Ukuqonda Isisekelo Segunya Likahulumeni Lokukhokha Intela

Ukusakazwa kwemibuso yentela ehlela uhulumeni, umbuso, kanye nezindawo kumelela esinye sezici eziyisisekelo kodwa eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu zezezimali zomphakathi. Kubafundisi, abafundi, nezakhamuzi ngokufanayo, ukuqonda lokhu kuhlukanisa kubalulekile ukuze kuqonda indlela izinkonzo zikahulumeni ezixhaswe ngayo, indlela inqubo yezomnotho ehlelwa ngayo, nendlela imithwalo yentela ehlukaniswa ngayo phakathi kwabantu abahlukene. I-United States isebenza ngaphansi kwesimiso sombuso sokubusa, lapho uMthetho-sisekelo ukhipha khona amandla athile kuhulumeni wezwe kuyilapho ubekela abanye imibuso ezindaweni ezithile. Lomthetho wesisekelo wakha isakhiwo sentela esinesilinganiso, ngesilinganiso ngasinye sikahulumeni abaneziphathi ezihlukene, izikweletwane, nemithwalo yemithwalo yemfanelo lapho uveza ukuphakama kwenzuzo. Ukuqonda lokhu kunikeza ukuqonda okubucayi ekusebenzeni kohulumeni nezinzuzo zentela kubantu ngabanye, emabhizinisini, nasemphakathini.

Igunya elikhokhisayo lesigaba ngasinye sikahulumeni aliyona nje indaba yokulawula kodwa libonisa izimiso ezijulile zomthetho-sisekelo, ukuyekethisa komlando, nezimpikiswano eziqhubekayo zezombangazwe. Uhulumeni uthola amandla awo okuntela ngokukhanyayo kuMthetho-sisekelo, ikakhulukazi ngeSichibiyelo seSikhundla sesithupha, esimisa isisekelo esingokomthetho sentela yeholo yanamuhla. Ngokungafani, ohulumeni, banamandla ombuso, awemvelo ahlanganisa igunya elingokwemvelo elihlanganisa ukukhokha intela, nakuba la mandla engaphansi kwemingcele engokomthetho nakwehlawulo lukahulumeni ezindaweni ezithile. Ohulumeni bendawo basebenzisa kuphela lawomandla alawulayo akhuthayo akhethwe ohulumeni ukuba abathumelela umthetho wemithetho yezomthetho noma imithetho engokomthetho. Lesimiso esinezingalo sidala izakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi lapho intela intela ihlelwe khona, izinga elihlukene, nezingalo ezimelelwayo ezisekelwe ezinhlalweni ezisekelwe ezinsweni zezindawo ezisezingeni ezihlukahlukene.

Amandla Okukhokha Intela Ahlangene: Igunya Lomthetho - sisekelo Nemishini Yemali

Uhulumeni uphethe igunya elikhulu kakhulu futhi elibekwe umthetho-mthetho phakathi kwawo wonke amazinga kahulumeni. ISiphakamiso I, Isiqeshana sesi-8 soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. sinikeza uMkhandlu amandla "wokubeka nokuqoqa intela, i-Isties, ama-Impostants, ama-Imposts and Excisses, ukukhokha izikweleti nokunikeza iNkantolo evamile neNtlalo ye-United States. Olulimi lumisa ukunikeza igunya eligcwele lentela, nakuba luhlanganisa ukulinganiselwa okukhulu, njengemfuneko yokuba zonke izintela, izibopho, izikhulu, nezintela zihlangane phakathi kwezwe elihlangene nentela eqondile. Intengiselwano, eyahluze, ekwabisweni kwenkokhiswayo yenkokhiso, enciswayo yenkozo ehlweni, ehliswayo, ehliswayokwabisweni yenkozo yomphakathi wezwe lonke lomningongongongongongongongongo yezezwe yanamuhla.

Izigaba Ezinkulu Zentela

Uhulumeni uncike ezinhlotsheni eziningana ezihlukene zentela, ngayinye enezici zayo zezomnotho, imiphumela yezimiso, kanye nekhono lokuthola inzuzo. Ukuqonda lezizigaba kubalulekile ukuze siqaphele indlela uhulumeni ophethe akhokhe ngayo izinhlelo nemithwalo yemfanelo eminingi.

  • Intela ekhokhelwayo: Lona umthombo owodwa wemali kahulumeni, ufaka cishe amaphesenti angu-50 emalini kahulumeni engqikithi eminyakeni yamuva. Intela kazwelonke iyanda kancane, okusho ukuthi amazinga entela anyukayo njengemali ekhokhelwayo. Isimiso siveza izikweleti zentela eziyisikhombisa ezikwehlelayo, kusukela ku-10% kuya ku-3%, kanye nezikwehliswa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, izikweletusi, kanye nentengo ezithinta ngokuphawulekayo umthwalo wentela othwelwe yimikhaya ehlukene. Inkonzo ye-International Revotion (IRS) inikeza lesi simiso esiyinkimbinkimbi, esifuna ukuba abantu abaningi bakhokhe intela yaminyaka yonke futhi bakhokhe intela ngonyaka ngenkokhiso noma ngenkongozo elinganiselwa.
  • Intela yokukhokha intela: Lentela ikhokhisa iNkokhiso yeNhlalandawo neMedicare futhi imelela izinhlelo zemali yemali kahulumeni ezikhudlwana. Intela ye-Federal Inssurances Act (FICA) iphoqa intela ehlangeneyo engu 15.3% eholweni, ehlukaniselwe abaqashi nezisebenzi. Ingxenye yeNkuvikela yezenhlalakahle (12,4%) isebenza kuphela ekukhokheni ihole isamba sonyaka, evumelanisa ukwandiswa kwemali, kanti iMedicareare ingxenye yemali (2.9%) isebenza kuyo yonke iholo ngaphandle kwenkokhezo. Okunye ingqikithi yezisebenzi ezisebenzayo isebenza ekutholeni imali ephezulu.
  • Intela ehlawulwayo: Izinhlangano zikhokha intela ngenzuzo yazo ewuhulumeni, ngoMthetho weTsima ne-Jobs ka-2017 zimisa isilinganiso esicacile sama-21% emali eholweni le-C-corporation. Lokhu kwasho ukuncitshiswa okukhulu kwesilinganiso semali yangaphambili ethweswa iziqu efinyelela ku-35%. Intela yenkampani ingenisa ingxenye encane yemali ekhokhwanywayo ewuhulumeni uma iqhathaniswa nenkokhiso yomuntu ngamunye futhi ikhokha intela ebhaklo, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yezinhlangano eziningi zezamabhizinisi njenge-S-cortpoations, ama-buthalition, ama-asethimend alinganiselwe izinkampani ezidlulisa iholo zazo kubanini bazo ngentela eziholweni zabo ngaphansi kwesimiso sentela yomuntu ngamunye.
  • Intela encishisiwe: Lena intela engakhethi efakwa ezintweni ezithile, ezinkonzweni, nasemisebenzini. Intela enkulu kahulumeni ihlanganisa leyo etholakala kumandla emoto, imikhiqizo kagwayi, uphuzo oludakayo, namathikithi ezindiza. Ngokungafani nentela yeholo elisekelwe kububanzi, izintela zifeza izinjongo ezihlukene: ukunyusa nokuduma kwemithetho ethile. Intela yepetroli, ngokwesibonelo, imali yeHighway Trust Fund, esekela imisebenzi yezokuthutha kulo lonke izwe.
  • intela yentela edluliswayo neNghlengo: Lentela yokudlulisa isebenza ekudluliseni ingcebo kusuka kwesinye isizukulwane kuya kwesinye. Intela yezindawo isebenza ezindabeni ezinkulu kakhulu zokungangeni mvume, ezingaphansi komthetho wamanje zingaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-R32 umuntu ngamunye. Intela isebenza ekudluliseni okwenziwayo phakathi nokuphila, kanye nesilinganiso esifanayo sokukhulula intela ngonyaka. Lentela ithinta isilinganiso esincane kakhulu sezindawo kodwa iveza inzuzo enkulu futhi ihlala iphikisana nezombangazwe.

Umthetho Wentela Kazwelonke Nomphumela Wezomnotho

The federal tax system has profound implications for economic behavior, income distribution, and the overall economy. Progressive income tax rates are designed to achieve vertical equity, meaning that those with greater ability to pay contribute a larger share of their income in taxes. However, the system also includes numerous tax expenditures, which are provisions that reduce tax liability for specific activities or groups. These include the mortgage interest deduction, the earned income tax credit, the child tax credit, and the preferential tax rates on capital gainsUma uhlanganisa, la malungiselelo anciphisa ngokuphawulekayo izinga lentela eliphumelelayo elikhokhwa imikhaya eminingi futhi athonya izinqumo eziphathelene nokonga, ukutshala imali, ukuba nezindlu zasekhaya, nokuphana kwezihlobo.

Uhulumeni kahulumeni usebenzisa futhi isimiso sentela njengethuluzi lokuthuthukisa izomnotho. Phakathi nokuwohloka kwezomnotho, uMkhandlu uvame ukumisa ukuncishiswa kwentela yesikhashana noma ukusungulwa kwemithetho yokukhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kwemali nokutshala ibhizinisi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, phakathi nezikhathi zokukhula okukhulu kwezomnotho nokunyuka kwamandla emali, abenzi bemithetho bangase bacabangele ukukhuliswa kwentela ukuze banciphise intengo entengo entelekayo yezomnotho. ICongregationalal Bal Bacture Office (CBO) neKomiti yeQelo ePhakathi Lentela (JCT) kunikeze izilinganiso ezingokomthetho zenkokhiso kanye nemiphumela yezentekotho engoko ehlosiwe, kusiza abakhiqize izigwebo zezelo ezinqunyiwe, ukuze abakhi bemithetho bahlole ukuphakama kwemiphumela yezezinqumo zabo.

Amandla Ombuso Akhokha Intela: Ubukhosi, Ukuhlukana, Nombuso Wempi

Ohulumeni banegunya eliyifa elihlanganisa igunya lokukhokha intela, ingaphansi kwemingcele ebekwe nguMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., umthetho kahulumeni, nomthetho-mthetho kazwelonke. Lokhu kusho ukuthi bayakwazi ukuvumelana kakhulu ekuklameni izimiso zabo zentela, okuholela ekuhlukahlukeni okukhulu phakathi kwezindawo ezingamashumi amahlanu ngokwezinhlobo zentela, amazinga, izinga, izisekelo, nemithwalo yemithetho esemthethweni esemthethweni eqaphela ukuthi ibusa njengezindawo zokuhlola idemokrati, izama izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokukhokha intela ezingazisa izimpikiswano zesizwe futhi zivumele izakhamuzi ukuba zikhethe indawo ezungezile yentela evumelana nentando yazo.

Izigaba Ezinkulu Zentela KaHulumeni

Ohulumeni boMbuso bancike ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene eziqoqweni zentela, kanye nenhlanganisela ehlukile egqamile kusukela kwesinye isifundazwe kuya kwesinye.

  • Intela: Izifunda eziningi ziphoqa intela ebanzi yokuthengisela izimpahla nezinkonzo ezithengiselwayo ezisemikhawulweni yazo. Izinga lentela kahulumeni ngokuvamile lisukela ku-4% kuya ku-10%, i-ohulumeni abaningi abavumela ohulumeni bendawo ukuba babeke intela eyengeziwe ezikoleni zikahulumeni. Intela, eyisimiso sempahla nezinkonzo ezikhokhelwayo ezikhokhwayo, ehlukahluka kakhulu emazweni. Amanye amazwe anciphisa izindleko ezidingekayo njengempahla, imilaliso, imilaliso, nezingubo zokunciphisa imiphumela encintiswayo ekhudlwanayo yentela, kuyilapho amanye amantela encintiswano ehliswa kakhulu ezinkonzweni ezinkonzweni ezingokomthetho, nakwehliswayo ezikonzweni ezikoleni ezikhokhwazwayo ezikhudlweni ezithelwe kakhulu.
  • [[FLT: 0] Intela ehlawulwayo:[[FOMT:1] Izifundazwe ezingamashumi amane-nye kanye ne-Foourth of Columbia ziphonsa intela ebanzi yeholo ngalinye. Izifundazwe ezisele ezihlanganisa i-Alaska, iFlorida, i-Nevada, iNew Hampshire, i-South Dakota, iTessenea, iTexas, iWashington, ungakhokhi intela, nakuba i-New Hampshire ne Washington intela futhi ihlukanisa inzuzo yemali eholidi. Phakathi kwezifundazwe ezifaka intela yemali eholweni, izakhiwo ziyahluka kakhulu. Amanye amazwe asebenzisa izinga eliyisicabaleleyo, esebenzisa izinga elifanayo lentela, nakuba amanye esebenzisa intela ethweswa iziqulweni noma izakhiwo eziphambili zesimiso sombuso wezwe. Izilinganiso zentela ezisukela ku-3% kuya ku-3% ebhuculweni eliphezulu kakhulu, intela ezindaweni ezisezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu, nakuba kunikezwa intela ezindaweni eziningi zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo ze
  • Intela ehlawulwayo: Izifundazwe ezingamashumi amane nane ziphoqa intela yezezimali emabhizinisini angaphakathi kwemingcele yazo. Izinga lokukhokha intela yenkampani esebenzelayo liyahluka kusukela ku-3% kwezinye izindawo kuya ku - 11% kwezinye, kanye namazwe amaningi esebenzisa isilinganiso sesilinganiso sentela yezezinkampani ezizimele. Isisekelo sentela yezwe sihlelelwe ukuthengwa kwemali yentela kahulumeni ngokwesilinganiso. Imali yokuthengwa kwemali esemthethweni esemthethweni ekhukhwelwe ukuhlelwa kwezindawo. Izwe lisebenzisa izabelo zokunquma ukuthi imali engakanani ehhodeni yezinhlangano eziningi zezinhlangano zezinhlangano ezihlukene ifanele intela ekhokhwazwa ngokwendawo ngayinye, kanti ezinye izilinganiso ezikhungozokuthengwayo ziyaqhubeka ukusebenzisa ezinye intela ezivamile, kanti ezinye izilinganiso ziyaqhubeka nokusetshenziswa ngokwezimo ezivamile.
  • Intela encishisiwe: Njengohulumeni wombuso, imibuso iphoqa intela ezimpahlani ezithile, imithombo ephawuleka kakhulu yamandla emoto, imikhiqizo kagwayi, nophuzo oludakayo. Amazinga entela ezwe ayahluka kakhulu ezizweni, okuholela ekuhlukahluka okukhulu kwalezizinto kusuka kwenye indawo kuya kwenye. Lentela ifeza kokubili imali kanye nezinjongo zokukhokha, ngokwesibonelo, isebenza intengo ephakeme yemikhiqizo kagwayi, eklanyelwe ukunqanda ukubhema kuyilapho inzuzo yezinhlelo zempilo nemisebenzi kahulumeni jikelele.
  • Intela efanelekile: Nakuba ngokuyinhloko intela yempahla iyimithombo yendawo yenzuzo kahulumeni, izifundazwe zifeza indima ethile futhi ekukhokheni impahla. Izifundazwe eziningi ziphoqa intela yempahla kahulumeni noma zinikeza izimali zentela yempahla elinganayo ezifundeni zesikole. Ohulumeni bahlela uhlelo olungokomthetho lwentela yempahla yendawo, kuhlanganise nezindlela zokuhlola, izimiso zokuhlela, kanye nemithetho elinganisela ukuthi zingakhuphuka kangakanani izintela zempahla zendawo ngonyaka.

State Tax Competition and PolicyIzinqumo ezikhethayo

Izindawo ezisebenza endaweni encintisanayo lapho isimiso sentela singathonya khona izinqumo zezentengiselwano, indlela yokuthutha, kanye nokukhula kwezomnotho. Lo mncintiswano udala kokubili amathuba nokungahleleki kwabenzi bemithetho kahulumeni. Izwe elinemithwalo ephansi yentela lingaheha amabhizinisi nezakhamuzi ezivela ezindaweni eziphezulu, kodwa futhi kumelwe futhi lithole izindlela zokuxhasa izinkonzo zomphakathi ezibalulekile njengemfundo, ukuthutha, ukuphepha komphakathi, nokunakekela impilo. Ukulinganisa phakathi kwentela ephansi nemisebenzi yomphakathi kungokongantengiselwano okusemcimbiswa kwesimiso sikahulumeni, futhi amazwe ahlukene enze izinqumo ezihlukahlukene mayelana nalapho kubekwa khona ukulinganisela.

Ukucwaninga ngemiphumela yenkambiso yentela kahulumeni entuthukweni yezomnotho kubonisa imiphumela ehlukene. Okunye ukuhlola kuthola ukuthi intela ephansi, ikakhulukazi intela yenkampani kanye nentela yomuntu siqu, kuhlobene nokwanda okusheshayo kwezomnotho, kuyilapho okunye ukuhlola kuthola ukuthi izinga lemisebenzi yomphakathi, kuhlanganise nemfundo nemisebenzi, izinto ezingaphezu kwamazinga entela ekuchumeni kwezomnotho esikhathini eside. Izifunda eziningi zisebenzisa izisusa zentela, njengokungakhokhi intela, ukukhulula, kanye nentela, ukuze zikhange amabhizinisi athile noma zikhuthaze imisebenzi ethile, nakuba ukuphumelela kwalezi zisusa ezinzuzo zezentethelekiso zezentengoleko kulokhu kuyindaba enkulu yenkulumo yezentengosi yezentengoso ngokwezimali nabaphathi bezemithetho.

Ababusi Bentela Bendawo: Babephathiswe Igunya Nokuncika Ezintela Zempahla

Ohulumeni bendawo, kuhlanganise nomthetho kahulumeni, omasipala, amalosha, izikole, nezigodi ezikhethekile, banezikhundla ezilinganiselwe kakhulu esimisweni sentela kahulumeni. Ngokungafani nohulumeni bezwe nohulumeni bezwe, ohulumeni bendawo abanalo igunya lokukhokha intela eliyifa. Kunalokho, amandla abo okukhokha intela asuka ngokuphelele kumthetho kahulumeni, namagunya anikezwa igunya elihlukene lohulumeni bendawo elihluka kakhulu kusuka kuhulumeni kuya kuhulumeni. Lesi simiso, esaziwa ngokuthi iDillon's Lave, simis, simi ukuthi ohulumeni bendawo bangasebenzisa lawomandla kuphela agunya agunyazwayo ngokusemthethweni yileyo mithetho kahulumeni noma agunyazwelwe yilawo ngokomthetho. Amanye amazwe aye amukela ukubusa kwasekhaya okunikeza igunya elibanzi kohulumeni bendawo, kuhlanganise nokuzivumela ukuhleleka okukhulu kakhulu izimiso zabo zentela, kodwa ngisho nangaphansi kokubusa kwentela, izikhulu zendawo ezihlala ezindaweni zombuso wendawo.

Izindlela Ezinkulu Zentela Yasendaweni

Ohulumeni bendawo bathembele emithonjeni emincane yentela uma iqhathaniswa nohulumeni bezwe nohulumeni, nentela yempahla esetshenziswa njengemithombo evelele yenzuzo yezindawo eziningi zendawo. Lokhu kuncika okukhulu ezintela zempahla kunemiphumela ebalulekile yokuzinza, ukulingana, nokungagunyazi kwenzuzo kahulumeni wendawo.

  • Intela yempahla: Intela yempahla iwumthombo wemali obaluleke kakhulu kohulumeni bendawo, ixhasa izinkonzo ezibalulekile njengemfundo ye-K-12, amaphoyisa, isivikelo somlilo, imigwaqo nezimiso zokuzilibazisa, intela yempahla, kanye nemisebenzi kahulumeni. Intela yendawo ibekwa ngokwezinga eliyilo entweni yangempela, kuhlanganise nendawo, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ezindaweni njengempahla yebhizinisi nempahla. Intela isesilinganisweni semali yempahla, isilinganiso semali edingekayo yempahla, intela yendawo ehlelwa njalo ukuze ibonise izimo zemakethengizimu. Izinga lokukhokha, ngokuvamile kuboniswa njengenani lemali yenani eliyinkulungwane yenani elihlolwayoli, ihlelwa izikhulu zendawo ezikhethiwe ngenqubo yemali ehleliwe. Intela ngokuvamile ithengwa njengemali egciniwe futhi incitshiswa ngokuthengwayo, inzuzo encishisiwe ngokwezimalini yentela yezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo ezitholakalayo.
  • Intela ethengiswayo yendawo: Ohulumeni abaningi bendawo, ikakhulukazi omasipala nababali, bafaka intela yendawo ngokwenani lentela yohwebo yentela yombuso. Lentela yendawo yokuthengisa igunyazwe ngumthetho kahulumeni futhi ivumela ohulumeni bendawo ukuba bathengise intela yabo kweminye imithombo. Amazinga entela endawo asukela ku 0.5% kuya ku 3%, noma ngaphezulu, kanye nentela yombuso nentela yendawo ehlangene ngokwezikhungo ezithile ezingaphezulu kwe 10%. Intela yezentengo yezentengiso yendawo isebenza esekelweni efanayo njengentela kahulumeni, nakuba amazwe athile evumela ohulumeni bendawo ukuba bafake izinto ezithile ezisekelwe ezisekelweni ezithile noma kwezinye izikhungo. Intela zendawo yokuthengiselwa noma ezinikezelwayo, ukuthengwa kwemisebenzi ethile yomphakathi, noma ukukhushulwa kwezomnotho.
  • Intela ekhokhwayo: Inani elincane kakhulu lohulumeni bendawo, ngokuyinhloko emazweni athile anjenge-Ohio, iPennsylvania, iKentucky, neMichigan, liphonsa intela yemali yendawo edonswayo ezakhamuzini futhi kwezinye izimo kumalungu angasebenzi phakathi kwegunya. Lentela iyintela eshibhile kakhulu ehholo elihlawulwayo, nakuba abanye ohulumeni bendawo bengayikhokhisi intela ekhukhweni eliyinzuzo enjengenzalo, inzuzo, nenzuzo yezimali. Intela yendawo ivame ukukhokhwatshwa ngenkampane futhi ngokuvamile ibuyiselwa emalini engokomthetho ethile. Intela yendawo ingabaluleka kakhulu emitatsheni ekhokhwasweni ekhokhwaswayo, ukunikeza intela eyisisekelo encikelweni encikelelwayo eyisisekelo sempahla etholakalayo.
  • Ezinye intela yendawo: Abanye ohulumeni bendawo baphoqa intela eyengeziwe, kuhlanganise nokuhlala ehhotela, intela yokudlela, intela yezentengiselwano, nentela yezebhizinisi. Lentela ivame ukuqondiswa ezivakashini nasezindaweni ezihlala kuzo kunezakhamuzi zendawo, izenza zikhange ngokwezombangazwe njengendlela yokunyusa inzuzo kubantu abangekho abasebenzisa izinkonzo zendawo. Ohulumeni bendawo bangafaka izindleko ezithinta intuthuko entsha yokukhokha izindleko zezakhiwo ezihlobene nentuthuko, njengemigwaqo, izikole, nezikole, namapaki.

Imisebenzi Enamandla Yezimali Zikahulumeni Wendawo

The heavy reliance of local governments on property taxes creates several important dynamics in local public finance. Property tax assessments tend to lag behind market conditions, providing stability during economic downturns but also limiting revenue growth during periods of rising property values, particularly in states with assessment limitations. ThisOkunamandla kungabangela ukucindezeleka okukhulu kohulumeni bendawo lapho izindleko zokunikeza izinkonzo zikhuphuka ngokushesha kunentela yempahla, kuphoqelela ukuba kukhethwe kanzima mayelana nokuncishiswa kwenkonzo noma imithombo yemali ehlukile.

Ohulumeni bendawo babhekene futhi nezithiyo ezinkulu emandleni abo okuphakamisa inzuzo evela kweminye imithombo. Imithetho yoMbuso ilinganisela kakhulu izinhlobo zentela ohulumeni bendawo abangayifaka, amazinga abangawakhokha, nezinqubo okumelwe bazilandele ukuze bakhiphe izintela ezintsha noma zandise ezikhona. Izifundazwe eziningi zifuna imvume yokuvota ngentela entsha yendawo noma izinga lentela lenyuswa, inezela ukuncishiswa kwezombangazwe ezinqumweni zendawo. Lemithetho evimbelayo ibonisa ukushukuma kwemizwa kwemizwano kazwelonke: izinyuswano zikahulumeni zifuna ukunikeza inzuzo eyanele ukunikeza ohulumeni bendawo ukuba banikeze izinkonzo ezidingekile, kodwa zifuna futhi ukuvikela izakhamuzi ekulawuleni indawo yonke yentela futhi zivikeleni intela yendawo.

Ukuhlaziya Amandla Entela Aqhathaniswa Nawo Ohulumeni

Ukuqhathaniswa okuhleliwe kwemibuso ekhokha intela ezindaweni ezihlukene ezisemkhakheni kahulumeni, ezweni, nasezindaweni ezihlukene ngokwezinga, ukuguquguquka kwenani, ukuncishiswa kwemali, nethonya lezomnotho. Uhulumeni ujabulela igunya elikhulu, nekhono lokukhokha intela evela kuyo yonke imithombo, ukuphonsa intela ebhayisekile eholweni, ne-levy edensa izintela ezithengwa kakhulu ezinkonzweni eziningi. Imibuso yoMbuso inegunya elikhulu kodwa elicindezelwa kakhulu, ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene ezihlukene ngokwezintela ezizikhokhayo ezizi ezizibeka kuzo futhi ngezinga elingakanani. Ohulumeni bendawo banegunya elilinganiselwe kakhulu, kanye nentela yempahla esetshenziswa njengemithombo yentela ephakeme yezindawo eziningi.

Umehluko Oyinhloko Ekwakheni Intela

Umehluko omkhulu kakhulu emibusoni ekhokha intela emazingeni kahulumeni obubanzi uhlobene nezinhlobo zentela ezibekwayo, izinga lezentengiselwano noma ukubuyela emuva esimisweni sentela, nezinga lokuhlanganisa intela noma ukuhlalisana kwemithetho. Isimiso sentela kahulumeni siyaqhubeka sikhokha intela ethé xaxa, nemikhaya ekhokhelwayo ikhokha ingxenye enkulu yemali yayo yentela ekhokhwayo uma kuqhathaniswa nentela ekhokhwanywayo ekhokhwaneni eliphansi. Ngokungafani nentela yendawo, ivame ukuphinde ihoxe, ngokulingana nemikhaya eholayo ikhokha ingxenye enkulu yemali yayo ehlawulwayo ezweni nasenkokhisweni yendawo. Le mvume yokukhokha iveza ukuncikelelwa okukhulu kwentela entela ekhokhwasweni eholweni ephansi, kokubili okuthatha ingxenye enkulu yentela eholweni ehlawulwayo eholweni eholweni eholweni ehlawulwayo emakhaya aphansi.

Umehluko obalulekile isilinganiso sokuncintisana kwentela ezikhundleni. Izwe lincintisana ngamabhizinisi nangezakhamuzi ngenkambiso yentela, ibangela ukucindezela kokuba intela inciphe noma ikhiphe izisusa zentela ezihloselwe. Ohulumeni bendawo futhi bancintisana, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zomphakathi lapho izakhamuzi namabhizinisi zingahamba kalula khona phakathi kwezindawo eziphethe intela. Ngokungafani, uhulumeni ubhekene nomncintiswano wentela oqondile ovela kwabanye ohulumeni bezwe lonke ngendlela efanayo, nakuba ukuhlangana kwezomnotho kuye kwabangela ukucindezela okuthile kokuncintisana kwentela nokuncintisana kwezizwe zonke.

Ukubambisana Kwezinhlangano Zasebuthweni

Ukuhlelwa kwemibuso ekhokha intela phakathi kwezinga likahulumeni kudala izindaba ezibalulekile zokubambisana nokuxabana. Uhulumeni unikeza izimali eziningi kuhulumeni nasezindaweni, kuhlanganise neziphakamiso zezinjongo ezithile njengemigwaqo emikhulu, imfundo, nokunakekela impilo, kanye neziphakamiso ezinikeza izimali ezivumelanisa indlela imali esetshenziswa ngayo. Lokhu kunikeza usizo lokuhlanganisa amandla alinganayo ezindawo nezindawo, kuqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izifunda zinganikeza okungenani izinga elilinganiselwe lemisebenzi yomphakathi. Nokho, imvume kahulumeni iveza futhi izimo nezimfuneko ezingenza isimo nezimiso ezingoko kungathi zivumelane nezindlela zokukhetha zendawo ezingavumelani nezindawo ezithandwayo zendawo.

Ohulumeni bakahulumeni banikeza usizo olubalulekile lwezimali kohulumeni bendawo, ikakhulukazi kuK-12 yemfundo, lapho usizo lukahulumeni lusiza khona ekuxhaseni ngokwezimali ezifundeni ezinezikhungo zentela zempahla ezihlukene. Izifunda eziningi ziye zamukela izindlela zezezimali zesikole eziqondisa imali engeziwe ezifundeni zempahla, ezibonisa izibopho zikahulumeni zomthetho-sisekelo zokunikeza amathuba anele afundisayo alinganayo kubo bonke abafundi. Ukubambisana kukahulumeni, uhulumeni, intela, kanye nokuchitha izinqumo zezentengo yemali kudala ulwelwembuko oluyinkimbinkimbi lwemiphakathi yemali oluthinta kakhulu izinga nezinkonzo zomphakathi emiphakathini ehlukahlukene.

Ukuphazanyiswa Kokwaba Kwamandla Okuthengisa

Indlela imibuso ekhokha intela esakazwa ngayo phakathi kwamazinga kahulumeni inemiphumela ejulile yesimiso sezomnotho, ilungiselelo lenkonzo yomphakathi, nokulingana kwezenhlalo. Ukuqonda lokhu kusikisela kubalulekile ekuhloleni ushintsho oluhlongozwayo esimisweni sentela nasekuqapheleni izinselele ezibanzi zemali ezibhekene nohulumeni kuzo zonke amazinga.

Ukungalingani Kwezomnotho Nokungalingani Okukhulu

Ukushintsha kwezimiso zentela zikahulumeni nezindawo kunezela ekuhlukahlukaniseni kwezomnotho ezifundeni nasemiphakathini. Izwe elinemithwalo yentela ephakeme lingase lithole ukukhuphuka okungokomnotho, ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene nokutshala kwezebhizinisi nokusungulwa kwemisebenzi, nakuba ubukhulu balemiphumela bulokhu buyimpikiswano. Ezingeni lendawo, ukuhluka kwezentengo zempahla kudala ukuhlukana okukhulu kwezemfundo echithwayo ezifundeni eziqediwe, kunezela ekuthuthukiseni amathuba emfundo engcono ezinganeni zemiphakathi ehlukene. Imizamo yezezimali yezezimali ezindaweni eziningi iye yafuna ukunciphisa le mithetho yokusiza nokulinganisela intela yempahla, kodwa ephawulekayo ezifundeni ezisezifundeni zesikoleni, inezela ekutholeni amathuba engokwemali engcono engokweziko emiphakathini ehlukene.

Ukubuyiselwa kwezimiso zentela zikahulumeni nezentela zendawo ngokuphathelene nesimiso sentela kahulumeni kusho ukuthi umthwalo wentela wonke ophakathi kwawo wonke amaqembu ohulumeni awuthuthuki kakhulu kunesimiso sentela sikahulumeni kuphela esingasikisela. Uma isimiso sentela, isifundazwe, intela nendawo kucatshangelwa ndawonye, isimiso sentela se-U.S. silingana ngokuncane kakhulu emikhayeni eminingi, kanye nesilinganiso semali ehhala etholakalayo etholakalayo ezindaweni ezihlukene, nakuba ukwakhiwa kwentela kukhokhelwa ngokuphawulekayo. Lokhu kuthola kunemiphumela ebalulekile yezingxoxo eziphathelene nentela nokukhokhwanywa kwentela eqenjinini elihola imali.

Umncintiswano Wentela Nokuzinziswa Kwentela

Umncintiswano wentela ezifundazweni nasezindaweni kudala kokubili izinzuzo nezindleko. Kwesinye isandla, ukuncintisana kungacindezela ukukhula kukahulumeni futhi kukhuthaze ukuphumelela elungiselelweni lezinkonzo zomphakathi, njengoba izakhamuzi namabhizinisi zingavotela ngezinyawo zazo ngokuthuthela emabuthweni angcono ngentela nentela engcono kakhulu. Kwesinye isandla, ukuncintisana kungaholela ekulinganiseni izinzuzo zemali ephansi "ezansi" lapho ohulumeni benquma khona intela engaphansi kwezinga elidingekayo ekusekeleni izinkonzo ezibalulekile, ikakhulukazi izinkonzo ezizuzisa imikhaya engenisa imali ephansi noma eziveza izinto ezinhle ngaphandle kodwa ezingaziswa kakhulu ngokukhokhiswa intela ehambayo. Inseleleko yabenzi bemithetho iwukulinganisela izinzuzo zokuncintisana nesidingo sokukhokha intela emfundweni yomphakathi, ukunakekelwa kwezempilo, nezinye izinkonzo ezisekela ukuchuma kwezenhlalakahle nezenhlalo.

Ukugcinwa kwentela kuxhomeke ekhonweni lohulumeni kuwo wonke amazinga lokunyusa inzuzo eyanele yokuhlangabezana nezidingo ezandayo zezinkonzo zomphakathi, kuhlanganise nezindleko ezinyukayo zokunakekelwa kwempilo, impesheni, kanye nokunakekelwa kwemisebenzi yezezimali kubantu asebegugile. Uhulumeni ubhekene nezinselele ezinde ezihlobene nokukhula kwezinhlelo zezentengo zezentengiselwano, ikakhulukazi zeSocial Security neMedicare, ezihloselwe ukuchitha ingxenye eyandayo yemali engokwasezweni lamashumi eminyaka ezayo. Uhulumeni nohulumeni bendawo babhekana nezinselele zabo siqu zemali yemali yempatho yezisebenzi zomphakathi kanye nenzuzo yempilo, eziye zanda kakhulu ezinganciphiselwanga ezindaweni eziningi, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni eziningi, kanye nesidingo sokusetshenziswa kwemisebenzi yokuguga emigwaqwelweni enjengemigwaqo, amabhulobhulobhulo, nasemabhungeni.

Izinkinga Zangesikhathi Esizayo Ekusakazeni Amandla Entela

Izindawo zamanje zemibuso yentela ezimazinga kahulumeni zibunjwe yizimpikiswano nezenzakalo eziningi eziqhubekayo. I-Taxis Cuts noMthetho ka-Jobs ka-2017 yawushintsha kakhulu umthetho kahulumeni wentela, kuhlanganise nesephu elikwe kuhulumeni nasenkabeni yentela, eliye labangela impikiswano enkulu emazweni aphakeme, ikakhulukazi eCalifornia, eNew York, eNew Jersey, nase-Illinois. Le nqubo ishintshela phambili ukuxhumana phakathi kwezimiso zentela zikahulumeni nohulumeni futhi iye yaholela amanye amazwe ukuba ahlole umthetho nemithetho ekwazi ukuvimbela izakhamuzi zawo.

Enye inzuzo ebalulekile yamanje ihlanganisa intela yezimpahla nezinkonzo ze-ecommerce kanye nokukhula kwe-ecommente. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme ka-2018 ku-South Dakota v. Wayfair, Inc. yanikeza izikhundla ezinkulu ezifuna abathengisi beze-inthaneti ukuba bathenge intela futhi bakhokhe intela ebanzi, ilinganisele insimu yokudlala phakathi kolayini ne-injini ye-injini ne-tenat-data futhi iveze inzuzo entsha kahulumeni nendawo. [[FLT] Izifunda eziningi ziye zafaka imithetho yezomnotho esabela e-wayWord Fair, zandisa intela yabo yokuthengisa ngezindlela ezithinta kakhulu ukuthengwa kwezentengo yezentengo yezenteko yezentengiso nentela.

Kukhona futhi izimpikiswano ezikhulayo ngokuphathelene nesilinganiso esifanelekile sesifundazwe negunya lentela yendawo ekwandeni kwezentengiselwano zezentengiselwano nakuyi-website. Izinkinga zihlanganisa ukuphatha abakhokhi be-tecommuter ngezinjongo zentela zikahulumeni, ukwabiwa kwemali ekhokhwayo yentela yenkampani enkathini yemisebenzi yezobuchwepheshe, kanye nentela yemisebenzi yezobuchwepheshe enjengokugeleza, i-computer computing, kanye ne-webhusayithi ye-intha yomphakathi. Inhlangano yezentengiselwano yezentengiselwano nentuthuko yezentengiselwano yezentengo yezentekozo . Imiphumela yalemibango yezizwe zonke iholela ekusingatheni lezi zinkinga zentela ngenkathi yezentengo yomphakathi kanye nemithetho yendawo ephawulekayo.

Ikusasa Lamandla Entela Ezomnotho Ezishintshayo

Ukusakazwa kwemibuso ekhokha intela emazingeni kahulumeni cishe kuyoqhubeka kubhekene nokushintsha kwezomnotho, ezobuchwepheshe, kanye nokuzalana kwabantu. Ukuhamba okukhulayo kwenhlokomfunda, izisebenzi, nabathengi ezomnotho ezisembulungeni yonke kuyoqhubeka kuhlola amandla ombuso nohulumeni bendawo okugcina izisekelo zabo zentela kuyilapho bencintisana nomsebenzi wezezomnotho. Ukuphakama komsebenzi oweqayo, ezentengiselwano zezokusebenza, kanye nezinto ezingakholeki kuyodinga ukuvunyelwa ekutholeni inzuzo, ukusetshenziswa, nempahla ekhokhwanywa intela kuwo wonke amazinga kahulumeni. Uhulumeni, kuhlanganise nokuguga kwenani labantu nenani labantu abakhulayo kwezinye izindawo, kuyoshintsha ukufunwa kwemisebenzi yezentengo yomphakathi kanye nokusakazwa kwentela ezikhungweni.

Le ntuthuko izodinga abenzi bemithetho ukuba bacabange ngendlela yokuhlela indlela yokusebenzisa izimiso zentela zanamuhla kuyilapho behlonipha imingcele engokomthetho nesebenzayo ekhokhisweni kwegunya elikhokhwayo ezingeni ngalinye likahulumeni. Izinguquko ezikhona zihlanganisa ukunwetshwa kwentela yesifundazwe nentela yendawo ukuze kuhlanganiswe izinkonzo nemikhiqizo yemishini yezobuchwepheshe, ukuthatha imithetho efanayo ehlanganisa intela ehlukene emazweni ukuze kuncishiswe izindleko zokujekelelwa nokuncintisana kwezebhizinisi, ukuthuthukisa ukulinganisela nokukhokha intela emfundweni, nokuqinisa ukubambisana kokusingatha izinselele zezentengo ehlangene kakhulu nezomnotho. Imibuzo eyisisekelo ngokuphathelene nesilinganiso sikahulumeni sokukhokha intela, ngezinga elingakanani, futhi ngaziphi izinjongo eziyoqhubeka ziwukukhathalela okukhulu kwenqubo yezentengo yezentengo yezentengo yeze, ukukhula kwezentengo yezenhlalo, ukuhlanganisa nokuchuma kwezentengo yezentengo yeze exme, kanye nezimo yezentengo yezente.

Kulabo abanesithakazelo ekuhloleni lezi zihloko ngokuqhubekayo, [FLT] Stax Foundation inikeza ukucwaninga okubanzi nokuhlaziya inqubo yentela yezwe neyasendaweni, kuhlanganise nemibiko yaminyaka yonke yezentengiselwano zentela yezebhizinisi nezimiso zempahla. [[FLT:] [[FLT]] UB][FLT][FLT][FLT] inikeza i-tekstry Policy Center [ enegunya lokusakaza intela nemiphumela yayo. [FFFOT] intela yendawo.[FFFOLT] [FF] [FFFFOMT] [ercencencencence]

Ngamafuphi, umehluko phakathi kwemibuso ekhokha intela engokomthetho, ezweni, nasezindaweni ezithile ubonisa ukuhlelwa komthetho ngokomthetho, ukuthuthuka komlando, nokukhethwa okuqhubekayo kwezombangazwe. Uhulumeni uphethe igunya elikhulu nesisekelo semali ehlukahlukene kakhulu, ukwazi ukusekela izinhlelo zesizwe eziningi, ukuphishekela izinhloso eziqinile nokuzinika amandla okukhuphula intela ngeminye intela. Uhulumeni wezwe uyakwazi ukuvumelana okukhulu ekuklameni izimiso zabo zentela, okuholela ekuhlukahlukahlukahlukani okukhulu kwemithetho yemithetho yentela, amazinga, izilinganiso, nemithwalo. Ohulumeni bendawo banegunya elilinganiselwe kakhulu, bencike kakhulu ezintela zempahla futhi babhekene nobunzima obukhulu ekuphakamiseni inzuzo evela kwezinye imithombo. Ukuqonda lokhu ukuthunyelwa kwentela kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela izinkonzo zomphakathi ezithengwayo, indlela intela ezisakazwa ngayo, nendlela intela ezisakazwa ngayo, nendlela eziminyaniswa ngayo, nezimiso zempilo zeze embusweni yezizwe eUnited States.