Ukuqapha kungenye yezinqubo ezibaluleke kakhulu nezingaqondwanga kakhulu esimisweni somthetho-sisekelo waseMelika. Kusebenza njengendlela yokuhlola eyisisekelo emandleni abaphathi nabezokwahlulela, kuvumela ukuba iziKhomishane zibeke izikhulu zikahulumeni eziphezulu ezinecala lokuziphatha okubi okungathi sína. Nakuba leligama ngokuvamile lijikijelwa empikiswaneni yezombangazwe, inqubo yangempela ichazwa ngokucophelela ngenqubo yoMthetho-sisekelo futhi iye yabunjwa ngenqubo yakhona engamakhulu amabili eminyaka. Ukuqonda ukuthi ukungaqondisi kusebenza kanjani kusukela ekusekelweni kwalo ngokomthetho kuya ekusebenzeni kwalo kosuku lwanamuhla kuya ekusebenzeni kwalo okungathi sína.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Sokuzisebenzela

Inqubo yokungagunyazi isekelwe eMthethweni woMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., ikakhulukazi eSiphakamisweni I, iSiphakamiso III, neSiphakamiso III. Abahleli boMthetho-sisekelo, abadweba izenzakalo zelakhelo lephalamende laseNgilandi kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho kwabo nababusi bamakoloni, baklanyelwe ukujezisa njengendlela yokususa izikhulu ezaziye zaphula umthetho. Ngokungafani necala lobugebengu, ukujezisa kuyinqubo yezombangazwe ehloselwe ukuvikela iRiphabliki, hhayi ukujezisa abantu ngaphansi komthetho wobugebengu.

Ilungiselelo eliyinhloko lokungagunyazi livela ku- Article II, isiqephu 4 , esithi: "UMongameli, uMongameli ongumKhosi nawo wonke abaphathi bezwe base-United States, uzakususwa ehhovisi eHhovisi eHlaziya, futhi uqinisekiswe, ukuSifumbathiso, noma okunye ukuhlasela okuphezulu nokweminye imidanti." Lesi sigqebhezana simisa izizathu ezintathu zokungagunyazi: ukuvukela, ukufumbathisa, nokwenyuka kwengxenye ye--" okunye i-Crimentil no-Mismeaders." ISishaya umthetho futhi unikeza iNdlumo yegunya lokungamela (I-Artic, ingxenye 2) kanye namandla esigaba esiphelele sokuzama ukuzama ukuhlanganisa yonke (I-Artic, i-I, i-I.

Imisebenzi yendlu njengomshushisi, ukuletha amacala angokomthetho. ISigele sisebenza njengejaji, sizwa ubufakazi futhi sikhiphe isinqumo. Iningi eliyisithathu eSigele kudingeka liboshelwe futhi lisuse isikhulu. Abafaki bamafomu bamisa lento ephakeme ngamabomu ukuze baqinisekise ukuthi ukujezisa kugcinelwe izono ezinkulu kakhulu futhi ngeke kusetshenziswe kalula yiningi labameleli.

Ukuchaza "Ubugebengu Obuphakeme Nezigebengu Ezingalungile"

Iyiphi ngempela eyakha "ubugebengu obukhulu noma ubugebengu obungalawuleki" sekungamakhulu eminyaka kuphikiswana ngayo. Amazwi awachazwanga eMthethweni, futhi abafaki befolishi bawashiya evulekile. U-Alexander Hamilton, ebhala ku-[Federal:0] iPapers [, echaza amacala angathandeki ngokuthi "amacala abangelwa ukuziphatha okubi kwabantu, noma, ngamanye amazwi, ngenxa yokuxhashazwa noma ukwephulwa kwento ethile umphakathi." Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla, ukugcinwa kwemisebenzi, nokuziphatha okululaza ubuqotho bezinhlangano zikahulumeni.

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izinkantolo ziye zaphatha "amacala amakhulu kanye namaphutha" njengamacala ezombangazwe asesimweni esingokwemvelo kunokuba asolwe ngokuqinile. Isikhulu singacelwa ukuba senze izenzo ezingaphuli mthetho kodwa namanje simelela ukwephulwa okukhulu kwethemba lomphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, uMongameli Andrew Johnson waso walahlwa ngenxa yokwephula umthetho we-Ofice Act //a umthetho kamuva obhekwa njengongasiziyo, kodwa icala lalibalulekile ngokwenqaba kwakhe ukuhambisana negunya lomthetho. Ngokufanayo, umongameli uBill Clinton wabekwa icala eliyimpoqo ngenxa yecala nobulungisa, zombili icala lobugebengu, kodwa ngaphansi kwendaba yayiwukuxhashazwa kwe-deus projectal ukuze kufihleke ukuziphatha okubi komuntu siqu. Incazelo enziwayo ivumela isizukulwane ngasinye ukuba sisebenzise izimo eziphambili.

Ukulandela Inqubo Esheshayo

Lenqubo yokungavumelani ivela ngezigaba ezimbili ezihlukene: okokuqala eNdlu yabameleli, bese kuba eNdlwini Yezigele.

Ukungena Nokuhlola

Imicimbi eminingi yokuphenya iqala ngokuhlola. Lokhu kungabangelwa ukukhononda kwelungu le-Congress, ukudluliswa kweseluleko esikhethekile noma umshushisi ozimele, noma izimangalo zomphakathi zokungalungi. IKomiti ye House Judicary ihola ekuhlolweni. Izisebenzi zekomiti ziqoqa amabhukwana, ofakazi bokuxoxa, futhi ziqule izikhalo ukuze zithole ukuthi kunobufakazi obanele yini. Kwezinye izimo, i House ikha ikomiti ekhethiwe ngokukhethekile ukuba iphathe ukubuza okungamelwe kuqulwe, njengoba kwenziwa ku-2019 kukaMongameli u-Donald Trump.

Isigaba sokuhlola sibucayi ngoba silolonga izihloko zokungagunyazi, futhi ikomiti kumelwe imise umlando oyiqiniso futhi ibone ukuthi yiziphi izenzo eziyizona zobugebengu obungathethelelwa. Phakathi nalesi sigaba, isikhulu esimangalelwe sinethuba lokusabela ngeseluleko somthetho nokubekela ubufakazi obunikezwayo ngokumelene nazo.

Izihloko Ze - Impeating and Mote House

Uma iKomiti yoMjuphi ithola ubufakazi obanele bobubi, idweba izihloko zokwenqabela. Isihloko ngasinye sisho ukumangalelwa okuhlukile, njengokuthi "ukusebenzisa amandla" noma "ukufundisa i-Congress". Ikomiti ivotela ukuthi izihloko zingatuswa yini eNdlu egcwele. Iningi elivamile ekomitini lanele ukuqhubekisela phambili izihloko.

Indlu egcwele yabameleli khona - ke izimpikiswano namavoti esihlokweni ngasinye sokungagunyazi. Ukuhamba kudinga iningi lalabo abakhona kanye nokuvota. Uma indlu ivuma ngisho nesihloko esisodwa, isikhulu siyalahlwa ngokomthetho. Ukukhokha kwendlu kuvumelana necala elikhulu elibekwa abahluleli abahluleli − alilisusi isikhulu ehhovisi, kodwa limisa isigaba sokuqulwa kwecala eSigeqeni.

Ukuqulwa Kwecala KweSigele: Ukulahlwa Okuyingqopha - mlando

Uma iNdlu isiphoqelela isikhulu, lezizihloko zidluliselwa kuSigele, okumelwe siqule icala. ISigele sinemithetho yaso siqu yokulahla ukuqulwa kwecala, okuye kwavela ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. UMthetho-sisekelo ufuna ukuba uMahluleli oyinhloko weNkantolo Ephakeme aqondise lapho umongameli equlwa; ukuze anikeze iziphakamiso zezinye izikhulu, uMongameli noma uMongameli weSigele.

Izenzakalo Nobufakazi

Phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala, iNdlu imisa abaphathi bendlu − ngokuvamile amalungu eKomiti yamaJudicia − ukuze asebenze njengabashushisi futhi anikeze icala ukuze athole ukuqiniseka. Isikhulu esimangalelwayo, esibizwa ngokuthi isikhulu esiphendulayo, singamelelwa ngeseluleko esingokomthetho. ISigele sihlala njengejaji, sinesifungo ngasinye esidingeka ukuba senze isifungo sokwenza ubulungisa ngokungakhethi. Icala lihlanganisa izimemezelo zokuvula, ukunikeza ubufakazi, ukuhlola kofakazi (uma iSigelethi sivuma ukuba bavunyelwe), futhi sigcine izimpikiswano. Ngokungafani necala elivamile lobugebengu, iSishayamthetho singavotela ukulahla icala noma ukushayela ofakazi abangaphezulu noma ukubiza noma kunoma iliphi iphuzu.

Imithetho yobufakazi nenqubo ayiqinile kakhulu njengasenkantolo ngoba ukuqulwa kwecala kuyizehlakalo zezombangazwe. ISigele sinokuhlakanipha okukhulu kokuthola ubufakazi nezincwadi ezingagunyazwa. Kwezinye izindaba ezingokomlando, njengamacala kaMongameli Andrew Johnson ka-1868, kwabizwa ofakazi abaningi.

Inhloso Yokuthola Imvume Noma Ukutholakala Kwayo

Ngemva kokunikezwa kobufakazi, iSigele sivota ngamabomu futhi sivota esihlokweni ngasinye sokungavumelani. Ukugweba nokususa isikhulu, kudinga iningi eliyisithathu sabaphathi abakhona. Nabaphathi-simende abayikhulu, okusho ukuthi kudingeka amavoti angu-67. Uma iSigele sihluleka ukufinyelela kuleso sikhawulo kunoma isiphi isihloko, isikhulu siyakhululwa futhi sihlale esikhundleni. Uma siboshelwe ngezihloko esisodwa noma ngaphezulu, isikhulu sisuswa ngokushesha esikhundleni. ISigelethi futhi singavotela ukuba singasifaneleki isikhulu esiboshiwe siphethe noma isiphi ihhovisi likahulumeni elizayo, ukuvota okuhlukile okudinga isikhulu esivamile kuphela.

Imfuneko engaphezulu ngamabomu ukuze kuvinjelwe ukususwa kwabashokobezi. Emlandweni waseMelika, omongameli abathathu kuphela abaye bahlolwa yindlu: uAndrew Johnson (1868), uBill Clinton (1998), noDonald Trump (209 no-2021). Akukho noyedwa owalahlwa yiSigele, nakuba uJohnson asinda ngevoti elilodwa. Izikhulu zikahulumeni kuphela ezasuswa ehhovisi yiSigqeqeshini yijaji (ngokuphawulekayo, i-Clinto engu-15) abahluleli abaye balahlwa futhi babekwa icala, futhi i-G. Thomas Portissey Jr ngo-2010.

Ukulwela Ukungasafi Akubonani Nokuphinde Ususwe

Inkolelo efihlwayo evamile ukuthi ukujezisa ngokuzenzekelayo kusho ukuthi isikhulu sikhishwa esikhundleni. Eqinisweni, ukusola kumane kuyisimangalo esingokomthetho esibekwe yindlu. Ukuthathelwa isigwebo kwenzeka kuphela ngemva kokugunyazwa kweSigele. Umongameli angaphoqelelwa (esokulahlwa, okusebenza) futhi aqhubeke efeza incazelo egcwele uma iSigele sikhulula. Lomehluko uyisisekelo sokuqonda amasheke nezilinganiso ezakhelwe esimisweni.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuqiniseka akukunqandeli ukuquliswa kwecala kwalandela. UMthetho-sisekelo usho ngokucacile ukuthi iqembu eliboshiwe "kungakhathaliseki ukuthi lizoba necala futhi lifanelekele ukumangalelwa, isigwebo, isahlulelo nesijeziso, ngokwemithetho." Ngamanye amazwi, ukuqapha nokususwa amakhambi ezombangazwe angathathi indawo yesimiso sokwahlulela kobugebengu. Ngokwesibonelo, ngemva kokuba uMongameli Richard Nixon eshiyiwe ngo- 1974, wathola intethelelo kuMongameli uGerald Ford, kodwa lokho kwakuyisinqumo esihlukene sezombangazwe, hhayi umphumela wenqubo yezomthetho ngokwayo.

Iziqondiso Ezingokomlando Nethonya Lazo

Ukuhlola izindaba ezingokomlando zembula indlela lenqubo eye yasetshenziswa ngayo phakathi nenkathi ehlukene namabutho ezombangazwe adlalayo.

Andrew Johnson (1868)

Ukungagunyazi kobumongameli bokuqala kwenzeka ngemva kwesiyaluyalu seMpi Yombango. UMongameli u-Andrew Johnson, uDemocrat waseTennessee owalandela u-Abraham Lincoln, waphikisana ngokuphindaphindiwe neRepublican Congress elawulwayo ngenkambiso yokulungisa umthetho. UKhomishano yadlulisa i-Tenure of Office Act, eyayifuna imvume yeSigele yokususwa kwamalungu ekhabethelweni. Johnson wamelana nomthetho ngokudubula uNobhala weMpi yase-Edwin Stanton, ehola iNdlubhedu yokumka izihloko ezingu-11. Inkantolo yeSishaya i-Nkampathi yathatha izinyanga ezimbili, kanti u-Johnson wabalekela ukuvota okukodwa kwecala lokungamangalelwa i-19, okumfushane kwe-templa lamacala amabili. Icala lasungula ukuthi umongameli umongameli wayengase-se-sephula umthetho wokwephula umthetho womthetho, nakuba umthetho kamuva umthetho watholakala ungatholangawutholangamele umthetho.

Richard Nixon noWatergate (1974)

Umongameli uRichard Nixon wabhekana nokugxekwa ngendima yakhe ehlazweni laseWatergate. IKomiti yendlu kaJudicia yavumela izihloko ezintathu zokungagunyazi: ukuvinjelwa kobulungisa, ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla, nokudelelwa kweSishaya-mthetho. Ngaphambi kokuba iNkantolo egcwele ivote, iNkantolo Ephakeme yayala uNixon ukuba ikhiphe amatepi aqoshiwe afakazela ukuthi uhileleke kwakhe ekusibekeleni igebezo. Ukubhekana nezimiso ezithile zokungagunyazi, uNixon wasula umongameli okuwukuphela kwakhe ukuba ashiye isakhiwo. Lokhu kubonisa indlela usongo lwezeleleko lokungafundisa umongameli lungaphoqeqe umongameli ngisho nangaphandle kwecala. Kwaqinisekisa futhi isimiso sokuthi umongameli akawugunyazi umthetho.

UBill Clinton (1998-1999)

UMongameli uBill Clinton wasolwa ngenxa yokujeziswa nokuvinjelwa kobulungisa obuhlobene nobuhlobo bakhe noWhite Housennn Monica Lewinsky. Indlu yavota kakhulu kanye nemigqa yeqembu, futhi zombili izihloko zadlula ngoDecember 19, 1998. Icala lesigele lathatha amasonto amahlanu futhi laphela ngokulahlwa kuwo womabili amacala; isihloko se-perjury sathola amavoti anecala futhi asitholanga icala, kuyilapho isihloko sesesithi isithimbecrick beboshelwe 50240-50. Icala laphakamisa imibuzo ngokuthi ukuziphatha okubi komuntu siqu, kumelene nokusetshenziswa kabi kwesikhundla somphakathi, kufanele kungabi nacala. Izazi eziningi ezingokomthetho zaphikisa ukuthi lezi ziboshelwayo azihlanganengahlangani "nomthetho omkhulu nendingasese".

Donald Trump (Usizo Lokuqala, 2019-2020)

Ngo-2019, uMongameli uDonald Trump wafundiswa izihloko ezimbili: ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla nokuvinjelwa kweSishaya-mthetho. Lokhu kumangalelwa kwabangelwa ukushaya ucingo noMongameli wase-Ukraini uVolodyr Zelenskyy lapho uTrump acindezela khona ukuba aphenye i-Joe Biden embangi yakhe yezombangazwe kuyilapho egobelela umnyango wempi ogunyaziwe. Indlu yavotela ukunqabela ukuthatha izintambo eziseqenjini. Icala leSigele laphela ngokuvala i-axox ngoFebruary 2020, cishe njenge-Republican resenant renatorss avotation arlentions. Lendaba yaqokomisa isimo sokungavumelani kwempi kwanamuhla nokuthola usizo lwezimpi olugunyaziweyo.

UDonald Trump (I - Second Impecation, 2021)

Ngemva kokuhlasela kwe-Capitol yase-U.S., uMongameli Trump wacelwa okwesibili − [1] lesisikhathi esihlokweni esisodwa sokuvuselelwa kokuvukela. Indlu yavota 232-1997, enabangu-10 Republican behlangana nayo yonke iDemocrates. Kwakuyicala likamongameli lika-Bhartial Pretance emlandweni. Icala leNkathi Yezigele lenzeka ngemva kokuba uTrump eseshiyile kakade, liphakamisa imibuzo engokomthetho yokuthi umongameli wangaphambili angalahlwa yini. ISigele siphinde sibophelele ku-Trump, kanye no-577 Republicans enecala (kuhlanganise no-7) lifinyele kwabangu- 67 ababedingeka. Icala eligcizelela ukuqulwa kwecala ngobukhulu bokuziphatha okungalawuleki.

Ukuhlongozwa Kwezinye Izikhulu Zesifunda

Nakuba ukuqapha kukamongameli kuthatha ukunakekela okukhulu, uMthetho-sisekelo uvumela ukugunyazwa kwabanye abaphathi be-"Advinces". Lo hlelo luhlanganisa amajaji kahulumeni, onobhala bamakhathene, nezikhulu ezithile zegatsha eziphethe eziphezulu. Ngokomlando, iningi lababengagunyazi liye lahlasela amajaji kahulumeni, abamisa izivumelwano zokuphila konke futhi abangenakususwa kalula.

Abahluleli baye basolwa ngenxa yamacala anjengokufumbathisa, ukugweba intela, nokuhlanganyela emsebenzini wezombangazwe oxubayo lapho besebhentshini. Ngokwesibonelo, uMahluleli uJohn Fitelerting (103) waphoqelelwa futhi wasuswa ngenxa yokungahleleki kwengqondo nokudakwa ebhentshini; uMahluleli u-Alegastings (19989) waphonswa futhi wasuswa ngenxa yecala lentela nozungu oluhlobene nehlazo lokufumbathisa (kamuva wakhethwa eNdlini yabameleli bakamongameli). Imithetho yegatsha ngaphandle kukamongameli ayivamile kodwa iye yenzeka, njengokungagunyazi kukaNobhala weMpi uWilliam Belknap ngo1876 ngenxa yenkohlakalo. UBelknap wahoxa iNdluwa, kodwa iNdluwama yeNdluwama.

Ukunxusa Kohulumeni BoMbuso

Ukuvota akuyona into ekhethekile kuhulumeni kahulumeni ophethe. Imithetho-sisekelo kahulumeni eminingi ihlanganisa izinqubo zayo siqu zokuzinqumela kubabusi, abahluleli bezwe, nezinye izikhulu zikahulumeni. Izinqubo ziyahlukahluka kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, ezinye izifundazwe zidinga amavoti amabili-sithathu esifundazweni ukuze zivume ukukhohliswa, njengesibonelo sikahulumeni, kuyilapho amanye esebenzisa inani elivamile. Amanye amazwe avumela futhi ukususwa kwezikhulu ngokukhumbula okhethweni, ukunikela enye indlela yokuziphendulela. Okuphawulekayo ukuvota okuhlanganisa ukukhokha kwe-mthetho ka-2009 ka-2009 kaMbusi uRod Blagovich ngenxa yokonakala, kanye nokungagunyazwa kuka- 2015 kukaMbusi uRobert Remallektersting ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kabi kwezimali zombuso nezezimali. Ukugqesha kwezwe libonisa ukuthi umqondo wezikhulu eziphethe kakhulu zezikhulu ze-Melika.

Umbono Womphakathi Nethonya Lezombangazwe

Ukuqamba kuyi-social yenkolo, futhi umbono womphakathi ufeza indima enamandla ekulolongeni imiphumela yawo. Abahleli bahlongoza ukuba kube yisehlo sezombangazwe, kodwa isimo sezokuxhumana sanamuhla siye sakwenza kwaba lula nakakhulu ukuhlukanisa. Isinqumo sokuqalisa uphenyo ngokuvamile sixhomeke ekutheni iliphi iqembu elilawula iNdlu; isinqumo sokubeka icala sixhomeke ekutheni yiliphi iqembu elilawula iSigele kanye nokuzimisela kwamanxusa ukuhlukanisa amaqembu.

Ukuqonda komphakathi icala noma ubumsulwa besikhulu kungasusa ukugcona kwezombangazwe kumalungu aso ngalinye eSishayamthetho. Ukubhikisha okupholisayo, imikhankaso yotshani, nokusakaza okuqinile kungandisa ukucindezela kwabenzi bomthetho. Ngokuphambene, ukhetho oluhlukene kakhulu lunganciphisa ukubambisana okuphambanayo, lwenze ukuqiniseka okucishe kube nokwenzeka lapho iqembu lesikhulu esibhaliswe liphethe ngaphezu kwengxenye eyodwa yesithathu yezihlalo zegebe. Ukulingwa okungu 202020 no-201 kungu-201 kuyisibonelo esicacile salokhu kuvinjelwa okunamandla.

Izazi ezingokomthetho ziyaqhubeka ziphikisana ngokuthi indawo ehlukanisayo manje iye yaphelelwa amandla njengethuluzi lokulandisa noma iyaqhubeka ivimbela ngokuphumelelayo. Okusobala ukuthi ukujezisa kusewukubonakaliswa okunamandla kwegunya loMkhandlu kanye nesici esigxekayo sesimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Kukhona Kokucela

Ukuqapha kungaphezu kwesezikhali zezombangazwe noma ilukuluku lobuzwe. Kuyisivikelo somthetho-mthetho esiklanyelwe ukulondoloza ubuqotho be-republic ngokususa izikhulu eziye zakhaphela isifungo sazo sombuso. Lenqubo ihlanganisa ukumelana okungokomthetho nokwahlulela kwezombangazwe, ifuna ukuba iNdlu neSigeqe zithathe isinyathelo sokugcina izikhulu ezinamandla kakhulu kuhulumeni zinecala. Nakuba ukukholisa okuphezulu nokukhushulwa kwezombangazwe kwaseMelika kuye kwenza ukususwa okuphumelelayo okungavamile ezicaleni zobumongameli, ukungathi ukungayiphula imthetho kusebenza njengesithiyo ekuvimbeleni ukuziphatha okubi. Abafundi nothisha bomlando, uhulumeni, nomthetho, ukuqonda okuphelele kokungathathisisa ukungalungisi komthetho kudingekile ngenxa yokwazisa amandla nokungalawuleki kwesimiso somthetho waseMelika. Ngokuhlola indlela ukuphumelela nokuphumelela kwemisebenzi ezindaweni ezingoko ezihlukene, sizama ngayo ukuzuza ukubhekana nokulunga.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, hlola i-Constitution Annonowment on project , indlu yomphathi we-arestraterys ye-examentimement, kanye nesiqondiso se-athority sezeluleko [[FLT:] SATE] yezenqubo zokungagunyazi'inqubo[.