Ukubukeza Kwamandla Asezikhundleni Zombuso Ezizimele

UMthetho-sisekelo we-United States umisa isimiso sikahulumeni esihlukanisa igunya elibusayo phakathi kohulumeni besizwe nohulumeni bezwe. Imibuso enikwe uhulumeni kahulumeni uhlelwa ngokucophelela ezigabeni I, II, no III, ngokulandelana ezichaza umthetho, isikhulu, namagatsha okwahlulela. Ukuqonda lamandla abalulekile hhayi kubafundi bomphakathi kuphela kodwa nakuzo zonke izakhamuzi ezihlanganyela ekuphileni kwentando yeningi. Isikhundla segunya likahulumeni siye savela phakathi namakhulu amaningi eminyaka sokuchazwa, ukubusa kwenkantolo, nokudinga, nokho okuwusizo, nokho isisekelo somthetho-sisekelo sihlala siseyikho isisekelo sombuso waseMelika.

Amandla Atholakele

Amagunya adwetshwayo yilawo ahlelwe ngokucacile esigabeni I, isiqephu 8 soMthetho-sisekelo. La mandla aklanyelwe ukunika uhulumeni wezwe amathuluzi adingekayo ukuze asebenze ngokuphumelelayo kuyilapho egcina wonke amanye amagunya ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo seshumi. Isihluthulelo esibaliwe sihlanganisa:

  • Intela ekhokhwayo - Izishaya-mthetho zinamandla okuphoqa nokuqoqa izintela, imisebenzi, izikhokhi, nezikhutshelo. Lemali yentela kahulumeni, ukuzivikela kohlanga, nezinkonzo zomphakathi. IsiVumiso seSinyakatho seSine seSigunyaza intela yeholo ngaphandle kokwabiwa kwezindawo.
  • ulawula uhwebo lwezentengiselwano zangaphandle kanye nolwangaphandle - iCommerce Clause inikeza i-Bhunga Lombuso ukulawula ukuhwebelana phakathi kwezizwe, nezizwe zakwamanye amazwe, kanye nezizwana zoMdabu waseMelika. Lombuso uye wachazwa kabanzi ukuhlanganisa umsebenzi wezentengiselwano othinta kakhulu ezohwebo eziphakathi kwezwe.
  • Isusa impi nokugcina amabutho ahlomile - Ingqungquthela Kuphela ingamemezela impi, iphakamise futhi isekele amabutho, inikeze futhi igcine ibutho lempi, futhi yenze imithetho kwezempi. Umongameli, njengomphathi wezikhulu, uqondisa imisebenzi yezempi kodwa akanakumemezela impi ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa kwenhlangano.
  • Ukukhokha imali nokuqondisa inani layo [ - Uhulumeni kahulumeni ulawula imali, uhlela inani lemali yemali nephepha, futhi ujezise umgunyathi. Lokhu kuqinisekisa isimiso sezwe semali esiqinile.
  • Ukuthumela amahhovisi eposi nemigwaqo yeposi – Amandla eposi enza uhulumeni kahulumeni ukuba usebenzise iNkonzo yeposi yase-U.S. futhi wakhe iziteshi zokuhamba.
  • Imvume esemthethweni nemvume yamalungelo omgunyathi – ukuthuthukisa intuthuko yezesayensi nezobuciko, iSishaya-mthetho singanika abasunguli nabalobi amalungelo akhethekile izikhathi ezilinganiselwe.
  • Ukufaka izinkantolo zikahulumeni - ISiphakamiso III sakha iNkantolo ePhakeme futhi sigunyaza iSishaya-mthetho ukuba simise izinkantolo zikahulumeni eziphansi.

Imibuso ebaliwe ihlanganisa futhi negunya lokuchaza nokujezisa imibuso, ukubusa iSifunda saseColumbia, nokwenza yonke imithetho idingeke futhi ifaneleke ekufezeni imibuso ehleliwe. Lemiphakamo eqondile yayiwukuhlehla phakathi kwalabo ababefuna uhulumeni wesizwe onamandla nalabo ababesaba igunya eliyinhloko.

Amandla Asetshenziswayo

Amagunya asetshenziswayo awabhalwanga ngokuqondile kuMthetho-sisekelo kodwa athathwe ku- UNesary noMonational Claus (ISici se-Gawula 8, u-Claus 18), enikeza uMkhandlu igunya lokudlulisa noma yimuphi umthetho “odingekile nofaneleyo” ngokuphatha amandla awo ahlelwayo. Icala leNkanto ephawulekayo [[FLT]]MCulloch v. Maryland [1819]) wasungula imfundiso yamandla avezwayo. Umthetho-sisekelo uJohn Marshall wacabanga ukuthi cishe awunakuba nohlu lwawo wonke amandla ombuso odingayo; ngakho, uMkhandlu-kame ungasho ukuthi ukusetshenziswa ngendlela enqatshelwe ekufezeni izinhloso zomthetho.

  • Ukufaka ibhange lesizwe [ -Nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo ungasho ukuthi amabhange, uKhongolo-kahulumeni waqasha amaBank okuQala nokwesibili eUnited States ngaphansi kwemibuso yayo eqondekayo. INkantolo yakusekela lokhu uMlulloch[, iphikisa ngokuthi ibhange liyithuluzi elingcono neliwusizo lokuphatha izimali zikahulumeni.
  • i-authom amaziko kahulumeni – iziKhomishane zisebenzise amandla ayo asikiselayo ukuze zakhe izinhlangano ezinjenge-Evironmental Protection Agency (EPA), uMnyango Wezokuvikela Ikhaya, neFederal Reserve. Lezi zikhungo zimisa imithetho futhi zilawula izindawo ezinganingiliziwe kuMthetho-sisekelo.
  • Ukulawula izibhamu - Yize iSichibiyelo Sesibili sivikela ilungelo lokugcina nokuphatha izikhali, uhulumeni ulawula ukuthengiswa kwezibhamu zasesifundazwe, uvimbele ezinye izikhali, futhi udinga ukuhlola isizinda nge-Bureau of Alcohol, ugwayi, i-Firemars kanye ne-Explosives (ATF).
  • i-act ethatha imithetho yeholo encishisiwe[ – i-Fair Labor Standard Act imisa iholo elinciphileyo likahulumeni ngaphansi kwamandla kaKhokhasi ukuba alawule ezentengiselwano zamazwe kanye negunya layo elisikiselwe lokuthuthukisa inhlalakahle kawonke-wonke.

Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi izincazelo ezibanzi zisekela ukulinganisela kwesifundazwe sikahulumeni, kuyilapho abasekeli begomela ngokuthi bavumela uhulumeni ukuba uzivumelanise nezinselele zanamuhla.

Ukubaluleka Kwamandla Amakhulu

Imibuso kahulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni ayiwona amazwi angekho emthethweni ongokomthetho — athinta ngokuqondile ukulondeka, umnotho, namalungelo abo bonke abantu baseMelika.

Ukulondoloza Ukulondeka Kobuzwe

Uhulumeni unomthwalo wemfanelo oyinhloko wokuvikela iUnited States ekusongelwani kwangaphandle nasekuqondiseni izindaba zakwamanye amazwe. Lokhu kuhlanganisa:

  • Imisebenzi yokuziphilisa - UMnyango Wezokuvikela wengamela iButho Lase-U.S., iButho Lempi, i-Air Force, i-Marine Corps, ne-Pregrace. Umongameli, njengomphathi omkhulu, angathumela amabutho, kodwa uKhongolo kumelwe axhase futhi agunyaze ukubopha izivumelwano ezikhundlekile zezempi. Isinqumo seMpi Yombuso ka-19736 sifuna umongameli ukuba azise uMkhandlu phakathi namahora angu-48 okulwa nemingcele enziwayo kuze kube izinsuku ezingu-60 ngaphandle kwemvume yokumiswa kwempi.
  • Isenembuyiselo kanye nokumelana nezenhlalaphansi - Izimo eziphuthumayo ezinjengeCIA, NSA, neFBI zisebenza ukuqoqa ukuhlakanipha, ukuvimbela ukuhlasela kwamaphekula, nokuvikela izimfihlo zesizwe. I-USA PATRIOTT Act yandisa amandla okuhlola ngemva kokuhlasela okungu-9/11, iphakamisa izinkathazo zezindaba zomuntu siqu ukuze izinkantolo ziqhubeke zixoxa.
  • ukulondeka kobuBorder nokufuduka - I-Department of Homeland Security imisa imithetho yokufuduka, ivikela imingcele, futhi iphatha izikhumulo zokungena. Izinkantolo ze-Federal ezifushanisa isikhoselo, ukudingiswa kwamacala, nokusetshenziswa kwezakhamuzi.
  • [[NT:0] I-Cybersecurity – i-Cybersecurity ne-Infractraform Security Agency (CISA) ihlanganisa imizamo yokuvikela izinhlangano zikahulumeni nesisekelo esibucayi ekuhlaseleni kwe-inthanethi.

Imibuso yokulondeka yesizwe iphakathi kwezindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu zegunya likahulumeni. Idinga ukulinganisela okubucayi phakathi kokuvikela izwe nokulondoloza inkululeko yomphakathi, ukucindezela okuye kwabangela amacala amaningi eNkantolo Ephakeme nezimpikiswano zomphakathi.

Ukuqondisa Ezentengiselwano

IChommerce Claus ingenye yemibuso kahulumeni efinyelela kude kakhulu. Ukuchaza kwayo kuye kwavela ngokuphawulekayo emakhulwini amabili eminyaka:

  • GEBBON v. Ogden (11824) – iNkantolo Ephakeme echazelwe kabanzi yezentengiselwano zamazwe ahlukene zihlanganisa ukunqamula imingcele yombuso nokunqamula umbuso. Lesi simemezelo samisa ukuphakama kukahulumeni phezu kwemithetho kahulumeni ethwele izintengo zamazwe.
  • Wickard v. Filburn (1942) – iNkantolo yathi umlimi otshala ukolweni ukuze adlelwe yena siqu angalawulwa ngoba umsebenzi wakhe, owenziwe kwabanye, uthinte kakhulu ukufinyelela kwezentengiselwano zikakolweni. Lelicala lanwetshwa kakhulu kuhulumeni.
  • United States v. Lopez (1995]) – ngokokuqala eminyakeni ecishe ibe ngu-60, iNkantolo ilinganisela amandla eCentury Claus, ishaya umthetho ovimbela izibhamu eduze nezikole ngoba awuthintanga kakhulu ezentengiselwano zamazwe.
  • I-National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius[FLT] (202) + INkantolo yasekela ukugunyazwa kwe-Affordal Care Act njengentela, kodwa amandla entengiselwano elinganiselwe kaKhongolo ngokuthi ayinakuphoqelela abantu ukuba bathenge umshuwalense wempilo ngaphansi kwe-Chwester Clause.

Uhulumeni kahulumeni usebenzisa amandla awo ezentengiselwano ukuqondisa izimakethe zokungangenwa komthetho (SEC), ukuphoqelela imithetho emelene nokuthembana (DOJ ne FTC), ukubeka izindinganiso zokuphepha kokudla (FDA), futhi ukwengamela ezokuhamba (FAA, DOT). Lemithetho yakha isimo sezomnotho esifanayo esisiza ukuhwebelana nokuvikela abathengi.

Ukuthuthukisa Ukuqina Kwezomnotho

Imibuso ehlangene ehlobene nentela, imali, nemali kubalulekile ukuze kuthuthuke ngokwezimali futhi kuzinze:

  • Ukukhokha [ - uhulumeni wamazwe uqoqa intela ukuze kuxhaswe isivikelo, izinhlelo zezenhlalo, izakhiwo, nokucwaninga. I-International Revenue Service (IRS) inikeza ikhokhiso, elisetshenziselwa ukwenza ukuziphatha okuthile (umz., ukuba nekhaya, ukugcina umhlalaphansi) ngokulinganisela nangemali egciniwe.
  • [ Izindleko ezisemthethweni - Izishaya-mthetho zifanele imali ngenqubo yokuhlela uhlelo. Izindleko ezinkulu zihlanganisa i-Social Security, Medicare, Medicaid, isivikelo, nesithakazelo esikweletini sesizwe. I-Congregational Ballet Office (CBO) inikeza ukuhlaziywa kwenqubo yokuhlela.
  • Inkambiso ye-Monetary[ - Isimiso se-Federal Reserve silawula ukunikezelwa kwemali futhi simise inzalo yokulawula ukwehla kwamandla emali nokuthuthukisa umsebenzi omkhulu. Nakuba i-Fad izimele, yasungulwa yiKhomishaney Congress futhi yabika kuyo. Inqubo ye-Monetary ithinta amazinga okuthenga, ukutshala ibhizinisi, kanye nokuthenga.
  • Impumuzo yezomnotho kanye nengcindezelo - Ngezikhathi zenhlekelele (isik., inkinga yezezimali ka-2008, umqedazwe we-COVID-19), uhulumeni umisa amaphakethe osizo ahlanganisa ukukhokha okuqondile kubantu ngabanye, izinzuzo ezikhushulelwe ukuswela umsebenzi, izikweletu ezibolekiswa amabhizinisi, nosizo kuhulumeni bendawo.

Ikhono likahulumeni lokuboleka imali nokusebenzisa imali ngokwesilinganiso sesizwe liyinzuzo eyingqayizivele yalenhlangano.

Ukuvikela Amalungelo Omphakathi

Nakuba ohulumeni bombuso kanye nohulumeni bendawo ngokwesiko besingatha umthetho wesizwe nowesigebengu, uhulumeni kahulumeni ufeza indima ebalulekile ekuvikeleni amalungelo abantu. IReconstructons .Izigwebo zoMthetho-sisekelo (isivikelo sobugqila) seshumi nane (isivikelo esilinganayo, inqubo efanelekile), kanye neshumi elinesihlanu (ilungelo elingokomthetho) . zenza uMkhandlu usebenzise amandla okuphoqelela lawomalungelo ngomthetho. Isihluthulelo samalungelo omphakathi sihlanganisa:

  • Ukugunyaza amalungelo okuvota – iVoting Rights Act ka-1965 inqabela ukucwasana ngokohlanga ekuvoteni, idinga amagunya athile ukuze kutholakale imvume kahulumeni ngaphambi kokushintsha imithetho yokhetho (ingxenye 5, yagadla ku-Shelby County v. Hoker 2013, futhi inikeza izingqapheli zezwe nemithetho engokomthetho.
  • Ukuveza ukucwasana [ – i-Civil Rights Act ka-1944 inqabela ubandlululo olusekelwe ngokohlanga, ibala, inkolo, ubulili, noma umsuka wezwe emsebenzini, ezindaweni zomphakathi, nezinhlelo ezixhaswa i-ovectured Working Option Optiontion Commission (EOC) emisa imithetho emelene nobandlululo emsebenzini.
  • Ukuvikela ukufinyelela kokhetho – The National Voter Regavior Act (1993) kanye noHelp America Vote Act (2002) wamisa izindinganiso zokubhalisa nomphathi wokhetho. UMnyango wobulungisa ungamangalela ukuphoqelela lemithetho.
  • Imithetho elwa nomthetho emelene nobugebengu - Imithetho enjengethi Matthew Shepard nethi James Byrd Jr. Veta Crimes Prevention Act (2009) ivumela ukuqulwa kwecala lenzondo elisembonini kahulumeni, noma elihilela ukuhamba mazwe noma ezentengiselwano.

Indima kahulumeni kahulumeni emalungelo omphakathi iye yaba yimpikiswano futhi yashintsha. Ngokuvamile iye yangenela lapho imibuso ihluleka ukuvikela amaqenjana, kodwa izimpikiswano ziyaqhubeka ngemingcele efanelekile yokungenela kukahulumeni ezindaweni ezinjengokuvota, amaphoyisa, nemfundo.

Amasheke Nokulinganisela

AmaFramers aklama isimiso lapho igatsha ngalinye likahulumeni lingavimbela khona elinye, kuvinjelwe noma iliphi igatsha ukuba lingabuswa. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kusekelwe ekubusweni ngentando yeningi kwaseMelika.

  • I-egelistical scheme egatsheni eliphethe - Izishaya-mthetho zingadlula i-veto ye-presidential with namavoti amabili ezindawo zombili; umongameli futhi asuse umongameli, umongameli, umongameli, namajaji ombuso; lawula uhlelo lwemali kanye nezinhlelo; qinisekisa noma wenqabe ukumiswa komongameli; futhi uhlole izenzo zesikhulu ngokuzwa nangabaphathi.
  • [ Igatsha elinomthetho wokuhlola enkantolo - Izishaya-mthetho zingasiphula isosha likahulumeni, zishintshe inani lamajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme, zihlongoze ukumiswa komthetho-mthetho ukuba zigumbuqele izinkantolo, futhi zilinganise ukubusa kwezinkantolo eziphansi zikahulumeni.
  • Igatsha eliphetheyo lihlola umthetho - umongameli angakhipha izikweletu ezidluliswa yiSishaya-mthetho; angahlanganisa izikhawu eziphuthumayo zeSishaya-Mkhandlu; futhi angakhipha iziyalo zezikhulu eziqondisa izinhlangano zikahulumeni, nakuba zingagumbuqelwa ngemithetho noma ngezinselele zenkantolo.
  • Igatsha eliphetheyo lihlola inkantolo - umongameli ubeka amajaji kahulumeni, kuhlanganise namajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme, afanelwe isiqinisekiso seSishaya-mthetho; futhi umongameli angathethelela ubugebengu bukahulumeni, obungathinta imiphumela yokwahlulela.
  • Igatsha eliphethe imikhosi elihlola imithetho nesikhulu - Izinkantolo zinamandla okuhlola ukwahlulela, asungulwe Marbury v. Madison [183] [ukushaya imithetho noma izenzo zezikhulu eziphula umthetho. Umthetho usebenza ukuphila, uzivikela ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe.

Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela sinamandla futhi sivame ukuphikisana. Ngokwesibonelo, umongameli angase akhiphe isikweleti, kodwa asibone singenamdlandla; iSigele singase senqabe ukuqinisekisa u-mune; noma iNkantolo Ephakeme ingamemezela umthetho othandwayo ongekho emthethweni. Lokhu kucindezela kuphoqelela ukuxoxisana ngamabomu, ukuhlehliswa, nokuzicabangela.

Ithonya Emibusoni YoMbuso

Ubuhlobo phakathi kukahulumeni wezwe nemibuso bubonakala kokubili ngokubambisana nengxabano. ISupremacy Claus (Article VI) yoMthetho-sisekelo iqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho kahulumeni ungumthetho ophakeme wezwe, okusho ukuthi imithetho nezivumelwano ezisemthethweni zikahulumeni zilawula imithetho engqubuzanayo kahulumeni.

U Claus Onedumela Elibi Nokukhululwa

Ngaphansi kwemfundiso yokuhlengwa, umthetho kahulumeni ungawulahla umthetho wombuso ngezindlela ezintathu:

  • Ukucindezelwa - Izikhongozelo zisho ngokucacile ukuthi umthetho kahulumeni uthatha indawo yokuqala kunomthetho wezwe, njengakuMnyango Womhlala-phantsi we-Infondation Security Act (ERISA) ephula imithetho eminingi yombuso ebusa amacebo azuzisayo.
  • Icushwe ngesihlengo - Ngisho ngaphandle kolimi olucacile, uma umthetho kahulumeni ubanzi kangangokuthi awusishiyi thuba lomthetho wezwe (indawo yokuhlengwa), noma uma umthetho kahulumeni uphikisana nomthetho kazwelonke (ukuhlengwa), umthetho wezwe awusebenzi.
  • Ukukhulula - incazelo yeNkantolo inquma ukuthi umthetho kahulumeni unzima ezimisweni zikahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, Arizona v. United States [202]], iNkantolo yashaya imithetho eminingi yokugcinwa kokufuduka e-Arizona ngenxa yokuthi iphazamisana nenqubo kazwelonke yokufuduka.

Intethelelo iqinisekisa ukufana ezindaweni ezinjengezokufuduka, ezentengiselwano zamazwe aphakathi, nempahla ehlakaniphile, kodwa futhi ingalinganisela ukulinga kukahulumeni. Ngezinye izikhathi i - United States icela uhulumeni ukuba abeke inselele ekubhuntshisweni, iphikisa ngokuthi umthetho udlula amandla oMkhandlu acushweyo noma uphula iSichibiyelo Seshumi.

Ubumbano Nobumbano Oluhlangene

Uhulumeni waseMelika awuwona umdlalo we-zero-sum. Izinhlelo eziningi zikahulumeni zihilela ukubambisana phakathi kukahulumeni wezwe nezifundazwe:

  • Ama-aid - izikhokhi zifanele imali ebekwe izinjongo ezithile, njengokuhamba (imali ephakeme), imfundo (Isihloko I), noma ukunakekela impilo (Medicaid). Lokhu kunikeza ngokuvamile kunezimo [1] izifunda ezihambelanayo nezindinganiso zikahulumeni ukuze zithole imali.
  • [ Imithetho ehlanganisiweyo – I-EPA Act Eccerean Air igunyaza ukuba ibeke izindinganiso zezinga lomoya, kodwa isho ukuthi isebenzisa lezozindinganiso ngokuhlela ukumiswa kombuso (SIPS). Uma uhulumeni uhluleka ukwenza, i-EPA ingaphoqelela ngokuqondile.
  • Ubungani be-Federal-testal - i-Department of Homeland Security isebenza nomthetho wezwe ne-oday osebenza emabuthweni ombuso; i-FBI ezisebenzini nohulumeni namaphoyisa ekuhlolweni; futhi i-FEMA ixhumanisa ukusabela ngenhlekelele nezinhlangano zokuqondisa isimo esiphuthumayo.

Umbuso wombuso uye wandisa ithonya likahulumeni ezindaweni ezingokwesiko ezibekelwe izifundazwe, njengemfundo nempilo yomphakathi. Lokhu kuye kwaphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nokuzimela kukahulumeni nemithwalo yemali, ikakhulukazi uma imibuso engagunyaziwe idinga amazwe ukuba asebenzise izimiso zikahulumeni ngaphandle kokusekela imali eyanele kahulumeni.

Izingxabano Nezinqumo Zenkantolo Ephakeme

INkantolo Ephakeme ivame ukuxazulula izimpikiswano phakathi kwamandla kahulumeni nombuso. Amacala ayinhloko ahlanganisa:

  • United States v. Lopez (1995) – Ukuvala phansi iSiphakamiso seSikole Seziko Lenkululeko SeGun, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izifunda zinegunya eliyinhloko lobugebengu bendawo.
  • Shicilelaz v. United States (1997) – umphatho oweqiwe weBrady Handgun Violence Prevention Act eyayifuna ukuba abaphathi bomthetho kahulumeni baqondise isizinda somthetho, bephethe ukuthi iSishaya-mthetho ngeke ikwazi ukuyala izikhulu zikahulumeni ukuba ziphoqelele umthetho kahulumeni.
  • NFIB v. Sebelius (202) – Lapho isekela umthetho we-Affordal Care Act, iNkantolo yanquma ukuthi uMkhandlu awunakusongela ukuvimbela yonke imali yeMedicaid ekhona ephuma ezindaweni ezenqaba ukwandisa iMedicaid; ukwanda kwakumelwe kube yisinqumo sokuzithandela.
  • [[[NT:0] I-Murphy v. NCAA (2088) – Inqanda i-Onologionarical and AmmetersSportal Protection Act (PASPA) ngoba yenqabela ukugunyaza ukugembula, ukwephula imfundiso emelene nomyalo.

Lamacala abonisa indlela iNkantolo elawula ngayo imingcele yamandla kahulumeni, iqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni kahulumeni awuweqeli umthetho - sisekelo wayo kuyilapho usaqaphela ukuphakama komthetho kahulumeni ongokomthetho.

Izimpikiswano Zamanje Ngemibuso Ezimele

Izindawo eziningana ezingokwezimiso zibonisa ukulwa okuqhubekayo phakathi kwamandla kahulumeni nokuzibusa kukahulumeni.

Ukushintsha Kwendlela Yokunakekela Impilo

I-Affordal Care Act (ACA) yanikeza umthetho wokunakekela impilo ophambili ezimpikiswaneni zobuzwe. Umthetho wandisa iMedicaid, wasungula izimakethe zomshuwalense wezempilo, futhi wagunyaza umuntu ukuba athenge umshuwalense. Naphezu kwezinselele ezikhona zomthetho-sisekelo, imibuzo isalokhu ikhona ngendima kahulumeni ekunakekeleni impilo.

  • Ukwanda kwe-Medicaid - Njengango-2025, amashumi amane ezifundazwe kanye ne-Foligi yaseColumbia kuye kwandisa iMedicaid ngaphansi kwe-ACA. Izifundazwe ezisele azizange ziphikisane ngokuthi ukwanda kubiza kakhulu noma izibopho zemali zikahulumeni aziqinisekile. Lokhu kudala umsebenzi odibekiwe wokuhlanganisa othinta izigidi zabantu abadala abaphansi abafikayo.
  • Ipringitala yezidakamizwa - imithetho ye-Federal njenge-Medicare Prectical Drug, profection, and Modertification Act (2003) noMthetho we-Infladiation Reduction (20022) unika iMedica igunya lokuxoxa ngentengo yemilaliso yemilaliso ngemithi ethile ephezulu. I-United States futhi iye yadlulisa intengo yayo siqu yemithi yokukhanya, ngezinye izikhathi iholela ezimpikiswaneni.
  • Izimo eziphuthumayo zempilo - Isifo se-COVOID-19 sabona ukuhileleka okukhulu kukahulumeni nge CDC, FDA, neHHS, kuhlanganise nemithetho yokugoma, imingcele yokuhamba, nesiqondiso sempilo yomphakathi. Ababusi bezwe kanye nezishaya-mthetho ngokuvamile babephikisana neziqondiso zikahulumeni, becaphuna iSichibiyelo seshumi negunya likahulumeni empilweni nasemgangathweni.

Isimiso Sendawo Ezungezile

Izimiso zendawo ezungezile zingesinye isici lapho imibuso kahulumeni nombuso ivame ukushayisana khona. I-EPA ibekela isilinganiso sezinga lomoya namanzi, kodwa izifundazwe zingathatha izindinganiso eziqinile. Izinkinobho eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

  • Icebo elihlanzekile Icebo – umthetho we-Obama wokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi ezitshalweni zagcinwa yiNkantolo Ephakeme futhi kamuva ithathelwe indawo umthetho olinganiselwe ngaphansi kwe-Trump. Isimiso seBhiden siye salandela imithetho emisha ehlasela ukukhishwa kwe-methane nentengo yemoto.
  • I-California ye-injini ye-othobo – Ngaphansi kwe-Cease Air Act, eCalifornia yathola umenzi wengozi wokubeka isilinganiso sawo sokukhipha imoto esiqinile, ezinye izifundazwe ezingasithatha. Isikhulu seTrump sayivala i-raver, kodwa i-Biden yayibuyisela. INkantolo Ephakeme yenqaba ukuzwa inselele igunya laseCalifornia ngo-2024.
  • Isimo sezwe. Isenzo sesimo sezulu sombuso - i- States njenge-New York neMassachusetts ziye zamangalela izinkampani ezinkulu zikawoyela ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni ngenxa yomonakalo wesimo sezulu. Ngezinye izikhathi uhulumeni wezwe uye waphikisa ngokuthi izibalo ezinjalo zikhutshazwa umthetho kazwelonke noma ziphazamise inqubo yangaphandle.

Imithetho Yokulawula Izibhamu

Isivikelo seSichibiyelo Sesibili selungelo lokugcina nokuphatha izikhali, esichazwa kakhulu iNkantolo Ephakeme ku-[FLT] in Fivercolute of Columbia v. Heller (2008) kanye neNew York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruten[FLT] [222] [202], inemithetho eyinkimbinkimbi yezezwe nezomthetho wesifundazwe.

  • Imithetho yezentengiselwano – iNational Firemarms Act (1934), uMthetho wokulawula iGun Control (1968), noBrady Handgun Violence Prevention Act (1993) babekela imingcele ekuthengiseni izibhamu umthetho, banqabela izigaba ezithile zabantu abanezibhamu, futhi badinga iziphetho eziyisisekelo kubathengi abagunyaziswe ama-National Saveranc Community Act (202) andisa izinhlelo zesizinda zabathengi ngaphansi kwe 21 futhi bavala “i-ingingingi yendodana."
  • Imithetho yezwe [-- States iyahlukahluka kakhulu. Eminye, njenge California ne New York, inezimfuneko eziqinile zokuvumela ukuvinjelwa kwezikhali, nemithetho yefulege ebomvu. Eminye, njengeTexas ne-Arizona, ivumela ukuthwalwa futhi ibe nemingcele embalwa. Uma imibuso imisa imithetho enamandla kunomthetho kahulumeni, ivame ukuvunyelwa ngaphandle kokuba ingqubuzane nemithetho kahulumeni.
  • Izinselele ze-Constitugation - Ngemva Bruen, izinkantolo ziye zawisa imingcele eminingi yombuso neyombuso yezikhali, kuhlanganise nokuvinjelwa kokuphatha izibhamu emphakathini, imingcele esekelwe enkathini yobudala, kanye nokunqabela izibhamu ezithile. Umphumela walezi zigebengu uzochaza imingcele yemithetho kahulumeni neyomthetho kahulumeni wesibhamu.

Ukuthunyelwa Kwamandla Okufuduka

Isimiso sokuvimbela ukunqamuka siwumthwalo wemfanelo kahulumeni, kodwa imibuso iye yafuna ngokuqhubekayo ukuphoqelela ukugcinwa kwemithetho. INkantolo Ephakeme ngokuvamile iye yasekela ubukhulu bukahulumeni kulendawo kuyilapho ivumela ukubambisana kukahulumeni emongweni othile.

  • Amadolobha angcwele avimbele umthetho. ICE - amadolobha amaningi nezifunda alinganisela ukubambisana neziphathimandla ze-communist. Umnyango woMahluleli ngaphansi kwesimiso sikaTrump wasongela ukugodlela izimali eziphathisweni zendlu engcwele, kodwa izinkantolo zavala umthetho. Isimiso se-Biden siye saguqula izinyathelo eziningi zokugcinwa kwemithetho.
  • Imithetho yezwe yokufuduka - Imithetho enjenge-SB ye-Arizona’s 1070 (2070) yazama ukugunyaza amaphoyisa ombuso ukuba aqhube imithetho yokufuduka. INkantolo Ephakeme yasekela ilungiselelo elifuna izikhulu ukuba zihlole ukuma kokufuduka phakathi nokuma okungokomthetho kodwa yabulala amanye amalungiselelo okuphazamisa ukugcinwa komthetho.
  • Izenzo zikahulumeni ze-Border - Texas ne-Florida ziye zahlasela izifiki emadolobheni asenyakatho, zakha imingcele yomngcele, futhi zamisa imithetho enqabela ukungena ngaphandle kogunyaziwe. Lezenzo ziye zabhekana nokumangalelwa kukahulumeni ukuthi nguhulumeni wezwe kuphela ongalawula ukufuduka.

Ukulwa okuqhubekayo ngokufuduka kubonisa ukungavumelani okukhulu mayelana nohulumeni, ubuzwe, nemingcele yamandla ombuso endaweni evelele kahulumeni.

Isiphetho

Amagunya kahulumeni kahulumeni omkhulu, kodwa awawona amandla angenamkhawulo. Abunjwe yizincazelo zomthetho-sisekelo, avumela uhulumeni wezwe ukuba unikeze ukulondeka, ulawule ezentengiselwano, uthuthukise ukuzinza kwezomnotho, futhi uvikele amalungelo omphakathi. Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela kuqinisekisa ukuthi alikho igatsha elilodwa elilawulayo, kuyilapho isisekelo sombuso wombuso wezwe sinegunya elibalulekile emazweni. Ukuphikisana ngesilinganiso esifanelekile samandla ombuso, kuqhubeke kuvela izinselele ezintsha ezingokokuhlakanipha nokungamelwe kwemininingwane yezomuntu nemininingwane yezomthetho ukuze kushintshe izakhiwo zezwe futhi kulawule izinsongo zembulunga yonke. Izimiso zezesayensi yezempilo. [[F1][F1], imithombo ephakeme ye-F: "FF1] ifuna isisekelo sobuningi, futhi ifuna izikhulu, izikhulu ezikhethiwe, ingasiza ekulolongeni ukulingana kwegunyaza imibuso ye-ogodurame.[Fom][F1][10] [[10] [ngezigconst:[F][10][ans][ast][a