ekhona ezingeni ngalinye legunya, nezindlela abangahileleka futhi bathonye ngazo isimiso. Izakhamuzi ezinolwazi ziyisivikelo esingcono kakhulu ekusebenziseni kabi amandla nganoma iliphi izinga, futhi ukuqonda okucacile ukuthi ubani ongenza okuyisisekelo salelo lungelo.

Isimiso sikahulumeni asisebenzi kahle ngaso sonke isikhathi, futhi singaveza imiphumela ebonakala iguquguquka noma ikhungathekisa. Kodwa iyisimiso esiklanyelwe ukuvikela inkululeko, ukuhlalisa izinhlobonhlobo, futhi sivimbele ukugxiliswa kwamandla. Njengoba abafundi befunda ukusebenzisa lesi simiso, bafunda nokwazisa ubunkimbinkimbinkimbi nokuqina kwentando yeningi yaseMelika. Emitholazweni yesikole kanye nezinto zokufundisa, inikeza ingcebo yamasu emfundo, izincwadi, nezinhlelo [[FLT] ezigxile kuMthetho-Chistom, ku-Cwate, ku-Cwast, ku-Cyrcus, ku-Cyrcreast, ku-R, nohlelo lukahulumeni waseMelika.