Ukuqonda Amandla: Ukuhlolwa Okunethonya

Amandla angenye yamandla ayisisekelo kakhulu kodwa angaqondakali emphakathini wesintu. Akha ukuxhumana, kusukela ekuxoxisaneni kwabantu ababili kuya ekubuseni kwezizwe. Nakuba sivame ukuzwa imiphumela yawo — emsebenzini wethu, ebuhlotsheni bethu, kwezombangazwe — angena encazelweni eyodwa yamandla ayindida. Kuwo wonke amandla, amandla anamandla okuthonya noma ukulawula ukuziphatha kwabantu, izenzakalo, noma imithombo . Kodwa lencazelo ibhuntsha nje. Ukuqonda ngempela amandla, kumelwe sihlole imithombo yawo, izakhiwo zayo, ukusakaza kwayo, namandla abusayo. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuqondisa okucubukhali, i-SETAY-somgayo, iziqondiso zezimiso zomphakathi wanamuhla.

Amandla awalungile ngokwemvelo noma mabi; ayithuluzi eliba eliqondile noma eliphambene elisekelwe endleleni elizuzwa ngayo, elisetshenziswa ngayo, futhi eliphikiswa. Izazi zezezenhlalo, ososayensi bezombangazwe, nezazi zefilosofi ziye zaphikisana ngesimo salo seminyaka eyizinkulungwane. Kusukela ekuchazeni okuvamile kwamandla kaMax Weber ngokuthi “amathuba okuthi umuntu odlala ebuhlotsheni obungokwenhlalo uzoba sesimweni sokufeza intando yakhe siqu naphezu kokumelana noMacheucault, umqondo wamandla njengewokuqeda nokufakwa emikhubeni yezenhlalo, ukutadisha amandla kucebile futhi kugcwele. Lesi sihloko siveza lemibono ukuze unikeze umbono owusizo, 360-egraces wobudom.

Incazelo Yamandla Nemibono

Okokuqala, kudingeka sidlule izincazelo zangaphandle. Amandla ngokuvamile aqondwa ngamalensi amaningana abalulekile acatshangelwayo. Okunethonya elikhulu yiwo umbono wamandla [, ohlongozwa abaholi bezombangazwe uSteven Lukas emsebenzini wakhe we-sanoral amandla: Umbono wobuqotho [. ULuka uphikisa ukuthi amandla asebenza emazingeni amathathu:

  • Umlinganiso wokuqala:[ Ikhono lokungenza othile enze okuthile abengeke bakwenze (amandla okwenza umshikashika). Lena indlela ebonakala kakhulu — A inqoba impi yesithakazelo ku B.
  • Umlinganiso: Ikhono lokulawula uhlelo — ukunquma ukuthi yiziphi izimpikiswano ezicatshangelwayo nokuthi yiziphi ezigcinwa etafuleni (amandla angenzi sinqumo). Lokhu kwenza izingxabano ezithile zingaveli.
  • Umlinganiso ofiphele: Ikhono lokubumba izintando zabantu, izinkolelo, nezifiso ukuze bamukele indima yabo ehlelweni lwezinto olukhona (isayensi yemvelo noma amandla e-hegemonic). Lena isimo esifiphele kakhulu, ngoba ivimbela abantu ukuba baqaphele izithakazelo zabo.

Ukuqonda lezizilinganiso kubalulekile ekuhlaziyeni ukuthi ubani ngempela onegunya, ngoba abadlali abanamandla kakhulu ngokuvamile basebenza ngokungabonakali emazingeni wesibili nawasithathu. Ukuze bangene kakhulu emfundisweni kaLuka, bheka i- Encyclopedia ye-Stanford ye-Philophy engenise amandla[[.

Ezinye izinkolelo-lwazi ezinkulu zihlanganisa i-Foucault’s “microphysics yamandla,” ephikisa ukuthi amandla awabanjelwanga abantu kodwa asetshenziswa ngemisebenzi yansuku zonke, izikhungo, izikole, izibhedlela, nezinkulumo. Amandla adlulisa futhi asebenze — adala ulwazi nophawu, hhayi nje ukucindezelwa. Kukhona futhi Arect's''s syndrome , okubona amandla njengeqembu lezisebenzi ekhonsa, ngokuvamile emelene namandla noma ubudlova bombusi oyedwa.

Izimpawu Eziyinhloko Zamandla

Ukuze ucacise lo mqondo ngokwengeziwe, cabangela lezi zici ezibalulekile:

  • Amandla ahlobene.[ Awekho endaweni engenalutho; aphuma ebuhlotsheni phakathi kwabantu noma amaqembu. Umbusi ongenazo izihloko akanawo amandla.
  • Amandla axhomeke kumongo. Umuntu ofanayo angaba namandla komunye umongo (umk., i-CEO emsebenzini) kanye namandla amancane kwesinye (umz. isiguli esibhedlela).
  • [[Amandla:0] angabonakala. Ukungasebenzisi amandla akusho ukuwantula; amandla nje okuthonya ukuziphatha.
  • Amandla anamandla. Ishintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, futhi ukungalingani kwamandla kungabekelwa inselele, kushintshwe, noma kulondolozwe ngokulwa.

IZisekelo Ezinhlanu Zombuso (IsiFulentshi NesiRaven)

Ngawo-1950, izazi zezokusebenza kwengqondo uJohn French noBertram Raven zasungula isisekelo samandla esifundiswa kabanzi esisalokhu siwusizo kakhulu ekuhloleni izenzakalo ezingokwenhlalo, ezingokwenhlangano, neziholayo. Bathola imithombo emihlanu eyinhloko yamandla (futhi kamuva yanezela eyesithupha). Nalapha, inezibonelo zanamuhla nokuhlaziywa okugxekayo.

Amandla E - coercive

Amandla okuzingela ahlanganisa ukukhipha isijeziso noma ukusongela imiphumela emibi. Lokhu kuhlanganisa amandla angokomzimba, ukwesatshiswa, ukudutshulwa, ukuthotshiswa, noma ngisho ukukhishwa kwezenhlalo. Emsebenzini, umphathi onamandla okusebenza, angavimba amabhonasi, anikeze imisebenzi engathandeki, noma aqede umsebenzi. Kwezombangazwe, amandla okuqinisa umthetho kanye nezenzo zempi. Nokho, amandla omphakathi ngokuvamile ayancipha; anciphisa ukuthembana, futhi adinga ukugadla. Ukuthembela ngokweqile ekuphoqeleleni impoqo kungaholela ekuphikiseni, ekuhlubukeni, noma endaweni enobuthi.

2. Umvuzo Wamandla

Amandla omvuzo aphambene: ikhono lokunikeza izisusa eziqondile. Lokhu kungaba okungokoqobo (imali, ukukhushuliswa, izipho, isikhathi sokuyeka) noma okungaqondakali (ukudunyiswa, ukuqashelwa, isikhundla). Nakuba amandla okuvuza engashukumisa futhi akhe ukwethembeka, kungadala futhi ukuthembela. Uma imivuzo ibhekwa njengengenanjongo noma enganele, amandla aphelelwa amandla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amandla asebenza kangcono uma umklomelo ubhekwa njengofanele lowo owamukelayo futhi ubhekwa njengomuhle.

Amandla Angokomthetho

Amandla angokomthetho avela esikhundleni esiqashelwayo, indima, noma isiqu. Ezinhlanganweni, i-CEO, umphathi, noma isikhulu esikhethiwe siphethe amandla angokomthetho ngenxa yegunya laso elingokomthetho. La mandla anikezwa isimo sesimiso — kunelungelo ukulindela ukuthotshelwa phakathi kwemingcele echazweyo. Nokho, amandla angokomthetho asebenza kuphela uma abantu besamukela ukufaneleka kwalesisikhundla. Uma ukuthemba kuncipha noma isimiso kubhekwa njengokukhohlakele, ukuwa okungokomthetho. Lokhu kungenxa yalokho kubangela ukuba ukuphikisa nokuvukela kuvame ukuhlasela hhayi abantu ngabanye kodwa izimpawu zegunya.

Amandla Obuchwepheshe

Amandla obuchwepheshe asekelwe olwazini olukhethekile, amakhono, noma ochwepheshe. Udokotela, unjiniyela we-software, usosayensi, noma ummeli uphethe leli gunya ngoba abanye bathembele olwazini lwabo oluphakeme. Amandla obuchwepheshe ahlonishwa kakhulu futhi angathonya izinqumo ngisho nangaphandle kwegunya elingokomthetho. Luhlobo lwamandla okumelwe asetshenziswe ngekhono futhi angalahleka uma ulwazi luphelelwa isikhathi noma ukuthenjwa kungatshazwa. Enkathini yolwazi, amandla ochwepheshe asebezingenise kakhulu futhi ancintisana kakhulu, kanye nezikhulu eziphikisayo ezingokwesiko eziphikisayo.

5. Amandla Aphawulekayo

Amandla athatheka asuka ezicini eziheha ukuhlonishwa, inhlonipho, noma ukuchazwa. Abaholi abathakathi, osaziwayo, abathonyeli, kanye nabantu abafana nabo banegunya elinamandla. Abantu bavumelana ngoba befuna ukuthandwa noma ngoba bebheka umuntu njengesibonelo. La mandla angaba nethonya elimangalisayo, kodwa futhi ancike ekuthandekeni okuqhubekayo. Amachashaza noma ukulahlekelwa amandla okuthatheka kungawaqeda ngokushesha amandla athathelwanayo.

Kamuva, iRaven yanezela isisekelo sesithupha: Amandla olwazi, amandla asuka ekulawuleni ukwaziswa abanye abakudingayo. Ezweni lanamuhla, lolu hlobo lwamandla luba yinhloko kakhulu: labo abalawula imininingwane, imithetho, noma iminyango yokuxhumana (amasiteji ezokuxhumana, izikhangiso zezindaba) basebenzisa amandla amakhulu olwazi.

Ubani Onegunya Emphakathini?

Amandla awasabiwa ngokulinganayo. Ama-society agunyaziswa ngemikhakha yengcebo, uhlanga, ubulili, imfundo, nokungena. Ukuqonda okuphethe amandla [ kufuna ukuhlolwa kwezindawo eziningi: kwezezombangazwe, kwezezomnotho, kwezenhlalo, kwezempucuko, nakwezobuchwepheshe. Ngaphaya sihlola abaxhasi abayinhloko besimiso sombuso wentando yeningi, ngokunakekela kokubili izakhiwo ezibonakalayo nezifihliwe.

Umbuso Wezombangazwe: Ohulumeni, Imibuso Yaseburhulumenteni, Ne - Eltes

Ngokusobala kakhulu, amandla ezombangazwe aba khona yizikhulu ezikhethiwe, izinhloko zezwe, izigebengu, nenkonzo yomphakathi. Nokho, amandla ezombangazwe adlulela kude kakhulu ngaphandle kokuvota. amandla ombuso [ — aphethwe abaphathi bemisebenzi, abalawuli abaphezulu, nabahluleli — ngokuvamile ahlela isimiso ngezindlela ezingabonwa kakhulu emphakathini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amandla ezombangazwe athonywa kakhulu yimali nokuhoxa. [[FLT:] [FLT]] u-opensethi.[[FLT:] org uhlela indlela umkhankaso nokusekela izimali ezimpompelela ngayo izinkampani kanye nezicelo zabantu abacebile ezingeniswe embusweni. I-Crobist. i-spenssss edumileyong [FFFoct:] [5] izigunya eziphambili] eziphambili] ezisekwenziswa umphakathi wezombangazwe, futhi ezichaza izinquisitha kakhulu sezezezezezezezezezezombangazwe.

Amandla Ezomnotho: Izinhlangano, Ama - Billionaires, Nezinhlangano Zezezimali

Umbuso wezomnotho ugxilwe ezandleni zabantu abanezinkampani ezinkulu, izinhlangano zezimali, kanye nomnotho ophakeme. Ngokwesibonelo, amadoda ayishumi acebe kakhulu emhlabeni anengcebo eningi kunawo wonke abantu abangaphansi kwamaphesenti angu-50 behlangene, ngokwe-Oxfam. Lo mbuso wezomnotho uguqula ngokuqondile ithonya lezezombangazwe ngethonya lezentengiselwano, ukuba abe abe abe abe abenemithombo yezindaba, kanye nomkhankaso wezimali. Izinhlangano zomhlaba jikelele njenge Apple, iAmazon, ne-Googlogen zisebenzisa amandla ancintisa izizwe eziningi ezina amaqembu esizwe, alawula ukuqoqa izikethene, imininingwane, kanye nezimakethengiso zezemisebenzi. Izomnotho zibuye zithuthukise uhlelo lwembulunga yonke: izinhlangano zembulunga yonke njenge International Monetary Fund neWorld Bank Bank inamandla amakhulu phezu kwezizwe ezisathuthukayo ngezimo ezikhokhwayo nangenka.

Amandla Okusebenzelana Nezenhlalo: Ithonya Lezokuxhumana, Lemithombo Yezindaba Nelempucuko

Igunya lomphakathi livame ukungabonakali kakhulu kodwa lisakazeke kakhulu. Liphethwe yizikhundla eziphambili zamasiko — osaziwayo, abathonyeli bezokuxhumana, abaqondisi bezokuxhumana, abaholi benkolo, nabezihlakaniphi — abaklama izindinganiso, izindinganiso, nenkulumo yomphakathi. Iziqu zobuswane [, inkolelo ethandwa kakhulu yisazi sezenhlalo uPierre Bourdieu, ibhekisele ezinzuzo ezizuzwe yimifelandawonye, ukuxhumana, kanye nobulungu beqembu. Abantu abanezinhloko zezenhlalo bangahloba, amathuba okuthola, nokulungisa izindaba. Enkathini yezokuxhumana, abanikazi (ig., Markuckberg, Elonsk) banamandla amakhulu kakhulu ngenxa yokulawula izinhlelo zezokuxhumana. I-Stenationstystions, ingakhuphuka kanjani noma i-mendements productions produals [Fotences]]

Amandla Angokwesiko Nangokomfanekiso

Amandla angokwesiko ikhono lokuchaza lokho okuvamile, okufiselekayo, noma okuyigugu. Kunikezwa othisha, abasunguli bezindaba, izinhlangano zenkolo, futhi ngisho nabaklami bemfashini. Amandla angokomfanekiso, ngokwezisho zikaBourdiedu, amandla okuphoqelela umbono wezwe lezenhlalo njengefanele. Yisizathu esenza ukuba izilimi ezithile, izinkondlo, noma iziqu zemfundo zaziswa kunezinye. Labo abaveza futhi basakaze impucuko — kusukela kuma Hollywood Studies ukuya ku-Tik abadali — babambe amandla okuveza, izifiso, izifiso.

Izinto Ezinamandla: Indlela Amandla Asebenza Ngayo Nezinhlayiya

Amandla awakho endaweni yakhona. Amandla anamandla achaza izinqubo eziqhubekayo zokuxoxisana, ukumelana noshintsho. Ukuqonda lamandla kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuhamba noma ukubekela izakhiwo zamandla inselele.

Ukulwa Ngezikhundla Nokulwa

Impi yamandla iqala lapho abantu ngabanye noma amaqembu encintisana ukuze athole ithonya, imithombo, noma ukulawula. Lokhu kungaba yi-aspert (imishini, ukugadla, ukubhikisha) noma i-ehperthis (imisebenzi yangemva, ukuziphatha okungalawuleki, ukungqubana kwezikhali). Ezinhlanganweni, imizabalazo yamandla ivame ukuvela lapho kuhlelwa kabusha, ukuhlelwa ngokulandelana, noma ukuhlelwa kwemali. Kwezombangazwe, zingaholela ekuvukeleni phambili, ekuvukeleni, ekuvukeleni, ekuvukeleni, noma ekushintsheni umbuso. Ukuqonda okuyinhloko ukuthi imibaleko yamandla akuyona i-zeromshukume; ngezinye izikhathi ingakhiwa noma yandiswe ngokubambisana nangokwakha izakhiwo.

Amandla Nokumelana Nawo

Ukugunyaza kuyinqubo lapho abantu noma amaqembu ethola khona amandla phezu kokuphila kwabo siqu — andisa ukuzibusa, ukuzithemba, nekhono lokuthatha isinyathelo. Imiphakathi ephansi, amandla ngokuvamile ahlanganisa ukuhlanganisa ukuhlanganisa inqubo, imfundo, nezinguquko ezingokomthetho. Ukumelana nalezi ezinye izingxenye zemali: labo abangenawo amandla angokomthetho bangamelana nokubuswa ngokubhikisha, ukugadla, ukungalaleli kwesizwe, ubuciko, nezenzo zansuku zonke zokudelela (lokho James C. Scott akubiza ngokuthi “impolitics"). I-Civil Rights Rights Movement, i-suffacess, nezenzo zamuva nje ze-ivolution zibonisa indlela ukumelana nokumelana nokumelana nempi nempi yamandla okushintsha.

Amandla Nelungelo

Ilungelo libhekisela ezinzuzo ezingafezeki amanye amaqembu aye asekela ezingeni lawo lezenhlalo (uhlobo, isigaba, ubulili, ubulili, ikhono). Lamalungelo ngokuvamile awabonakali kulabo abawaphethe. Ngokwesibonelo, ilungelo elimhlophe lisho ukuthi abantu abanemigoqo emibalabala abamhlophe abangayiqondi. Ukuqonda ukuhlangana kwamandla nelungelo — umqondo owasungulwa nguKimberlé Crenshaw — ubalulekile ekuhloleni ukuthi izinhlobo eziningi zamandla nokucindezela. Isigaba esiphezulu sabesifazane abamhlophe singaba nengozi ebunyeni kodwa isigaba nenzuzo yohlanga. Ukuhlola kwamandla eqiniso kumelwe kube yindawo ehamba phambili.

Umbono Ongokomlando Ngamandla

Umlando unikeza indawo yokuhlola ecebile yokuhlola amandla. kusukela emibusoni yasendulo kuya embusweni wentando yeningi wanamuhla, izindlela eziye zanqwabelana, zasetshenziswa, futhi zaphikiswa ziye zavela ngokuphawulekayo.

Amandla Enkosi Neyasendulo

Emiphakathini yakudala, amandla ayevame ukubekwa enkosini, embusini, noma kuFaro owayezisholo ukuthi unegunya laphezulu. UMbuso waseRoma waphelelisa isimiso samandla ezempi, umthetho, kanye nokubambisana okwakuwuvumela ukuba ulawule izindawo ezinkulu. Ukuqonda lezi zindlela zamandla angokomlando kusisiza ukuba sibone izimpande zamandla ombuso wanamuhla. Ukuze sithathe isici esivelele, sifunde ngamandla aphezulu e - Britannica[[FLT:][FLT].

Ukukhanyiselwa Nenselele Egunyeni

Ukukhanyiselwa kwekhulu le-17 nele-18 kwabekela inselele ngokuyisisekelo izakhiwo zamandla angokwesiko. Izazi zefilosofi ezinjengoJohn Locke noMontesquieu zalwela ukwahlukana kwemibuso, ukuvunyelwa kwamalungelo abuswayo, angokwemvelo. IziNguquko zaseMelika naseFrance zazama ukumisa lemibono, zisakaza amandla emagatsheni amaningi futhi zilinganisela amandla amamonarchy. Nokho, ngisho nalezinguquko zashiya izinhlobo eziningi zamandla (izigqila, amabhishobhi, ububhishobhi) zingaguquguquki — okubonisa ukuthi amandla awavamile ukuguqula wonke kanye.

Ukushintsha Kwezimo Zanamuhla: Ukuhwebelana Kwembulunga Yonke Nenkathi Yamanani

Kulelikhulu lama-20 namashumi amabili namashumi amabili, amandla asungule izikhungo ezintsha zobuchwepheshe ezilawula imininingwane, amapulatifomu, kanye nokuhlakanipha kokwenziwa kwezwe lonke. Ngasikhathi sinye, izinhlangano zotshani zingahlela imbulunga yonke ngokusebenzisa imithombo yezenhlalakahle. Ukulinganisela kwamandla manje sekuye kwabangela izikhungo ezintsha zombuso: amabhungane alawula imininingwane, amapulatifomu, nokuhlakanipha kokwenziwa.

Isiphetho: Amandla nomthwalo wemfanelo

Amandla awawona nje umqondo ongenakuchazwa; ayiqiniso elingokoqobo elithinta zonke izici zokuphila kwethu. Ukuqonda lokho okushiwo amandla — imithombo yawo, abanikazi bawo, namandla awo — kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokuwasebenzisa ngokuhlakanipha noma ukuwabekela inselele ngokuphumelelayo. Kulabo abanamandla, umbuzo oyinhloko ungomunye womthwalo wemfanelo: Uyolisebenzisa kanjani ithonya onalo? Kulabo abazizwa bengenamandla, isifundo ukuthi amandla angakhiwa, ahlangane, futhi afunwe ngemfundo, inhlangano, nangesenzo esiphikelelayo. Njengoba sisho, “amandla athambekele ekonakaleni, namandla aphelele.” Kodwa amandla angawaphulukisa kanjani, akhulule, adala.