Amandla kuhulumeni yimali yokuphila kwezombangazwe − ikhono lokuhlela izinqumo, ukunikeza imithombo yengcebo, nokuqondisa ukuziphatha kwabantu ngabanye nezinhlangano. Ukuqonda ukuthi lo mbuso uvelaphi, ukuthi uyini, futhi uyisebenzisa kanjani kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuhamba noma ukuhileleka esimisweni sezombangazwe. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlola okubanzi kwemithombo, izinhlobo, nabenzi bemidlalo abakha amandla kahulumeni, bedweba inkolelo-lwazi yakudala nezibonelo zanamuhla ukuze banikeze uhlelo oluqinile lokuhlaziya.

Imithombo Yamandla Kuhulumeni

Amandla kahulumeni awaveli ekungabini nalutho. Athathwa enhlanganisela yezisekelo ezingokomthetho, imvume yezenhlalo, ingcebo yezinto ezibonakalayo, kanye nezimfanelo zomuntu siqu. Sekuyisikhathi eside ososayensi bezombangazwe nezazi zefilosofi bephikisana ngalemvelaphi, futhi imithombo elandelayo isekhona ekubusweni kwanamuhla.

Igunya Lomthetho - sisekelo

Umthombo wamandla ongokomthetho noqashelwa kakhulu yigunya lomthetho-sisekelo. ```Isimiso somthetho-sisekelo esilotshiwe noma esingabhalwanga''.''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' simisa isisekelo esiyisisekelo sikahulumeni, sichaza amandla egatsha ngalinye, futhi sibeke imingcele ekusebenziseni igunya. Kuwo wonke uhulumeni wentando yeningi, amandla asetshenziswa ngokuvumelana nemithetho eyisisekelo ebophakele abaqondisi bonke abadlali, kuhlanganise nohulumeni ngokwawo."Lesimiso somthetho-sisekelo, esiyaziwa njengomthetho-sisekelo, siqinisekisa ukuthi amandla awalawulwa kodwa abekwe ngezimiso ezingokomthetho ezimisiwe. Isibonelo, umthetho-U.S. umthetho-sisekelo unikeza imibuso ekhethekile kuMkhankathi, uPrence, uhulumeni, uqobo, ngaphandle kwegunya likahulumeni.

Ukuba Imvume Nokuvuma

Ngaphandle kwemithetho ebhaliwe, amandla axhomeke enkolelweni yokuthi indikimba ebusayo inelungelo lokubusa . Isazi sezesayensi yezenhlalo saseJalimane uMax Weber sahlukanisa izinhlobo ezintathu ezifanele zegunya elingokomthetho: isiko, isihemo, nesimiso somthetho. Igunya lamasiko lisekelwe esimweni esizuzwe ngefa (umz., amamonarchy); igunya elinamandla elinamandla lisuka ekusebenziseni utho lwezimfazelo zomuntu siqu zomholi (umz., izibalo zomkhakha); futhi igunya elingokomthetho lisekelwe esimisweni semithetho nezindlela zokulawula ezingekho ngokomthetho (umk. g., ama-bitausbaucracy). Ezizweni eziningi zanamuhla, igunya lobudemocrali lisuka kakhulu emvumeni yokubusa, evezwa ngenkululeko nangokhetho oluhle. Uma uhulumeni ulahlekelwa uhulumeni ngenxa yokonakala, noma ukuhluleka kwezakhamuzi, ukuhoxabana kwezakhamuzi, noma ukuhoxaba, ukuhoxaba, ukuhoxa ukubusa kwabo.

Amandla Nenkonkoniyu

Nakuba ukufaneleka kuyisisekelo esithandwayo samandla, ikhono lokusebenzisa amandla lihlala liwumthombo obucayi. Umbuso uthi unegunya lokusebenzisa ubudlova obungokomzimba ngokomthetho endaweni yawo, njengoba uWeberdual waphikisa ngokudume kakhulu. Lamandla ahlangene asetshenziswa ngamaphoyisa, izinhlangano zezempi, nezimiso zokujezisa eziphoqelela imithetho nokuvimbela ukuzivikela. Nokho, ukuthembela ekusebenziseni amandla kuyinkemba ebambekayo ephindwe kabili: uhulumeni oxhomeke kakhulu ekubekeni izingozi zokuhamba ngokungena emakhaya futhi ululaza ukufaneleka kwawo siqu. Ohulumeni abaphumelelayo balinganisela amandla ahlangene ngokulalela ngokuzithandela okusakazelelwe, besebenzisa amandla njengendlela yokugcina yokuzimela ukuhleleka nokuvikela umbuso.

Ithonya Lengcebo Nelezomnotho

Imithombo yezomnotho iwumthombo onamandla wezwe. Ingcebo yenza abantu ngabanye nezinhlangano bakwazi ukuqoqa imikhankaso yokukhetha, baqasha abangenisi beminyango, bathenge ukutholakala kwemithombo yezindaba, futhi bahlele isimiso somphakathi ngethonya eliqondile. Emazweni amaningi, ukunqwabelana kwamandla ezomnotho ezandleni zezinhlangano, abanikeli abacebile, namaqembu ezezezentengiselwano kuphakamisa imibuzo ngokuthi amandla ezombangazwe asakazwa ngokufanayo yini noma athathwa ngokumelene nezithakazelo eziphezulu. Imithetho yezezimali yezezimali, izama ukuqinisa iziqondiso, kanye nezimfuneko zokubonakala kahle komphakathi ngethonya lemali, kodwa ubuhlobo phakathi kwemali nezombangazwe buhlala buyimpi ephikisanayo. Cabanga, amakomiti ezombangazwe, nePCs aphambili konke kuyizimoto eziguqula ingcebo ngethonya likahulumeni.

Ukukhanga Nokuhola

Igunya lokunikeza usizo, njengoba kuphawulwe nguWeber, lisekelwe ezimfanelweni zomuntu siqu zikamholi ($_ikhono labo, ikhono lokuphendula, nekhono lokukhuthaza ukuzinikela. Abaholi abakhohlisi bavame ukuvela ngezikhathi zenhlekelele lapho izinhlangano ezimisiwe zigxekwa. Bangahlanganisa izinhlangano, benze ushintsho olusheshayo, futhi baqinise amandla angavamile. Nokho, igunya elinamandla anamandla angavamile aliqinile ngenxa yokuthi lixhomeke ekuphumeleleni okuqhubekayo komholi nasekukhangeni kwakhe siqu. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, livame ukuba inqubo (noma “ukuzinza”) ibe yizindlela ezingokomthetho noma ezingokwesiko. Izibonelo zihlanganisa izigaba ezifana ne-Franklinlinlin. Rooselt, Nelson Mandela, noMartin King Jr.

Izinhlobo Zamandla Kuhulumeni

Lapho sesiyazi imithombo yamandla, singahlukanisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene ezisebenza kuhulumeni. Izazi zezenhlala-khona uJohn French noBertram Raven zaveza isisekelo samandla ezenhlalo amahlanu asebenza ngokuqondile emongweni wezombangazwe: ikhophi, umvuzo, amandla asemthethweni, uchwepheshe, nophawu olukhethekile. Uhlobo ngalunye lunemiphumela ehlukile yendlela izikhulu ezithonyana ngayo futhi zithonya umphakathi.

Amandla Okudlala

Amandla okuzibophezela ahlanganisa ukubeka izijeziso noma ukusongela imiphumela emibi. Kuhulumeni, lokhu kuhlanganisa ikhono lokukhokha izihlawu, ukugquma iziboshwa, ukuchitha amalayisense, noma ukuthumela amandla ahlomile. Nakuba amandla okubambisana kungaveza ukuthobela ngokushesha, ngokuvamile kubangela ukucasuka nokumelana uma kusetshenziswa ngaphandle kokulunga. Izinhlangano zokuqinisekisa umthetho, izindikimba ezilawulayo, kanye neziphathimandla zentela zisebenzisa wonke amandla ahambisanayo; ukuphumelela kwazo kuxhomeke ekuqondeni nezenzo zazo.

Amandla Okuvuza

Amandla omvuzo aphambene nokuphoqelelwa − ihlanganisa ikhono lokunikeza izinzuzo ezinjengemali ekhokhelwayo, izivumelwano, amakhefu entela, ukumiswa, noma ukuqashelwa umphakathi. Izikhulu zikahulumeni zisebenzisa amandla ukuze zivuselele ukuziphatha okufiselekayo, kungaba ngokunikeza izimali ezikhokhelwayo ukuze zivuselele izinkampani zamandla, ukukhokha intela kubaninikhaya, noma ukumisa abasekeli abathembekile emabhodini okuqondisa. Amandla angakhuthaza ukuthakazelela nokubambisana, kodwa futhi afaka izingozi zokwakha izinhlangano ezisekelayo nezingxabano zesithakazelo uma zingalawulwa ngokucophelela.

Amandla Angokomthetho

Amandla angokomthetho asuka esikhundleni esingokomthetho umuntu aphethe phakathi kwesigaba sikahulumeni. Umongameli, umahluleli, noma unobhala wekhabethe unamandla athile ngenxa nje yesikhundla anaso. Lo mbuso uchazwa futhi uboshelwe ngokomthetho; awusona isisebenzi somuntu siqu kodwa uhulumeni. Izakhamuzi kanye nabantu abangaphansi kwaso bamukela amandla angokomthetho ngoba baqaphela igunya lehhovisi, ngisho noma bengavumelani nomphathi wesikhundla. Amandla ayisisekelo ayisikho kuhulumeni owenzele ukubusa okuzinzisa zonke izintambo, njengoba evumela ukwenza izinqumo eziqinisekile nokushintsha okuhlelekile.

Amandla Ezazi

Ikhono elinamandla livela olwazini olukhethekile, ikhono lobuchwepheshe, noma ikhono lobuchwepheshe. Kohulumeni banamuhla, ochwepheshe banendima ebalulekile ekuhleleni isimiso sokwenza ushintsho lwesimo sezulu, impilo yomphakathi, inqubo engokwesiko, nokulondeka kwesizwe. Izisebenzi zombango, abeluleki bezesayensi, izazi zezomnotho, nochwepheshe bezempi bonke basebenzisa amandla ochwepheshe kubenzi bezahlulelo. Loluhlobo lwamandla lungaba nethonya elikhulu kodwa lungaphikisana futhi nokuphendulela ngokwentando yeningi uma ochwepheshe beqala ukungazinaki izindinganiso zomphakathi. Umbango ophakathi kwezesayensi yobuchwepheshe nentando yeningi uyimbangela ephindaphindwayo engxabeni yamandla kahulumeni.

Amandla Anikezwayo

Amandla ahloniphekayo asekelwe ekuncomeni, inhlonipho, noma ukubonakala kumholi noma inhlangano. Atholakala ekhonweni lomuntu siqu, ebuqothweni, noma esithombeni esingokomfanekiso. Umbusi obhekwa njengombonisi wokuziphatha noma umahluleli ohlonipha ukungakhethi kwabo unegunya elinamandla. Lamandla athambile angahlala isikhathi eside kunamandla okuzinikela kokuzithandela. Amandla ancike ekusekeleni kokuzithandela. Amandla avamile ahlaziywa ngokuxhumana okuphumelelayo, inkonzo yasobala, nokunamathela ngokungaguquki ezimisweni.

Ukuvuselela Amandla Awokwakha

Ngaphezu kwezinhlobo zesigaba ngasinye, amandla kahulumeni asebenza futhi emazingeni ahlangene nangokokwakha. Ithonya lomdlali oyedwa elisekelwe komunye umdlali wezomdlalo enxanxathelanisweni yemiphakathi ye-(ukufana), usihlalo sekomiti uyakwazi ukumisa izinto ezithile. Amandla ombuso abhekisela endleleni imithetho yokuhlela, izimiso zezomnotho, kanye nezimiso zezenhlalo eziqinile. Ngokwesibonelo, isimiso sikahulumeni sisakaza amandla phakathi kohulumeni abasenkabeni nakwezigodi, okukwazi ukuqondisa okungasebenza ngokuphumelelayo. Ukuqonda lezizilinganiso kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukuyinkimbinkimbi okugcwele kwezokubusa.

Abadlali Abayinhloko Embusweni Kahulumeni

Amandla awagxili esithweni esisodwa; asakazwa phakathi kwabadlali abaningi abakuxhumana kwabo kuyingxenye yezombangazwe.

Izikhulu Eziqanjiwe

Izikhulu eziqashelwe − abaholi-kakhulu, abameli, abashaya imithetho, ababusi, amameya , abaphethe izikhundla ezibonakalayo kakhulu zamandla. Bathola igunya eziyalweni ezigunyaziwe ze-votor futhi banomthwalo wemfanelo wokwenza imithetho, ukuhlela izimali, nokuqondisa izinhlangano eziphethe. Amandla abo kokubili angokomthetho (ngokusekelwe ngokwemithetho-mthetho nezimiso) kanye nokungabunjwa ngokwethukela (ngokuqondiswa yisiyalo seqembu, imifelandawonye, nombono womphakathi). Abaphathi bavame ukubamba amandla abalulekile ngezabelo zekomiti nokulawula ikhalenda lemithetho, kuyilapho abaphathi besebenzisa amandla okumisa, igunya lokumisa, nokuyala kwezempi.

IButho Laseburhulumenteni

Inkonzo yaphakade yakha inqolobane enkulu yamandla okulawula. Abaphathi-mabhukwana basebenzisa izimiso, baphoqelele iziqondiso, futhi baqondise izinhlelo zomphakathi. Banolwazi olunzulu lwezindawo zabo − ekuvikeleni indawo ezungezile kuya emfundweni (-/* futhi ukuchaza kwabo imithetho kungaklama imiphumela elingana nenhloso yomthetho. Ngenxa yokuthi abakhethwanga ngokuqondile, ama-breaucrates ngokuvamile angaphansi kwezimiso zokwengamela, kodwa futhi bangamelana nokulawula kwezombangazwe phakathi kwe-intellia, ubuchwepheshe, nokuhlakanipha okuhleliwe. Igama elithi “isimo esijulile” ngezinye izikhathi lithinta izikhulu ezingahleli negunya elinamandla adlulele, kodwa i-ochwepheshe ye-odolotte ibalulekile ekuqondiseni okuphumelelayo.

I - judiciary

Izinkantolo zisebenzisa amandla okwahlulela ngokuchaza imithetho, ukumiswa kwezimpikiswano, nokubukezwa kwezenzo zomthetho. Amandla okwahlulela ahlanganisa umsebenzi obucayi wokubukeza komthetho-mthetho, lapho izinkantolo zingashaya khona imithetho ephula amalungelo ayisisekelo noma izimfuneko ze-producratic. Ukuzimela kwejaji kuyisisekelo somthetho, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amandla ahlolwa ngezindinganiso zomthetho. Abahluleli bamiswa ngokusemthethweni kunokuba bakhethwe ezimisweni eziningi, bayivikele ezingcindezini zezombangazwe ezimfushane. Nokho, ukumiswa kwezahlulelo ngokwazo kungaba yizimpi zezombangazwe eziphambili, njengoba kubonakala ezimpini ezinkulu zenkantolo zamuva.

Amaqembu Anesithakazelo Nabathandi Bobugovu

Amaqembu anesithakazelo asuka emabuthweni ezinhlangano zezinhlangano zezisebenzi, izinhlangano zendawo ezungezile kuya ezinhlanganweni zezemisebenzi zokwenza imisebenzi . Zifuna ukuthonya izinqumo zezikhulu ezikhethiwe nabasebenzi abaqeqeshiwe. Zinikeza ubuchwepheshe, iminikelo yomkhankaso, nokuqoqa izinhlangano zokuvota ukuze kuncishiswe izimiso ezilungile. Izisebenzi zikahulumeni, ngokuvamile ezazikade ziphethe ngokwazo, zisebenza njengezihlanganisi phakathi kwalamaqembu nabenzi bezimiso. Ithonya lamaqembu anesithakazelo liphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekile ngokuphathelene nokulingana: amaqembu anemithombo emikhulu yezimali ngokuvamile anendlela yokufinyelela namandla ngokungenakulinganiswa. Ukuqinisekisa imisebenzi evumayo nemithetho yezezimali kuyizinyathelo eliyinhloko yokugcina icala.

Abadayisi

Imithombo yezindaba isebenza njengomthombo wamandla nokuhlolwa kwamandla. Izinhlangano zezindaba zihlela umbono womphakathi ngokukhetha ukuthi yiziphi izindaba okumelwe zihlanganiswe, ukuthi zingahlanganisa yiphi imibandela, nokuthi zingaba naziphi iziphi izingcindezi. Kusukela enkathini yezibalo, amaqonga ezokuxhumana ezenhlalo aye aba abadlali abanamandla embulungeni yezombangazwe, enza ukuba kusakazwe ngokushesha kokwaziswa (nokwaziswa okunganembile). Umbiko okhululekile ubizwa ngokuthi “isimo sesine” ngenxa yendima yayo ekubekeni uhulumeni ulandiso, kodwa izinhlangano zezokuxhumana ngokwazo ngokwazo zingaba ngaphansi kokucindezela kwezomnotho, ukucwasana kwezombangazwe, futhi ngisho nokubusa ngemibuso encishisiwe ebusayo yentando yeningi. Ubuhlobo phakathi kohulumeni nemithombo yezindaba buyindawo eyingozi kakhulu eyingozi empilweni yentando yentando yeningi.

Imikhosi Yezombangazwe

Amaqembu ezombangazwe ayizimoto eziyinhloko zokuncintisana ngegunya okhethweni nokuhlela uhulumeni ngemva kokhetho. Bafaka izithakazelo, abafuna ukujoyina, basungula iziteji, futhi bagunyaze ukuqondisa phakathi kwamalungu akhethiwe. Abaholi beqembu banamandla amakhulu phezu kwezinhlelo zomthetho, izabelo zekomiti, nokusakaza ama-perquates. Ezimisweni eziningi zephalamende, iningi noma umfelandawonye ulawula ngokuphumelelayo kokubili amagatsha aphethe nezomthetho, ukwandisa amandla ngezindlela ezidinga ukuhlola nokuqondisa kwangaphakathi okucophelela.

Abasizi Bomhlaba Wonke

Ezweni elihlangene, umbuso kahulumeni ubuye ukhiwe yizinhlangano zomhlaba wonke, ohulumeni bakwamanye amazwe, izinhlangano zezizwe, nezinhlangano ezingezizo zohulumeni. Izivumelwano, ezohwebo, nomthetho wezizwe zonke zinqanda ukukhetha kwezimiso zasekhaya. Ngokwesibonelo, i-European Union isebenzisa amandla okulawula abalulekile phezu kwamazwe ayo angamalungu, kuyilapho i International Monetary Fund ithonya imithetho ngezimali ezibolekwayo. Imibuso ephethe ihlala iyizimboni eziyinhloko embusweni zembulunga yonke, kodwa amandla ayo ayaqhubeka emiswa yimikhosi yangaphandle.

Indima Yezakhamuzi Embusweni Kahulumeni

Ezimisweni zentando yeningi, izakhamuzi azizona nje izikhonzi zamandla; zihlanganyela ngentshiseko ekudalweni, ekuhlakazweni, nasekulinganisweni kwazo.

Ukunikela Nokuhlanganyela Ngokuzikhandla

Indlela eqondile kakhulu izakhamuzi ezisebenzisa ngayo amandla ingovota. Izinqumo zinquma ukuthi ubani ophethe amahhovisi emithetho nezikhulu, futhi zinikeza indlela yokuziphendulela ngokusebenza kwazo. Umvoti omkhulu uvota uqinisa ukufaneleka kwezikhulu ezikhethiwe nezimpawu zokuthi umphakathi ubophekile. Ngokuphambene, ukujeza okuphansi ngokuvamile kususa amaqembu abekwe ngokwezikhundla zemithetho futhi kungaphumela ekutholeni izinqumo ezihloniphekile. Imikhankani yokwandisa ukuvota − njengokubhalisa okuzenzekelayo, ukuvota, ukuvota kwasekuqaleni, nokuthumela iposi kuqhubekela ekubeni izimpikiswano ezibalulekile kudedayezo eziningi.

Ukuzitika Nokuthatha Isinyathelo

Ngaphandle kokuvota, izakhamuzi zingathonya uhulumeni ngokujoyina amaqembu abusayo, ukuba khona emihlanganweni yomphakathi, ukuxhumana nabameleli, nokuhlanganyela emigijimeni. Izinhlangano zomphakathi ngokomlando ziye zaba amandla amakhulu okuguqula, kusukela emzamweni wamalungelo omphakathi ukuya ekulweni ukulingana komshado. Izinhlangano zezempatho zezentengiselwano zikhulisa amazwi abantu ngabanye futhi ziqinisekisa ukuthi izindaba ezithile zithola ukunakekela okuqhubekayo. Ukwanda kwamathuluzi emishinini kuye kwehlisa imingcele yokuhlela, ukuvumela imikhankankano yotshani ukuba iqhutshelwe ngokushesha nangempumelelo.

Umqondo Womphakathi Nokungcoliswa Kwendawo

Izikhulu zikahulumeni zihlale ziqondisa umbono womphakathi ngokuhlola, ukuhlola, nangezokuxhumana. Izimiso zezakhamuzi ezihlangene zihlela izinqumo zezombangazwe nezokuthonya izinqumo zesimiso, ikakhulukazi ezindabeni eziphambili zezezezwe. Nokho, umbono womphakathi ungashintshashintsha futhi usetshenziswe ngamacala angeyiwo, ngenkulumo engalungile, nangokuphakamiso. Ukuhlolwa kombono womphakathi kuyindawo eyinhloko yesayensi yezombangazwe, futhi ukuqonda amandla ayo kubalulekile kubo bobabili abaholi nezakhamuzi abafuna ukuba nesibopho sokuthola ukulandisa kwemithetho. (Ngokho, bheka imininingwane ebanzi ngesimo sezombangazwe [[FLT:]] Prewn Information Center [[FLT:]]]).

Ukungalaleli Nokwenqaba Kwangaphakathi

Uma imizila evamile yethonya ibonakala inganele, ngezinye izikhathi izakhamuzi ziphendukela ekungalalelini komphakathi futhi ziphikise ngokubekela imithetho engalungile noma izimiso inselele. Kusukela ekuhambeleni kukaGandhi usawoti ukuya e-Gandhi, ukumelana okungenabudlova kuye kwaletha izinguquko eziphawulekayo kuwo wonke umlando. Ukunganeliseki okukhulu futhi kungaphazamisa ukubusa okuvamile, kuphoqelele abaholi ukuba baphendule. Nakuba ukungalaleli komphakathi kusebenza ngaphandle kwezimiso zomthetho, kudonsela egunyeni lokuziphatha elingacindezela ohulumeni ukuba bashintshe indlela.

Ukuba Izakhamuzi Ngezinombolo Nokuhlanganyela Kuyi - Internet

I-Internet iye yaguqula ukungenela kwezakhamuzi. Izembu jikelele zezokuxhumana zivumela ukuhlelwa okusheshayo nokwaziswa, okwenza izinhlangano ezifana ne-Arabia Spring ne-Black Live Confect zizuze imbulunga yonke. Imikhankaso yokucosha esebenzayo, izicelo ze-Internet, kanye namahholo akhona asemadolobheni andisa ithuluzi lokuhlanganisa izombangazwe. Nokho, ukuhlanganyela kwezemishini kubangela ukukhathazeka futhi kukhathazeke ngezindaba ezingezobulungisa, amagumbi onothi, nokuphazamisa kokhetho. Ukusetshenziswa kwekhono lobumishini kudinga ukucukuthwa kwamanani okuhluza ingqondo nokufunda imithombo yezindaba.

Amasheke, Ukulinganisela, Nokusakaza Amandla

Ukuze kuvinjelwe ukunqwabelana kwamandla kunoma yimuphi umdlali noma inhlangano, ohulumeni abaningi bentando yeningi bahlanganisa izinqubo zokuhlola nokulinganisela.

Ukuhlukana Kwamandla

Isibonelo esivelele sokuhlukanisa amagunya ahlukanisa uhulumeni ube ngamagatsha amathathu: izishaya-mthetho, isikhulu, nokwahlulela. Igatsha ngalinye linemisebenzi ehlukile nekhono lokuvimbela noma ukunqanda izenzo zabanye. Ngokwesibonelo, isishaya-mthetho senza imithetho, umphathi uyawaphoqelela, futhi i-jaji liyawachaza. Umthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. uchaza lesi simiso, ngokuhlelwa okufana nomongameli iveto, ukuqinisekiswa kweSigele sokumisa, nokubukezwa kwemithetho. Ukuhlukaniswa kwemithetho kuqinisekisa ukuthi akukho nto eyodwa enegunya engayibusa uhulumeni ngaphandle kokubambisana nabanye, ngaleyondlela ivikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Ngenxa yalokho, uhlola incazelo engokomthetho engokomthetho kumthetho: [FOctive:]. [FU.U.U.U.S.Nkamu yeNkanto eMkhandlu yeNkanto engokomthetho [FFoct]

Ubumbano Nokubusa Kwendawo

Ezimisweni zikahulumeni, amandla ahlukaniswa phakathi kohulumeni abaphakathi (wesizwe) nohulumeni besifunda (wesifunda noma wesifunda). Lokhu kusakaza kwendawo kuvumela ukulinga ngenqubo, ukuhlaliswa kwezindawo ezihlukene, namaphuzu amaningi okuthola izakhamuzi. I-Federalism futhi yakha izinkundla eziningi zamaqembu enzalo namaqembu ezombangazwe, inciphisa ingozi yokuba amandla abe phakathi kwezwe. Ngisho nasemazweni ahlangene, ohulumeni bendawo basebenzisa igunya eliqinile ezindabeni ezinjengemfundo, ukuhlanganisa, ukuhlanganisa, nokuhlanganisa izakhiwo, kanye nezokuhlanganisa amaphoyisa, inezela enye i-partumssss ekusakazeni amandla.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela

Ukubukeza kokwahlulela kungamandla ezinkantolo okuhlola ukuthi imithetho nezenzo zokuphatha ziyavumelana yini nomthetho-sisekelo. Lo msebenzi ubalulekile ekulondolozeni ukubusa komthetho nokuvikela amalungelo amancane ngokumelene neziphathi zemithetho. Nakuba unikeza abahluleli amandla abalulekile, ukubukeza kokwahlulela ngokwako kulawulwa yisimiso esingokomthetho, ukwahlukana kwemibuso, nokuhlelwa komthetho-mthetho wokulungisa. Izenzakalo zezwe ezinjenga [marbury v. Madison yamisa isimiso eUnited States, nezimiso ezifanayo ezisebenza ezindaweni zentando yeningi. Izisekelo zefilosofi zokuhlola idingiswa kuxoxwa ngokujule [[FL:] [FOLD]

Isiphetho

Igunya kuhulumeni liyinqubo exutshiwe, esekelwe emklamweni womthetho-sisekelo, ekusebenzelaneni kwezenhlalo, ingcebo yezinto ezibonakalayo, ithonya lomuntu siqu, nezakhiwo zokuhlela. Ibonakala ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene ``ikhokha, inzuzo, ikhokha, uchwepheshe, futhi ikhomba ngokusemthethweni,(inye enezici ezihlukene nezingokomthetho. Abadlali abayinhloko, kusukela ezikhulwini ezikhethiwe ukuya ezinhlanganweni, abahluleli, amaqembu ezithakazelo, imithombo yezindaba, nezakhamuzi ngokwazo, njalo ukuxoxa nokuncintisana nokusetshenziswa kwamandla. Ukuqonda lezizilinganiso akuyona nje indlela yemfundo yemfundo engokwemfundo; kuyisidingo esiwusizo kunoma ubani ofisa ukungenela izimiso zawo zombuso nokuvikela intando yentando yeningi.

Njengezakhamuzi, sinamandla okugcina ukunikeza noma ukuhlehlisa amalungelo. Ngokuhlala sinolwazi, sihlanganyela okhethweni, sihileleke ekuthatheni izikhulu icala, singahlela ukusakazwa kwamandla ngezindlela ezivumelana nezindinganiso zethu ezihlangene. Ngakho - ke ukuhlolwa kwamandla kahulumeni kuwukuhlolwa kwendlela esizibusa ngayo thina ngokwethu, futhi indlela esingazibusa ngayo kangcono.

Ukuze baqhubeke behlola, abafundi bangabhekisela kwimisebenzi evelele kaMax Weber egunyeni nasebuthweni, kanye nokuhlaziywa kwamandla kwamanje nguRobert Dahl, Steven Lukas, kanye nezinye. Imibhalo yesisekelo enjenge-Federalist Papers inikeza ukuqonda okungaphelelwa isikhathi ezinjukwini zokwakhiwa kwe-checks kanye nezilinganiso.