Umqondo Wokuhlukana Kwamandla

UMthetho-sisekelo we-United States umisa uhulumeni wamagatsha amathathu ahlukene, `legislative, isikhulu,'esahlulelo-siyalo .'izisebenzi zazikwazi ukuthi ukuhlukanisa nje amandla kwakunganele. Bakha isimiso se namashekethisi [ avumela igatsha ngalinye ukuba linciphise amandla amanye. Lomklamo uvimbela noma iliphi igatsha elilodwa ekulawuleni nasekuvikeleni inkululeko yesakhamuzi ngasinye. Njengesakhamuzi, ukuqonda indlela lezi zihlola ezisebenza ngayo ekunikeni amandla okuba uhulumeni wakho uphendule futhi uqaphele lapho isimiso sisebenza.

Lo mqondisi uhamba ezindaweni eziyinhloko zegatsha ngalinye futhi uhlola izimpawu zalo eziphelele ezinezibonelo ezingokoqobo zezwe nezikhombo ezikhuluma ngezwe lanamuhla lezombangazwe. Ekupheleni, uyoba nolwazi olusebenzayo ngenye yezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo ezibaluleke kakhulu ezake zasungulwa.

Igatsha Elingokomthetho: Ingqungquthela Yenza Imithetho

ISiphakamiso I soMthetho-sisekelo sifaka wonke amandla omthetho eUnited States Congress, ahlanganisa iSigele neNdlu yabameleli. Umsebenzi oyinhloko woMkhandlu uwumthetho wokwenza : ukudweba, ukuphikisana, nokudlulisa izikweletu ezibusa yonke into kusukela ezintelani kuya emalungelweni omphakathi kuya ekuvikeleni izwe. Kodwa ukuhlola kwayo kwamanye amagatsha kubaluleke ngokufanayo.

Ukuhlola Umthetho Egatsheni Eliphethe

UMkhandlu unamathuluzi amaningana anamandla okuqondisa nokucindezela uMongameli nezinhlangano zamagatsha eziphethe.

Veto Engakunaki

UMongameli angakhipha isikweleti esidluliswa yiSishaya-mthetho, asithumelele emuva ngokuphikisa. Kodwa uMkhandlu ungasidlulisa leso sivoti esingu-3 000 emagumbini womabili. Lokhu kuyinhlolo - kuhlolwa okuqondile kwamandla omphathi. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-2020 Congress uvote ukudlula uMongameli Trump’s’s suto weNational Defense Leact Act.

Iseluleko Nemvume Yokumisa

UMongameli umisa amalungu eKhabhinethi, amajaji kahulumeni, amanxusa, nezinye izikhulu eziningi eziphakamisa izikhundla. Kodwa lezozimemezelo zidinga ukuqiniswa yivoti eningi eSigeqeni. Lokhu kuhlola kuvimbela uMongameli ukuba agcwalise izikhundla eziyinhloko ngaphandle komsizi. Lenqubo ngokuvamile iba nengxabano, njengoba ibonakala phakathi nezimpi zokuqinisekiswa eNkantolo Ephakeme njengoBrett Kavanaugh noma uKetan Brown Jackson.

Isivumelwano Sokunqanda Izindawo

Izivumelwano zezizwe zonke ezivunyelwa uMongameli zingasebenza kuphela uma izingxenye ezimbili-ntathu zeSigele zivuma. Lokhu kuhlola kuqinisekisa ukuthi izivumelwano ezinkulu zamazwe angaphandle ziveza ukuvumelana okukhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, ukwenqaba kweSigele ukuqinisa isivumelwano saseVersailles ngemva kweMpi Yezwe I kwakuyisibonelo esiphawulekayo sokuhlola izinhloso zenkambiso yesikhulu kwamanye amazwe.

Amandla Okuzikhandla

Indlu yabameleli inamandla okunquma ukuthi i-parele isebenzisa umongameli, uMongameli ongumsizi, noma ezinye izikhulu zikahulumeni “ngesizathu, ukufumbathisa, noma ezinye izenzo zobugebengu eziphakeme kanye nokungalungi.” Khona - ke iSigele siqu siqunga icala lokunquma ukuthi sikhiphe isikhulu ehhovisi. Lendlela isetshenziswe kuphela kumongameli abathathu (Andrew Johnson, Bill Clinton, noDonald Trump kabili), futhi akukho mongameli owake wasuswa ngemva kokuqulwa kweSigebengu. Kodwa usongo nje lokungahlolwa lusebenza njengesesholo olunamandla kakhulu ekulawuleni kwezikhulu.

Amandla Okudla

Yonke imali kumelwe ivele eMkhandlwini Wabaphathi. UKhomishane ulawula uhlelo lwemali kahulumeni, futhi inganqaba ukuqoqa izinyathelo zokuthatha amagatsha aphethe intela emelene nayo. Lokhu kuhlola kwakusembukisweni ogcwele phakathi nokuvalwa kukahulumeni ka-2013, lapho iNdlu yenqaba ukudlulisa uhlelo lwemali oluhlanganisa ukuxhasa i-Affordcable Care Act. UMongameli akanagunya lomthetho-mthetho lokusebenzisa imali ngaphandle kwe-buphonopholi.

Ukuphatha Okungokomthetho

ISishaya - mthetho siphethe ukuqulwa kwezindaba, ukuhlola, namakomiti angaphansi ukuze engamele igatsha eliphethe. Amakomiti eSishayamthetho angabiza izikhulu zezinhlangano nezikhulu ukuba zifakaze, zifake izincwadi ezifunwayo, futhi zidalule ukuziphatha okubi. Lo msebenzi wobubonisi uye waholela ekutholakaleni kwamahlazo anjengeWatergate ne-Iran remancostra, futhi usaqhubeka nezimpikiswano zezimiso namuhla.

Isinqumo Secala Segatsha Lokwahlulela

UKhongolose uhlola nezinkantolo ngezindlela eziningana ezibalulekile.

  • Ukumisa inani lamajaji: i-Gaves ingashintsha ubukhulu beNkantolo Ephakeme. Nakuba inani liye lamiswa ngo-969 kusukela ngo-1869, umthetho olula ungaliguqula `ithuba elixoxwa ngokuthi “ukupakisha ikhonto”
  • imisa izinkantolo eziphansi zikahulumeni: uhlela isimo negunya lazo zonke izinkantolo zikahulumeni ngaphansi kweNkantolo Ephakeme, kuhlanganise nezinkantolo zesifunda nezinkantolo zesifunda zokudlulisa icala.
  • Isekela uMthetho-sisekelo: Uma iziKhomishane zingavumelani nesinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme, ingasikisela ukushintshwa komthetho-mthetho ukuze ishintshwe lesisinqumo. Iziphetho kumelwe zigunyazwe ngezingathathu ezine zezifundazwe `a' kunzima ngenhloso ukuhlola.
  • abahluleli abahlanganisayo: abahluleli bombuso bakhonza ukuphila konke, kodwa bangayekwa futhi basuswe yiSishaya-mthetho ngenxa yokuziphatha okubi. Indlu yahlolwa futhi igebe lisuswe uMahluleli weSigodlo G. Thomas PortTHY Jr ngo-2010, ukususwa kokugcina.

Ukuze ufunde okwengeziwe ngomthetho wamanje nenqubo yekomiti, vakashela isikhulu i-Conrer.gov.

Igatsha Eliphethe: UMongameli Uphoqelela Imithetho

ISiphakamiso II esiphethe kuMongameli wase-United States. Umsebenzi oyinhloko kaMongameli “ukunakekela ukuba iMithetho iqedwe ngokwethembeka.” Kodwa igatsha eliphethe liphinde lihlole amagatsha omthetho nokwahlulela.

Isikhulu Esiphethe Sihlola Igatsha Elingokomthetho

Amandla E - Veto

UMongameli angalahla noma isiphi isikweleti esidluliswa yiKhongolose, asithumele ngomyalezo we-veto. Nakuba iziKhomishane zingayilawula i-veto, okudinga i-a enkulu kakhulu yama-"35"/a ephezulu. Iveto iyi-cheke le-check eqondile kaMongameli. Kusukela ngo-2025, amongameli baye bakhipha amavetoes angaphezu kuka-500, futhi cishe angu-10 kuphela ayeneScoot. Ngokwesibonelo, uMongameli uFranklin D. Rooselt toted 635, kanye nezikwele lika-9 kuphela. Umongameli u-Trump wasebenzisa i-tomp izikhathi ezingamashumi ayishumi kuphela phakathi nesikhathi sakhe esisodwa, futhi akukho nesinye se-vetoes ayenzile u-Scoult.

Isifundazwe Sama - Union Nemithetho

UMongameli angamisa umthetho futhi asebenzise izikhulu zezikhulu eziqinela abanye ukuba zicindezele uMkhandlu ukuba uthathe isinyathelo.

Isikhulu Esiphethe Sihlola Igatsha Lokwahlulela

Ukumiswa Kwamajaji Abangama - Federal

Ngenxa yokuthi la majaji asebenza ekumisweni ukuphila konke, umongameli angahlela indlela yemibono yamajaji ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane. Ngokwesibonelo, iziphathimandla zeTrump zimise amajaji amathathu eNkantolo Ephakeme, zishintshela ukulinganisela kweNkantolo ngakwesokudla.

Izikhulu Nezingcweti

UMongameli angathethelela, akhiphe izigwebo zikahulumeni, futhi akhiphe izijeziso zobugebengu obusemthethweni, ngaphandle kwezimo zokungagunyazi. Lokhu kuhlola kungadlula izinqumo zegatsha zokwahlulela. Umongameli uGerald Ford ukuxolelwa kukaRichard Nixon noMongameli Barack Obama isigwebo sikaChelsease Manning siyizibonelo eziphawulekayo. Intethelelo ingcono kakhulu futhi ayifaneleki ekuhleleni izinqumo noma ekubukezeni kokwahlulela.

Ukuze uthole umcabango onegunya wokwakheka nemisebenzi yegatsha eliphetheyo, bheka isikhulu sendlu yeWhite House “Nge” ikhasi.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela: Izinkantolo Zichaza Imithetho

ISiphakamiso III simisa iNkantolo Ephakeme futhi sinikeza uMkhandlu amandla okwakha izinkantolo zikahulumeni eziphansi. Umsebenzi oyinhloko wejaji uwukuchaza imithetho noMthetho-sisekelo. Kodwa izinkantolo zinendima ebalulekile ekuhloleni amanye amagatsha amabili.

Ukwahlulela Kuhlola Igatsha Elingokomthetho

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela

Ngokuhlolwa kokwahlulela, izinkantolo zingamemezela izenzo zeKhomishane ezingekho semthethweni. Lamandla amiswa ecaleni eliphawulayo Marbury v. Madison [1803] futhi iye yasetshenziswa kangamakhulu ezikhathi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi. Ngokwesibonelo, United States v. Lopez [1955], iNkantolo Ephakeme yashaya umthetho kahulumeni ovimbela izibhamu eziseduze kwezikole, inquma ukuthi iSishaya igunya layo lokuphatha uClauskasana. Muva nje, [[FLT:] i-Foct] National Federation of Independent [Fography][FLT] [FLT] [FLT] [95], iNkakhulu leNkathi ephakeme kakhulu le-Afredcensertives (20:20]) kodwa inqanyuswa kakhulu kweze izigwebo zeMithetho ye-M.

Ukuchaza Imithetho

Uma uMkhandlu ubhala umthetho ongacacile, unquma ukuthi usho ukuthini. Uma uMkhandlu ungakuthandi ukuchazwa kwenkantolo, ungawulungisa umthetho, okuwukuhlola kwejaji.

Ukwahlulela Kuhlola Igatsha Eliphethe

Ukubukeza Izenzo Zokuqondisa

Izinkantolo zeFederal zingabukeza iziyalezo eziphethe, imithetho, nezenzo ukuze ziqinisekise ukuthi ziyavumelana nomthetho-sisekelo nomthetho kahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, intsha esencane i-Stown Sheep & Tube Co. Sawyer (1952), iNkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ukuthi umthetho kaMongameli Truman ophethe izigayo zensimbi phakathi neMpi yase Korea wawungahlangani. Muva nje, izinkantolo ziye zavala noma zasekela izici zezenzo zezikhulu zezokufuduka, zendawo ezungezile, nezokuvikela kwesizwe.

Ukwahlulela Kobugebengu Nabashisekeli Bobugebengu

ISichibiyelo sesine sifuna ukuba ukuphenya nokuquleka kusekelwe yisizathu okungenzeka sikhona, ngemvume ekhishwa ijaji. Lokhu kuhlola imingcele yokugcinwa kwamacala ehhovisi eliphethe. futhi izinkantolo zengamela ukuziphatha kokuquliswa kwezigebengu, ngaphandle kobufakazi obutholakele ngokungemthetho.

Ukuze ungene kakhulu ezinqumweni zeNkantolo Ephakeme kanye nemiphumela yayo engokomthetho-sisekelo, vakashela iwebhusayithi yeNkantolo Ephakeme.

Ukuhlangana Kwamasheke: Izibonelo Ezintathu Zangempela Zezwe

Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela siqondwa kangcono kakhulu ezifweni zikakhonkolo ezihlanganisa wonke amagatsha amathathu. Nazi izibonelo ezintathu zamuva.

Isibonelo 1: Ukuvimbela ukushaywa umlomo (207-2018)

UMongameli Trump wasayinwa u-Ource Adminitive 13769, evimbela uhambo oluvela emazweni amaningana amaSulumane. Izinkantolo ze-Frederal zavala ngokushesha uhlelo, zicaphuna izikhalo zomthetho-sisekelo nezomthetho. Uhulumeni wanxusa, futhi lelicala lafinyelela eNkantolo Ephakeme. Trump v. Hawaii [2017] [208], iNkanto yasekela uhlelo olubukeziwe lokuvinjelwa, ibusa uMongameli wayenegunya elikhulu ngaphansi komthetho wezezezethuthi. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi isikhulu seze sikhiphe uhlelo, igatsha lokuhlola, futhi ekugcineni isikhulu seze saqhubeka ngemva kwenselele engokomthetho, nakuba amalungu athile azisa izivumelwano zokuvinjelwa.

Isibonelo 2: Umthetho wokunakekela ongenakungadukiswa kanye nowe-Enix Mandate (2010-2012)

ISishaya-mthetho sadlulisa i-ACA ngo-2010, kuhlanganise nemfuneko yokuba abantu babe nomshuwalense wempilo. Igatsha eliphethe laqala ukusebenzisa umthetho. Izifunda nombango abazimele baphikisa ubukhomba-mthetho bawo. INkantolo Ephakeme, NFIB v. Sebelius, wasekela umyalo owenziwe umuntu ngamunye njengentela kodwa wabulala ukwanda okungokomthetho we-Medicaid. Kamuva iSivumelwane salungisa izingxenye zomthetho ngokufeza isinqumo. Lapha wonke amagatsha amathathu ashincwale: uKhomisha wabaphathi, uMongameli opholisile, neNkanto yeNkanto ebukeziwe futhi wawuqeda futhi wawuqeda kancane umthetho.

Isibonelo 3: Ukuhlongozwa kukaMongameli uDonald Trump (209-2020)

Indlu yaBameleli yasola uMongameli Trump ngenxa yokusebenzisa kabi amandla nokuvimbela kweSishayamthetho. ISigele, ngemva kokuqulwa kwecala, samkhulula. Igatsha lokwahlulela lalingahileleki ngokuqondile ekunqandeni ngokwalo, kodwa izinkantolo zikahulumeni zabusa ezimpikiswaneni ezingaphansi kwezikhulu ezihlobene nofakazi abaphethe, njengamacala amelene nendawana yelungu le House uDon McGahn. Lokhu kubonisa indlela igatsha lomthetho elingaba necala ngayo isikhulu ngecala, ngegatsha lezehlulelo eliye lalandisa izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho.

Isizathu Sokuba Izakhamuzi Zizihlole Futhi Zizilinganisele

Uma uMkhandlu wenqaba ukuqoqa indawo yokuqala kamongameli, noma lapho inkantolo ishaya umthetho ongekho emthethweni, amalungelo akho nemingcele yamandla kahulumeni ichazwa. Njengesakhamuzi, ungahlanganyela esimisweni ngezindlela eziningi:

  • qhoka kuzo zonke izinqumo: Ukhetha amalungu oMkhandlu noMongameli. Ukuqonda ukuthi iliphi igatsha elilawula okukusiza ukuba uphonse ibhola lokuvota olaziyo.
  • Bhala noma ubize abameleli bakho:[ Imithetho ilalela abameleli, ikakhulukazi ezindabeni ezihilela ukuqondisa, ukumiswa, kanye nokuhlelwa kwemali.
  • Ilandela izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme:[ izinqumo ezinkulu zithinta inkululeko yomphakathi, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, indawo ezungezile, nezinye.
  • Ukuphikiswa ngokuthula noma ukuphikisa:[ ISichibiyeli sokuqala sivikela ilungelo lakho lokucela ukubuyisela izikhalo kuhulumeni.

Kumuntu owembulelayo ophethe okuhambisana nokuxoxa, hlola USA.gov’s “Izingqongqo zikahulumeni” ikhasi.

Isiphetho: Isimiso Sezinto Eziphilayo

Amasheke nama-aspice phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu awalingani. Ayaguquguquka ngokwenzeka, umkhuba, kanye nokulwa kwezombangazwe. Izinselele ezintsha .Kusukela ekufuneni iziyalezo zokubusa kuya ekwahluleleni i-glack logcope", kuhlola imingcele yegunya ngalinye legatsha. Kodwa isimiso esiyisisekelo esiyisisekelo sisasele: amandla kumelwe anikezwe futhi alinganiselwe ukuvikela inkululeko. Ngokuqonda lezimiso, awubi nje umgcini kodwa uba umhlanganyeli komunye wemizabalazo ephumelelayo emlandweni ekulingweni kwe-onstogoran.

Njengoba abakhi bamafomu behlosile, isakhamuzi esinolwazi siyakwazi ukuhlolwa uhulumeni. Qhubekani nifunda, nithembisene, futhi nibambe wonke amagatsha amathathu anecala, “‘ uma niqala uhambo lwenu olulandelayo lokuya ebhokisini lokuvota.