Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Segunya Lomongameli

Amagunya kaMongameli wase-United States asekelwe eSiphakamiso II soMthetho-sisekelo, esimisa igatsha eliphetheyo futhi sichaze ukuphakama kwalo. Ngokungafani nokuhlelwa kwemithetho ebanzi yemibuso ehlangene eSigabeni I, iSiphakamiso II sifushane futhi sibhalwe kabanzi, sisho ukuthi "Umbuso ophethe uzoba sembozwe kuMongameli wase-United States of America. Lokhu kujikelezeka bekuwumthombo wempikiswano enkulu nobubanzi bencazelo yayo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, amongameli baye bandisa igunya labo ngesandulela, ukuphatha kwezinkinga, kanye nokubekwa kancane kancane kancane kwemithwalo yemithwalo yenkonzo, konke okusebenza ngaphakathi kwesimiso esiklanye esiklanyelwe ukuvimbela noma igatsha elilodwa laseMelika ukuba lingabe namandla kakhulu. Ukuqonda lokho umongameli angakwenza kudinga kokubili ukuhlelwa okucacile nokungasungulwayo.

UMthetho-sisekelo awunikezi uhlu oluphelele lwamandla obumongameli. Kunalokho, uchaza imithwalo yemfanelo eyinhloko enjengesebenza njengomphathi-nhloko, ukuthethelela, ukwenza izivumelwano (ngemvume yeSigele), ukumisa izikhulu zikahulumeni, nokuqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho ifezeke ngokwethembeka. Lokhu "Kunakekela u-Claus" kutoliwe ukunikeza umongameli ukwahlulela okubanzi ngemisebenzi yosuku lwenyanga nosuku. Nokho, amaFramers adala ngamabomu isimiso se-check ne-styre, imingcele engaphakathi kwencwadi efanayo. ISishaya iSishayamthetho silawula izibopho, izibopho eziqinisekisa ukumiswa kwemithetho yeSishayamthetho, nezivumelwano zesivumelwano, futhi i-jadicary ingakhipha izenzo eziwuhluzayo eziphula umthetho. I-Promasterne i-Preant iwunt ebumbe i-Preease amakhulu amakhulu amakhulu amakhulu amakhulu amakhulu amakhulu amakhulu amakhulu.

Ukungena juqu enhloso yokuqala ye-Agati II, i-National Constitution Center inikeza ukuhlukana kombhalo ngamunye nomongo wawo.

Ababusi Abaphethe: Ukubusa Uhulumeni

Imibuso ephethe kamongameli yakha umnyombo wokubusa kwansuku zonke. Njengenhloko yegatsha eliphethe, umongameli unomthwalo wokwengamela izikhulu zikahulumeni ezinkulu, ezihlanganisa izisebenzi ezingekho empini ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezimbili ezisakazeke eminyangweni naseminyangweni eminingi. Leligunya liza namathuluzi amaningana akhethekile:

Ukumiswa Kwamandla Okususwa

Umongameli umisa oonobhala bekhabethe, izinhloko zezinhlangano, abahluleli, namanxusa, ngaphansi kokuqinisekiswa kweSishaya-mthetho. Ngesinye isikhathi, lezi zikhulu zisebenza ngokujabulela umongameli ngaphandle kokuba zivikelwe umthetho (njengoba kunjalo kumanxusa athile azimele). Umbuso wokususa abangaphansi kuye kwaphikiswa, kodwa iNkantolo Ephakeme ngokuvamile iye yasekela igunya likamongameli lokudubula izikhulu zegatsha eziningi eziphethe ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa yinhlangano. Lokhu kuvumela ukubusa okusha ukuba kuhlanganise uhulumeni wezwe nezimiso zayo eziyinhloko ngokushesha.

Ukuhleleka Kwezisebenzi Nokukhankaswa

Iziqondiso zezikhulu ziyiziqondiso ezikhishwa ngumongameli zokuphatha ukusebenza kukahulumeni kahulumeni. Ziphethe ithonya lomthetho kodwa kumele zisekelwe egunyeni elikhona noma emandleni omthetho-mthethweni kamongameli. Iziqondiso zezikhulu zingagumbuqelwa ngeSishaya-mthetho noma ngomongameli owalandela. Izibonelo ezidumile zihlanganisa i-Emanciption Proclation and Produclation Order 9066, eyagunyaza i-Japane American i-internement phakathi neMpi Yezwe II. Nakuba iziyalezo zesikhulu ziyithuluzi elinamandla, zingaphansi kokubukezwa kwemithetho yokwahlulela futhi akumelwe zingqubuzane nomthetho noma imithetho yombuso.

Amandla EPardon

ISiphakamiso II sinikeza umongameli amandla "ku-Grant Reprieves nase-Pardons for Offenses ngokumelene ne-United States, ngaphandle kwecala le-Impeasence." Lombuso cishe uphelele cishe (awunakubukezwa izinkantolo noma amaKhongolo (ngaphandle kwamacala angagunyaziwe). Abameli baye basebenzisa ukuthethelela ukuqeda ukuhlukana kwesizwe, ukukhishwa kobulungisa okulungile, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ukuze bavikele izibophana zezombangazwe. Intethelelo isebenza kuphela emacala embusweni, hhayi emacaleni kahulumeni.

Amandla Okubeka Imithetho: Aphula Umthetho

Nakuba umongameli engelona ilungu leSishaya-Mkhandlu, uMthetho-sisekelo unikeza umphathi indima ebalulekile enqubweni yomthetho. Umongameli angamisa umthetho, anikeze iSizwe se-Union ikheli ukuze sihlele uhlelo, futhi abize uMkhandlu ukuba ube yinhlangano ekhethekile. Amandla anamandla kakhulu okushaya umthetho yi-veto.

Uma umongameli edlulisa umthetho, angawusayina, awuvumele ukuba ube umthetho ngaphandle kokuwusayina ngemva kwezinsuku eziyishumi (uma uMkhandlu ukhona), noma uphendulwe. I-veto inganciphiswa kuphela inani eliphindwe kathathu kuwo womabili amagumbi, okuyinto engavamile (ezingaphansana) (ezingaphansi kwamaphesenti amahlanu awo wonke amavetoes aseyenziwe. Umongameli futhi une-"picket"tototo": uma i-Congress Congress ithurs ithumela isibambiso, umongameli akakwazi ukuyisayina, futhi isibambiso esingekho esinokwenzeka sokukhomba. Lokhu kunikeza umongameli i-partlessssss engxoxhed amacala nomthetho.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, umongameli unamandla okukhipha izinkulumo zokusayina, ezibhalwe lapho kusayina isimemo emthethweni. Omongameli baye basebenzisa lezi zindlela ukuze bachaze indlela abachaza ngayo umthetho noma ukubonisa ukuthi yimaphi amalungiselelo abahlongoza ukuwasebenzisa. Lomkhuba uye waphikiswa, njengoba abagxeki bephikisa ngokuthi ulingana nohlu olungenazinqumo. INhlangano yaseMelika Bar iyakulahla ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamagama okusayinwayo, kodwa isalokhu ilandelana kwenqubo yanamuhla yobumongameli.

I-Congressional Research Service inikeza umbiko obanzi ngevetoes zikamongameli [ olandelela umlando nokuphindaphinda kwalamandla.

Amandla Okwahlulela: Ukuchitha Izinkantolo

Ithonya likamongameli enkantolo yejaji likahulumeni lijulile futhi lihlala isikhathi eside. Ngegunya lokubeka amajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme, izinkantolo zesifunda, nezinkantolo zesigodi, umongameli angamisa incazelo engokomthetho amashumi eminyaka. Amajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme akhonza ukumiswa kokuphila konke, ngakho ukumiswa komfakela inkinobho eyodwa kungathinta umthetho waseMelika ngalé kwesikhathi somongameli. ISigele seSigele "indlela nemvume" sinikeza i-sesheke, kodwa ngokuvamile amongameli bakhetha abameleli abavumelana nefilosofi yabo yokwahlulela.

Ngaphezu kokujeza, umongameli anganikeza i-clemust, i-approns, i-commons, ne-reprieves @ kubantu ababoshelwe emacaleni kahulumeni. Nakuba bengekho amandla okwahlulela ngomqondo oqinile, leligunya livumela umongameli ukuba adlulise izigwebo zejaji. Umthetho kamongameli usebenziselwe ukulungisa imigwebo enzima kakhulu, ukuhlanganisa imikhaya, nokulungisa ubulungisa. Ngokwesibonelo, uMongameli uBarack Obama wadalela izigwebo zamakhulu ezigebeli zezidakamizwa ezingenabudlova, kuyilapho uMongameli uDonald Trump evumela izigwebo eziningana ukuba zihambe phambili.

Izindaba Zakwamanye Amazwe Namandla Empi

Umongameli usebenza njengesikhulu sesizwe somphathi-zwe nomphathi wamabutho ahlomile. Lezi zindima ezimbili zinikeza inkululeko enkulu kakhulu ekulolongeni isimiso sangaphandle nasekuqhubeni imisebenzi yezempi. Nokho, zibuye zibe yizindawo zempikiswano enzima yomthetho-sisekelo.

Izivumelwano Nezivumelwano Eziqondisayo

Umongameli uxoxa ngezivumelwano namazwe angaphandle, kodwa izivumelwano zidinga ukuvunyelwa kwezingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zeSigele ukuba ziboshwe. Ukuze bagweme lesi sithiyo, amongameli basebenzisa ngokuqhubekayo izivumelwano zezikhulu, eziwukuvumelana namanye amazwe angafuni ukuhlawuliswa kweSigele. Izivumelwano zokuphatha izigebengu zisebenza ngaphansi komthetho wezizwe zonke futhi ngokuvamile zihlanganisa izindaba ezivamile, kodwa ziye zasetshenziselwa futhi izinhlelo ezinkulu ezinjengesivumelwano senuzi sase-Iran. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yasekela ukusetshenziswa kwazo, kodwa izivumelwano eziphakathi kwezivumelwano zezikhulu zihlala zingu-City.

Induna Yempi Namandla Empi

UMthetho-sisekelo umisa umongameli njengomphathi-nhloko weButho ne-Navy, kodwa futhi unikeza uMkhandlu amandla okumemezela impi. Lokhu kuhlukanisa kuye kwaholela ekulweni isikhathi eside ngenxa yokuthi iUnited States ilwa nempi. Kusukela ngeMpi Yezwe II, omongameli baye basebenzisa amabutho kaningi ngaphandle kokumemezela okungokomthetho kwempi, bebhekisela igunya labo eliyisisekelo lokuvikela isizwe. ISigqi sango-Ondlobolo sika-1903 siye sazama ukubuyisela indima yeSishayamthetho ngokupho salo-Hulumeni ngokufuna umongameli ukuba azise iSishaya - mthetho phakathi namahora angu-48 okulwa nangemva kokuthatha amashumi amahlanu empi ngaphandle kokuba iSivumelo seSishayamthetho siqhubeke. Nokho, umongameli ngamunye kusukela kuNixon uphikisa ukuthi isinqumo sawo sawo emibuso yawo, futhi uyaqhubeka ephumelela.

Umongameli futhi unegunya lokusebenzisa ibutho lezempi ekusabeleni ezinsongweni ezisheshayo, njengoba kuqashelwa kuyi-Ispect for Usense of Military Force (AMF) edlulile ngemva kokuhlasela okungu-9/11. Logunya omkhulu usetshenziselwa ukuthethelela izenzo zamaqembu amaphekula adlulele kude kakhulu kobungako bakuqala, uphakamisa imibuzo ngemingcele yamandla aphethe ezempi. Isizinda se-AUMF, i-Conrefern.gov ikhasi linikeza umbhalo ogcwele nomlando we-Grounics.

Ukuqashelwa Nokusetshenziswa Kwezici Eziyinkimbinkimbi

Umongameli kuphela unawo amandla okuqaphela ohulumeni bakwamanye amazwe. Lokhu kusho ukunquma ukuthi imiphi imibuso ye-United States eyoyibheka njengefanele nohlanganyela ebuhlotsheni obungokwesivumelwano. Ukuqashelwa kungaba nemiphumela ejulile . Ukuvula noma ukuvala ukuhweba, ukunikeza uhulumeni ngokomthetho, noma ukudlulisela ukungamukeleki okuphawulekayo. Omongameli baye basebenzisa ukuqashelwa njengethuluzi lokuthonya izenzakalo kwamanye amazwe, njengoba kuboniswa ngokuhlelwa kobuhlobo obuvamile neCuba ngo-2015.

Ukulinganiselwa Kwamandla Kamongameli

IFramers yaqonda ukuthi amandla agcwele ayingozi.ISiphakamiso II sihlanganiswa ngamabomu namasheke akwamanye amagatsha, kanye nezithiyo ezivela ezifundeni nasemphakathini.

Ukuqondisa Okuyingqungquthela

UKhomishane unamathuluzi amaningana anamandla okuhlola umongameli. ISigele sinamandla kakhulu okuhlola lesi sikhwama. mhlawumbe amandla ayinhloko kakhulu, akukho nyathelo lokuphatha elingaxhaswe ngaphandle kobukhomanisi be-cononalpropeance. ISishaya-Mkhandlu singanqanda ukuxhasa ngemali yezinhlelo ezingavumelani nayo, indawo ekusebenziseni izimo ezithile, noma ngisho nokususa wonke umnyango. ISigele sisinikeza amandla aqondile kulowo ophethe igatsha eliphethe futhi usebenze ebhentshini likazwe. Futhi amandla okusekela iNdlu yendlu avumela iNdlungela ukuba imangalise umongameli nge "igeverse neMisdemeor," ngokuqhuba inkantolo enecala [1] uma iboshelwe icala. Umongameli wesiboshelwe. Umongameli wesithathu akakhokhiswangathanga (Andreny, Billsman, Cennalden), nakuba esuswe kabili.

Lobu bukhulu bungadalula ububi futhi bakhe ukucindezela komphakathi. Nokho, amongameli bavame ukugomela ilungelo lokugodlela ukwaziswa, okuholela ezimpini ezingokomthetho ezixazululweni ekugcineni izinkantolo ezizixazululayo.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zingamemezela izenzo zomongameli ezingavumelani nemithetho. La mandla asungulwa ku- Marbury v. Madison (1803) futhi uye wasetshenziswa ngokuphindaphindiwe ukulinganisela ukuphamba isikhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, ku-[FLT] i-Diall Defect & Lamp; Tube Co. v. Sayer[ [1952], iNkantolo Ephakeme yashaya umthetho kaProfesteriento wensimbi phakathi neMpi yase-Korea, inquma ukuthi umongameli akanalo igunya lomthetho lokwenza isenzo esinjalo. Ukuhlola kusebenza emiyalweni yezezikhulu, izimemezelo, nakunoma yiziphi ezinye izenzo ezingokomthetho. Uma umongameli wenkantolo ethola ukuthi inyathelo eliyizedlula.

Umbono Womphakathi Nokukhetha Kwawo

Isehlo sokuhlola sokugcina amandla kamongameli yibhokisi le-colot. Omongameli basebenzisa amagama athatha iminyaka emine futhi bangaphinde bamiswe kanye ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo sama-22. Umongameli olahlekelwa ukusekela komphakathi angathola ukuthi uhlelo lwakhe lunqanyulwe yi-Congress, futhi ukunqotshwa okukhulu kungaholela ekuphunyukisweni kwezimiso zabo. Umbono womphakathi uhlela indlela umongameli angenza ngayo ngamandla. Phakathi nezikhathi zenhlekelele, amongameli ngokuvamile bajabulela isilinganiso esibanzi, kodwa lapho ukuthenjelwa, leyo ndawo incipha. Activiv, ihlola imithombo yezindaba, namaqembu anezithakazelo futhi aqinisekisa ukuthi abaphathi bawo bahlala benombuzo, beqinisekisa ukuthi izenzo zabo zihlala zisemikhawulweni yemvume yentando yentando yeningi.

Ukubambisana Nemingcele Kahulumeni

UMthetho-sisekelo uhlukanisa amandla phakathi kukahulumeni kahulumeni wezwe nezwe. Igunya likamongameli alidlulisi ezindabeni ezigcinelwe izifundazwe, njengokugcinwa komthetho wendawo, isimiso semfundo, noma intengiselwano yezentengiselwano. Nakuba uhulumeni wezwe ungathonya isimiso sikahulumeni ngokunikeza imvume nemibandela yezimali, alinakuyala izikhulu zikahulumeni ukuba ziqhube izinhlelo zikahulumeni. Lo mngcele wokwakha ungolunye ulwelwelwesi lwesivikelo ekumelaneni negunya eliphethe.

Ukuguquka Kwamandla Omongameli Ezikhathini Zanamuhla

Amandla obumongameli aye akhula kakhulu kusukela ekusungulweni. Omongameli bokuqala, ikakhulukazi uGeorge Washington, basungula izenzakalo zokuvimbela nokuthobela iSishaya - mthetho. Nokho, izinhlekelele ezinjengeMpi Yomphakathi, Ukuwohloka Okukhulu Kwezomnotho, neMpi Yezwe II zandisa ukufinyelela kwesikhulu. UAbraham Lincoln wasebenzisa imibuso yakhe yempi ukumisa i-habeas corpus futhi wakhipha ukugunyaza i-Emanciption ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa yinhlangano. U-Franklin D. Roosevelt wasungula i-ocemental futhi wabusa ngemithetho emikhulu yezikhulu phakathi ne-New Bare. Inkathi yeposi ka-9 /11 yabona ukusungulwa kwe-Department of Homeland Security kanye nokwanda kwemibuso yokuhlola.

Namuhla, umongameli uyisikhundla esinamandla kakhulu emhlabeni, kodwa uhlala uvalelwe umthetho nesiko. Impikiswano yokuthi abaphathi bezakhiwo baye beqisa imingcele yabo engokomthetho-sisekelo iyaqhubeka kuzo zonke iziphathi. Umbono olinganiselwe emlandweni, izikhulu zendlu emhlophe zobumongameli [ zinikeza ukuqonda ukuthi izikhulu eziphethe ezihlukene zitolika indima yazo.

Isiphetho

Amagunya kamongameli agcwele futhi acindezelwa ngokucophelela. ISiphakamiso II sinikeza uhlaka, kodwa umlando, isiqalo, namandla ezombangazwe kuye kwahlela indlela lawo mandla asebenza ngayo. Umongameli angayala amabutho ahlomile, umthetho, amise amajaji, futhi alungise isimiso sakwamanye amazwe (kodwa kuphela phakathi kwesimiso esinikeza iSishaya-Mkhandlu, izinkantolo, izinkantolo, nezikhundla zomphakathi ezinengqondo kulelogunya. Ukuqonda lemingcele kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda indlela idemokhrasi esebenza ngayo. Ikhono lomthetho womthetho alikho ekunikezeni amandla angalawulwa, kodwa ekudaleni icebo lapho ukuvelela kwenziwa khona ukulwa kwesifiso sokuvelela, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi akukho muntu oyedwa ongabusa uhulumeni.