Table of Contents
Ukuqonda Amaphepha Abahlali Bomphakathi: Ikhorali Lentando Yeningi YaseMelika
Amaphaphu e-Federalist Paper ayiqoqo lezihloko nezindaba ezingu-85 ezabhalwa ngu-Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, noJohn Jay ngaphansi kwegama-mqoka eliyiqembu eliyikhonzi "Publius" ukuthuthukisa ukuhlanekezelwa koMthetho-sisekelo we-United States. Le mibhalo ephawulekayo imelela esinye sezingxenye ezibaluleke kakhulu kuyifilosofi yezombangazwe emlandweni waseMelika, inikeza izakhamuzi ifasitela ezingqondweni zoFata abaFundiweyo nezimiso ezakha uhulumeni wezwe.
Kubantu banamuhla, ukuqonda amaPaper akuyona nje indlela yemfundo. Lezi zindaba ziyaqhubeka zithonya ukuchazwa komthetho-sisekelo, zizise izimpikiswano ngendima efanelekile kahulumeni, futhi zinikeze umongo obalulekile wokuqonda amalungelo nemithwalo yemfanelo echaza ubuzwe baseMelika. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumfundi, umfundisi, uchwepheshe ongokomthetho, noma uthembise isakhamuzi, amaFederali Paper anikeza ukuqonda okungaguquguquki ngokulingana okungaguquguquki phakathi kwenkululeko nokuhleleka, amandla ombuso, amalungelo ombuso, namalungelo omuntu siqu kanye neqembu lezakhamuzi.
Umlando: Isizwe Esiseqenjini Labantu
Inhlekelele Ngaphansi Kwezihloko Zokuhlanganisa
Ukuze siwaqonde ngokugcwele amaFederalist Papers, kumelwe siqale siqonde isimo esiyingozi esibhekene ne-United States encane ekupheleni kwawo-1780. Izihloko zeConfederation, incwadi yokuqala ebusayo yaseMelika, ngokudabukisayo zaziye zabonakala zingenalo ulwelwelwe lokuphatha izindaba zesizwe esisha. Uhulumeni omkhulu wawungenawo amandla okuphakamisa inzuzo, ukulawula ibhizinisi phakathi kwemibuso, noma ulondoloze ukuhleleka komphakathi ngokuphumelelayo.
Ubuthakathaka balesi simiso babonakala kakhulu phakathi nezenzakalo ezifana noRevens Revelution kaShays ngo1786-1787, lapho abalimi abahlomile eMassachusetts bevukela iziphathimandla zikahulumeni ngenxa yezikweletu nezintela. Ukuhluleka kukahulumeni kahulumeni ukusabela ezinkingeni ezinjalo kwabonisa isidingo esiphuthumayo sesimiso esiqinile sokubusa.
Umhlangano Womthetho - sisekelo Nemiphumela Yawo
Okwavela kuloMhlangano Womthetho - sisekelo kwakungekona ukubukezwa kweZiphakamiso Ze - Confederation, njengoba abaningi babelindele, kodwa kwakuwuMthetho - sisekelo omusha ngokuphelele oveza isimiso sikahulumeni esihluke ngokuphelele.
Ngokushesha uMthetho-sisekelo ohlongozwayo wavusa impikiswano enkulu. Ngokushesha nje lapho izihambeli ezingu-39 zisayina uMthetho-sisekelo ohlongozwayo ngo-September 1787, lencwadi yaya ezizweni ukuze ihlonishwe, iphakamisa impikiswano eshubile phakathi "kwabathandi bomthetho-mthetho," abakhetha ukumiswa komthetho-sisekelo njengokulotshiwe, kanye "no-Antifederalist," owamelana noMthetho-sisekelo futhi wenqaba ukunikeza uhulumeni wezwe amandla anamandla.
Impi YaseNew York
ENew York, ukuphikisa uMthetho-sisekelo kwakunamandla kakhulu, futhi ukuhlanekezelwa kwamazwe kwakubhekwa njengokubaluleke kakhulu. Ukuthatha kwawo indima engokomthetho nangokomnotho kwenza ukuba kubaluleke kule nhlangano entsha. Kwakukulemo lapho uAlexander Hamilton acabanga khona ngochungechunge lwezincwadi olubanzi ukuze avikele uMthetho-sisekelo futhi anxuse abantu baseNew York ukuba basekele ukudukiswa.
Abalobi: Izingqondo Ezintathu Ezingaqondakali Ezilandela UPublius
U - Alexander Hamilton: Amandla Okushayela
U-Alexander Hamilton, ummeli waseNew York nowakena ummeli ka-Ade de-camp kuGeorge Washington phakathi neMpi yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, wayengumklami oyinhloko nomfutho ophambili ngemva komsebenzi we-Federalist Papers. Hamilton wabhala izinombolo 1,629, 1110,15-17, 21-36, 59761, kanye no-685, emenza waba neqhaza elikhulu kakhulu ngezincwadi ezingu-51.
Izindaba zikaHamilton zagxila ezindaweni eziningana ezibucayi: ubuthakathaka bezihloko ze-Confederation, isidingo segatsha eliphetheyo elinamandla, ukubaluleka kwemibuso yentela kahulumeni, kanye nokwakheka kwejaji. Indlela yakhe yokubhala yayinamandla futhi iqondile, ibonisa ukuzimisela kwakhe okunamandla ukwakha uhulumeni wesizwe onamandla okwazi ukuncintisana emhlabeni.
UJames Madison: Umklami Womthetho - sisekelo
James Madison, ovame ukubizwa ngokuthi "uBaba woMthetho-sisekelo" ngendima yakhe eyinhloko eMhlanganweni woMthetho-sisekelo, wanikela ngezincwadi ezingu 29 eqoqweni. UMadison wabhala izinombolo 10, 14,1824,7858, no-62-63, ezigxile ngokuyinhloko ekwakhekeni kukahulumeni ohlongozwayo kanye nokuvumelana kwakhe nezimiso zobuzwe.
Iminikelo kaMadison yayihlanganisa ezinye zezindatshana ezinethonya kakhulu nezivame ukucashunwa kuyo yonke iqoqo. Ukuqonda kwakhe okujulile ngemfundiso yezombangazwe, kanye nolwazi lwakhe olujulile ngemibono ye-Constitution, kwenza izimhlomelo zakhe zaba negunya elikhulu. Kamuva uMadison wayezokhonza njengoMongameli wesine wase United States futhi aqashelwe ngokuthi "uBaba weSikhulu samalungelo Omphakathi" ngendima yakhe yokuhlela izinqumiso zokuqala eziyishumi zoMthetho-sisekelo.
UJohn Jay: Ingcweti Yezindaba Zakwamanye Amazwe
Jay wabhala izinombolo 2-5 no 64, enikela ngezindaba ezinhlanu kulenkongozelo. UJay wagula ngemva kokubhala ezine zezindatshana, ezibangela igebe phakathi kwezindaba 5 no 64. Naphezu kwengxenye yakhe elinganiselwe ngobuningi, izimfunda zikaJay zazibalulekile, ikakhulukazi ekusingatheni izindaba zangaphandle kanye nezinzuzo zenyunyana ukuze kuqinisekwe izwe.
UJay waletha okuhlangenwe nakho okuwusizo kobuzwe kulomsebenzi, njengoba ayekhonze njengesikhonzi eSpain futhi kamuva waba uMahluleli Oyinhloko weNkantolo Ephakeme YaseUnited States.
Imfihlakalo Kapublius
Ibhalwe ngu-Alexander Hamilton, uJames Madison, noJohn Jay, u-Federalist Essays ekuqaleni babonakala bengaziwa ngaphansi kwegama-mgeni elithi "Publius". Ukuba kwabo abalobi kwagcinwa kuyimfihlo kwaze kwaba uHamilton wafa ngo-1804. Ukukhethwa kwe-"Publius" kwakungomthetho wamabomu futhi kwakunencazelo enenjongo − u-Publius Valerus Publiolaola, umsunguli weRiphabliki yamaRoma owayaziwa ngokuzinikela kwakhe kuhulumeni wezwe lonke kanye nomthetho.
Lokhu kungaqondakali kwafeza izinjongo eziningana. Kwavumela ukuba izindaba zahlulelwe ngezimfanelo zazo kunokuba zahlulelwe ngedumela labalobi bazo. Kwadala futhi izwi elinobunye, kwaveza izimpikiswano njengezivela kumuntu oyedwa, ezivumelanayo kunabantu abathathu abahlukene. Imfihlakalo ehlobene nombhali wayo kamuva yayizodala izimpikiswano zezazi ezisaqhubeka kuze kube namuhla ngokuphathelene nokuthi umlobi wabhala ziphi izindalo ezithile eziphikisanayo.
Ukusakazwa Nokusakazwa: Ukufinyelela Abantu
Umkhankaso Wamaphephandaba
Ezakuqala ezingamashumi ayisikhombisa nayisikhombisa zalezizindaba zanyatheliswa ngokwenombolo elandelanayo kuyi Independent Journal, i-New York Packet, ne-Daily Adversitorr phakathi kuka-October 1787 no-April 1788. Lezi zindaba zavela ngejubane eliphawulekayo, ngezinye izikhathi zinezigaba eziningi ezanyatheliswa ngesonto elilodwa. Le nqubo yokunyathelisa esheshayo yabonisa ukuphuthuma kwempikiswano ye-ratiation kanye nokuzimisela kwababhali ukuthonya umbono womphakathi phambi komhlangano we-raenseling waseNew York.
Amaphephandaba ayeyithuluzi eliyinhloko lokunikeza inkulumo yezombangazwe, futhi ukunyathelisa emaphepheni amaningi kwakuqinisekisa ukusakazwa kabanzi. Lezi zindaba zanyatheliswa nakwamanye amazwe, kwanwetshwa ithonya lazo ngalé kweNew York.
Umagazini Wencwadi
Imboni yaseNew York yokunyathelisa uJ. McLean yamemezela ukuthi yayizonyathelisa izincwadi zokuqala ezingu-36 njengomqulu oyivolumu; lowomqulu wakhululwa ngo-March 22, 1788, futhi wabizwa ngokuthi umqulu 1. Umqulu wesibili wakhululwa ngoMay 28, owawunenani likaFederation Nos. 37-77 kanye noNos. 78-85 owayenganyatheliswa ngaphambili.
Ngokuthakazelisayo, uhlelo lwencwadi lwalungaphumelelanga ekuqaleni. Abamemezeli babelindele uchungechunge olufushane kakhulu, futhi lo msebenzi wakhula ngokuphindwe kathathu kunalo lokuqala. Amakhulukhulu amakhophi ahlala engasatholakali, futhi amaningi asakazwa njengezipho kubameleli eMhlanganweni woMthetho-sisekelo kanye nezinye izikhulu ezinamandla. Nokho, lokhu kwehluleka kwezentengiselwano kwasho ukubaluleka okuhlala njalo kwalo msebenzi.
Izimiso Nezimpikiswano Zomthetho
Uhulumeni: Ukulinganisela Ukubusa Kwezwe NoMbuso
Enye yezihloko eziyinhloko ezihlanganisa iFederalist Papers iphuzu lobuzwe − ukuhlukaniswa kombuso phakathi kukahulumeni wezwe nezwe. Umbangisi Nos. 39 no - 51 baveza izimiso eziyisisekelo zobuzwe kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso, neziphetho nezilinganiselo ezidingekile eziklanyelwe ukuvimbela ubushiqela.
Abalobi baphikisa ngokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo wakha isimiso esingahlanga ngokuphelele noma esingesona esinguhulumeni ngokuphelele, kodwa ingxubevange ebhekiswe kahle kuzo zombili. Uhulumeni wesizwe uyoba negunya eliphakeme ezindaweni ezithile ezibaliwe − njengokuvikela, izindaba zakwamanye amazwe, kanye nezentengiselwano zamazwe (ezinye) kanti izifundazwe zaziyogcina ubukhosi kwezinye izifunda. Lengxenye yayiklanyelwe ukuvimbela ukubekwa kwegunya kuyilapho iqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni wesizwe unegunya elanele lokusebenza ngokuphumelelayo.
IFederalist Papers yagcizelela ukuthi lesimiso sasiyovikela inkululeko ngokudala izikhungo eziningi zikahulumeni wezwe. Uma uhulumeni wezwe wawungadlula imingcele yawo, imibuso ingasebenza njengesehlo.
Ukuhlukana Kwamandla Nokulinganisela
Isimiso sokuhlukanisa amagatsha ahlukene phakathi kwamagatsha ohulumeni, qhawe, futhi ahlulelwe ("ibalulekile""ibalulekile ekuklanyweni koMthetho-sisekelo."KuFederalist No. 51., Madison wachaza isidingo sokuhlola nokulinganisela phakathi kwamagatsha. Lendaba iqukethe enye yezingxenye ezidume kakhulu ezincwadini zezombangazwe zaseMelika: "ukube abantu babeyizingelosi, akukho hulumeni obekudingeka," uMadison wabhala ngokulinganayo kumaFederalist 51."
Impikiswano kaMadison yayisekelwe ekubhekeni isimo somuntu ngendlela engokoqobo. Ebheka amadoda anamandla ngendlela engathembi lutho, waphikisa ngokuthi ukulinganisela kungavumela uhulumeni ukuba uzilawule, ngoba labo abaphethe bathambekele ekuzameni ukuzuza igunya ngokuxhaphaza abanye. Ikhambi lalikukukuhlela uhulumeni ukuze isifiso simelane nokufuna ukuvelela, igatsha ngalinye linezindlela zomthetho-sisekelo nezisusa zomuntu siqu zokumelana nokugxambukela kwabanye.
Lesimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela sahlanganisa izinqubo ezinjengobumongameli we-veto ngokumiswa komthetho, ukuqinisekiswa kweSigele sokumisa umongameli nezivumelwano, ukubukezwa komthetho wemithetho nezenzo zezikhulu, namandla okungagunyazi. Igatsha ngalinye lizovikela amalungelo alo ngozwela, libangele ukulinganisela okukhulu okungalondoloza inkululeko kuyilapho likwazi ukubusa ngokuphumelelayo.
Inkinga Yeqiniso: Umbhali Wezobumba No.
Kwenye yezindatshana eziphawuleka kakhulu, "u-Federalist 10," uMadison wenqaba inkolelo evamile ngalesosikhathi yokuthi uhulumeni werepublic ungenzeka kuphela kumazwe amancane. Lendaba iye yaba yithonya elikhulu nefundwa kabanzi kuyo yonke i-Federalist Papers, ngokuyisisekelo ilulaza umbono wezombangazwe ngobuhlobo phakathi kobukhulu nohulumeni weRepublic.
UMadison wachaza iqembu lezakhamuzi ezihlanganiswe inkanuko eyodwa noma isithakazelo esimelene namalungelo ezinye izakhamuzi noma izithakazelo ezihlala njalo zomphakathi. Waphikisa ngokuthi izimbangela zobuhlakani zazisekelwe esimweni somuntu futhi zazingenakususwa ngaphandle kokubhubhisa inkululeko ngokwayo. Ngakho - ke, ikhambi lalingekhona ukuvimbela amaqembu ukuba amise kodwa ukulawula imiphumela yawo.
Waphikisa ngokuthi ukuzonga, inkululeko, nobulungisa kungafinyelelwa endaweni enkulu enabantu abaningi abahlukene. Eriphabliki enkulu, izithakazelo ezihlukahlukene zingenza kube nzima nganoma yimuphi umbango ukuba azuze iningi. Ngisho noma iningi labantu lalingaba khona endaweni eyodwa, imbulunga enkulu yezwe ingayivimbela ekuthatheni isinyathelo esizothatha sonke isizwe.
Nakuba ngokuvamile ibhekwa njengokuhlasela umthetho weningi, lendaba empeleni ivikela kokubili ukuvumelana kwezenhlalo, kwezomnotho, namasiko kanye neqembu labantu abaningi abakhiwa ukuvumelana nokuvumelana.
Isidingo Sokuhlanganiswa
Umhleli we-Federal Nos. 1-14 uphikisa ngokuthi ukusinda kwe-Union kuxhomeke kuhulumeni onamandla ophethe ukuxazulula izindaba ezinjengokuzivikela, ezentengiselwano, kanye nobudlelwane bamazwe ahlukene. Izindaba zokuqala kuloluchungechunge zigxile ekuboniseni izinzuzo zokulondoloza isizwe esinobunye kunokuba zihlukane zibe izikhawu ezihlukene noma amazwe azimele.
Abalobi baphikisa ngokuthi inyunyana yanikeza ukulondeka ezinsongweni zakwamanye amazwe, njengoba isizwe esinobunye singalondoloza ibutho elinamandla futhi sibe khona ngokunamandla kakhulu ezindabeni zomhlaba. i - Union yasiza futhi ekuqedeni izithiyo phakathi kwemibuso futhi yadala intengo enkulu, ehlangene kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inyunyana eqinile ingavimbela izingxabano phakathi kwemibuso engase ikhule ibe ubudlova.
Lezimpikiswano zazibaluleke ngokukhethekile ezinikezwa amaqiniso ezombangazwe ekupheleni kwekhulu le - 18. Imibuso yaseYurophu yayisalokhu ikhona eNyakatho Melika, futhi iMelika ehlukene yayiyoba sengozini yokusetshenziswa kabi nokunqotshwa kwamanye amazwe. i - Federalist Papers yenza icala lokuthi iUnited States yayingazivikela kuphela ngobunye ngaphansi komthetho - sisekelo ophumelelayo ukuze ithole inkululeko nokuchuma kwayo.
Igatsha Eliphethe: Amandla Nokulandisa
Umhleli we-Federal No. 70 uvikela isidingo sokuba kube nomphathi oyedwa (uBuphathi) oqinisekisa ukulandisa nokubusa okuphumelelayo. Hamilton waphikisa ngokuthi "ukungalawuleki kumphathi" kwakubalulekile kuhulumeni olungile, kulungiselela ukuvikela umphakathi ekuhlaseleni kwamanye amazwe, ukulawulwa okungaguquguquki kwemithetho, ukuvikelwa kwempahla, nokulondeka kwenkululeko.
Indaba yesikhulu esisodwa kunokuba ibe isiphathi-sikhulu esisebuningini yayisekelwe ekucabangeleni okuningi. Isikhulu esisodwa singanquma futhi sikwazi ukwenza ngesivinini nangokufihla okudingekayo ngezinye izikhathi ezindabeni zokulondeka kwesizwe. Kungaba futhi umthwalo wemfanelo omkhulu, ngoba umthwalo wemfanelo awunakukhishwa phakathi kwabaphethe izikhundla eziningi. Ubunye bomphathi bungavimbela izingxabano zangaphakathi nokukhubazeka okungabangela ukungezwani kwegunya lesikhulu elihlukene.
Hamilton wakhuluma ngobushiqela bezikhulu ngokukhomba amasheke ahlukahlukene aphathelene namandla obumongameli: igama elilinganiselwe lesikhundla, ithuba lokungagunyazwa, imfuneko yemvume yeSigele sokumiswa nezivumelwano, namandla okumisa izimemezelo. Lezizikhungo zazingavimbela umongameli ekubeni abe yinkosi kuyilapho evumela igunya elanele ukuba afeze imithwalo yakhe yemfanelo engokomthetho.
I - Judia: Umgadi Womthetho - sisekelo
Federal List No. 78 ichaza indima yejaji nokubaluleka kokubukezwa kokwahlulela. Hamilton waphikisa ngokuthi ijaji liyoba "igatsha eliyingozi elisezweni" ngoba lalingenankemba (njengesikhulu) noma isikhwama semali (njengesishaya-mthetho), kodwa isahlulelo nje.
Lendaba yabeka isisekelo sesimiso sokuhlola kokwahlulela,(-) amandla ezinkantolo okuqeda imithetho ephikisana noMthetho-sisekelo. Hamilton waphikisa ngokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo wawumelela umthetho oyisisekelo omiswe abantu, futhi umthetho ovamile wawungenakuwuqeda. Abahluleli, ngokuzimela kwabo nokuhlakanipha okungokomthetho, babenesikhundla esingcono kakhulu sokuchaza uMthetho-sisekelo futhi baqinisekise ukuthi amanye amagatsha ahlala ngaphakathi kwemingcele yabo engokomthetho-mthetho.
Icala lokwengamela ukukhululeka lihlanganisa ukuphila kwabahluleli bakahulumeni (abazithoba ekuziphatheni okuhle) nesivikelo seholo labo ekuncishisweni. La malungiselelo ayezovikela abahluleli ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe futhi awenze akwazi ukwenza izinqumo ezisekelwe emthetho naseMthethweni kunokuba zisekelwe embonweni othandwayo noma ekukhululweni kwezombangazwe. Lokhu ukuzimela kwakubalulekile endima yejaji njengendlela yokuhlola amanye amagatsha nomlweli wamalungelo womuntu siqu ngokumelene nobushiqela obukhulu.
Impikiswano Ngemvelaphi: Imfihlakalo Yomlando
Nakuba umbhali wezindaba ze - Federalist eqinisekayo, incazelo yalabo ababhala izindaba eziyishumi nambili ezisele iyaphikiswa ezinye izazi. Lempikiswano yavela ezinhlwini eziphikisanayo ezanikezwa uHamilton noMadison ngemva kokuba kunyatheliswe lezi zindaba.
Isiqu sokuqala esivulekile sokwaziswa okwakukuso esanikezwa nguHamilton, owathi ezinsukwini ezandulela isibhamu sakhe esibulalayo, wanikeza ummeli wakhe uhlu oluningiliza umlobi wenombolo ngayinye. UMadison akalwanga ngokushesha nohlu lukaHamilton, kodwa wanikeza uhlu lwakhe siqu lohlelo luka-1818 Gideon lwe-Federalist.
Umehluko phakathi kwalezizinhlu wadala indida izazi eziye zazama ukuyixazulula ngokusebenzisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene. Ukuhlolwa kwezibalo kwanamuhla, kuhlanganise nomsebenzi wokuphayona ka-Mosseller no-Wallace kuma-1960, kuye kwahlola indlela yokukhetha nokubhala ukuze kuhlolwe ukuthi ibhalwe kanjani. Ngemva kokuhlola indlela yokukhetha amagama nokubhala, ukuhlola kuvumelana ukuthi lezi zindaba eziphikiswanayo zabhalwa nguJames Madison.
Nakuba lempikiswano yokubhala ithakazelisa izazi - mlando nezazi, ayikunciphisi ukubambisana namandla e - Federalist Papers njengomsebenzi ohlangene.
Ithonya Lokukhishwa Kwemisebe: Ingabe Amaphepha Abasizi Bamazwe Aphumelela?
Ithonya elisheshayo le-Federalist Papers kulenkulumo - mpikiswano yokudilizwa liyindaba yengxoxo engokomlando. AmaPhepha e-Federalist abhalelwa ukusekela ukumiswa koMthetho-sisekelo, ikakhulukazi eNew York. Ukuthi aphumelela yini kulomkhankaso kuyangabazeka.
Izenzakalo zokuhlaziywa kwezindawo zaqala esifundazweni ngasinye, futhi lezi zindaba zazinganyatheliswanga ngokunembile ngaphandle kweNew York; futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, ngesikhathi loluchungechunge luqhubeka kahle, imibuso eminingi ebalulekile yayisiyigunyazile kakade, ngokwesibonelo iPennsylvania ngoDecember 12. Ngesikhathi iNew York iqhuba umhlangano wayo wokulungisa izakhiwo ngoJune 1788, imibuso eyishumi yayisiwugunyaziwe kakade uMthetho - sisekelo, okusho ukuthi yayisiyifinyele imfuneko yemibuso eyisishiyagalolunye yokuyizwa.
Umhlangano waseNew York wahlangana ePoughevationsie ngoJune 1788 nangoJuly 26 wakhetha ukuhlanzwa ngengxenye encane ye - 30 kuya ku - 27, nakuba amaFederalist Paper cishe ayenengxenye kulomphumela, ezinye izici zazibalulekile, kuhlanganise nethonya lomuntu siqu labalandeli bakaFederals nabamelene ne - Anti - Federalis kanye neqiniso lezombangazwe iNew York eyayingenakukwazi ukuhlala ngaphandle kwenyunyana eyayiseneminye imibuso eminingi kakade.
Nokho, ukulinganisa impumelelo ye-Federalist Papers ngokuyithinta kwayo ngokushesha amavoti athandwayo kuveza ukubaluleka kwawo. Lezi zindaba zasiza ekulolongeni impikiswano, zanikeza abasekeli boMthetho-sisekelo izikhali zokuhlakanipha, futhi zasungula ukuvikela okubanzi kwesimiso esisha sikahulumeni esasiyothonya umcabango wezombangazwe waseMelika ezizukulwaneni ezizayo.
Ukusabela Koluhlu Olumelene Nesigaba Somlando
AmaPhepha eFederalist ayengesona kuphela isici sengxoxo yokudina. Abalwa ne-Federali baveza uchungechunge lwabo lwezindaba namapheshana aphikisa uMthetho-sisekelo, baphakamisa ukukhathazeka okungabonisa ithonya ekulolongeni iBhili yamaLungelo nezimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngobukhulu obufanele bamandla kahulumeni.
Abalobi abalwa ne-Federalist, ukusebenzisa amagama-mbumbulu afana "ne-Brutus," "Umlimi Ongumfashini," ne"Cato" baphikisa ngokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo ohlongozwayo wakha uhulumeni wesizwe onamandla kakhulu futhi oqhele kakhulu kubantu. Bakhathazeka ngokuthi irepublic enkulu ecatshangwa amaFederali yayingeke isabelele ezinkathazweni zendawo futhi ukungabikho kwemvume yamalungelo yashiya inkululeko yabantu isengozini yokungenela kuhulumeni.
Abalwa ne-Federali abamelene nombuso babuza futhi ukuthi uhulumeni owodwa ungabusa ngokuphumelelayo indawo enkulu nehlukene. Babesaba ukuthi ukubekwa koMthetho-sisekelo okudingekile nokufanele nobukhulu kuyokwenza uhulumeni wezwe ukuba athathe kancane kancane amandla agcinelwe izifundazwe. Abalwa nezigebengu abaningi bakhetha isivumelwano esikhululayo esasingalondoloza ubukhosi bombuso futhi ugcine uhulumeni useduze nabantu.
Nakuba abalwa ne-Federalist ekugcineni balahlekelwa yimpi yokulwa, ukukhathazeka kwabo kwathonya ukusungulwa komthetho-mthetho-sisekelo waseMelika. Isithembiso sokuhlanganisa ingcaphuno yamalungelo sasibalulekile ekulondolozeni ukuncishiswa kwezindawo eziningi, futhi iSichibiyelo seshumi esibekwe ngokucacile singenagunya elibekwe kuhulumeni kahulumeni ezindaweni noma kubantu. Umbango phakathi kwe-Federalist ne-Anti-Fedalist uyaqhubeka uthuthukisa izimpikiswano ngokuphathelene nenkululeko yombuso, amalungelo, kanye nezinga elifanele lamandla esizwe.
Ukuhlala Uhlehlisiwe: Iphepha Lohlelo Lokulwela Izwe EMelika Yanamuhla
Ukuchazwa Komthetho - sisekelo Nezinkantolo
AmaPhepha abizwa ngokuthi amaFederalist Paper avame ukusetshenziswa namuhla ukuchaza izinhloso zalabo abamisa uMthetho-sisekelo. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19 leminyaka, ama-Federal Federal Paper avelela njengezincazelo ezinegunya zoMthetho-sisekelo. IJaji eliPhakeme iNkantolo uJohn Marshall wawacaphuna ezicabeni eziphawuliwe njenge Marbury v. Madison (1803) noMcCulloch v. Maryland (1819).
Izinkantolo eziphethe kanye nezikahulumeni ziyaqhubeka zibhekisela kumaPaper lapho zichaza amalungiselelo omthetho - sisekelo. Abahluleli abakweminye imikhakha bacaphuna lezi zindaba njengobufakazi bokuqondwa kokuqala kombhalo womthetho-sisekelo. Amaphephandaba anethonya ngokukhethekile emacaleni ahilela ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso, uhulumeni, kanye nobukhulu begunya likahulumeni.
Nokho, ukusetshenziswa kweMapas encazelweni yomthetho-sisekelo akunampikiswano. Ezinye izazi ziyangabaza ukuthi imibono yabantu abathathu, ukubhalela ukunxenxa kunokuba kunikeze ukuchaza okungathathi hlangothi, kufanele kunikezwe isilinganiso esinjalo ekunqumeni incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo. Encwadini eya kuThomas Ritchie ngo-1821, uJames Madison washo ngoMthetho-sisekelo ukuthi "incazelo engokomthetho yeSixha soMnyango kumelwe ithathwe embhalweni ngokwawo; noma uma isihluthulelo kumelwe sifunwe kwenye indawo, kumelwe singathathwa emibonweni noma ezinhlosoni noma ezinhlosoni zeButhweni elahlela uMthetho-sisekelo, kodwa ngomqondo ohlanganiswe nabantu eMhlanganweni wabo eMbusweni wabo ohlukene lapho iphinde ithathwe khona.
Naphezu kwalezi mpikiswano, ama - Federalist Paper alokhu eyithuluzi elibalulekile lokuqonda uMthetho - sisekelo. Anikeza izincazelo eziningiliziwe ngamalungiselelo omthetho - sisekelo, embula ukukhathazeka okwashukumisa ukukhetha kokwakha okuthile, futhi abonisa indlela abaHlanzi ababeqonda ngayo isimiso ababesidala.
Inkolelo - ze Yezombangazwe Nentando Yeningi
Izincwadi zamaphephandaba zisadingeka kunoma ubani ofunda uMthetho - sisekelo noma ifilosofi yezombangazwe yaseMelika. Ososayensi bezombangazwe, izazi - mlando, nabaqondisi bezindaba bayaqhubeka bebhala lezi zincwadi ukuze baqonde izindaba eziphathelene nokubusa, ukumelela, kanye nobuhlobo phakathi kwenkululeko negunya.
Ngokwesibonelo, indlela i-Federalist Papers ephatha ngayo amaqembu, iyaqhubeka ibalulekile ekuqondeni amaqembu anamuhla ezombangazwe kanye nezentengiselwano zeqembu lezentengiselwano. Ukuhlola kukaMadison kuFederalist No. 10 kwalindela izici eziningi zentando yeningi yamanje, lapho amaqembu ahlukene encintisana futhi ehlehlela khona ukuthuthukisa isimiso somphakathi. Ingxoxo yezindaba yokuchaza izimpawu, ukucubungula, nezingozi zobushiqela babaningi iyaqhubeka yazisa izimpikiswano ngokubusa kwentando yeningi.
Amaphepha anikeza futhi imibono ewusizo ngemibuzo engapheli ngobukhulu obufanele nobukhulu bukahulumeni. Izimpikiswano ngohulumeni zisalokhu zibalulekile njengoba amaMelika eqhubeka ephikisana ngokuhlukaniswa okufanelekile kwegunya phakathi kohulumeni besizwe nohulumeni. Ingxoxo yamandla aphethe izwakala ezimpikiswaneni eziqhubekayo ngegunya lomongameli, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinjengemibuso yempi, ilungelo lezikhulu, nezinhlangano zokuphatha.
Imfundo Yabo Bonke Nezakhamuzi
Kubantu abafuna ukuqonda uhulumeni wabo nendima yabo kuwo, amaFederal Paper anikeza imfundo eyigugu. Anikeza ukuqonda ngezinhloso zabahleli bezakhiwo nezinselele zokulinganisela amandla kahulumeni ngenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Ukufunda lezi zincwadi kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde umcabango oqondile owangena ekuklameni izinhlangano zikahulumeni waseMelika nezimiso ezingaphansi kwentando yeningi.
I-Federalist Papers ibonisa ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo awuzange nje ubekwe phezulu kodwa wawuwumkhiqizo wempikiswano enengqondo nenkulumo yomphakathi. Lezi zindaba ziwuhlobo lwenkulumo yezombangazwe ewubukhazikhazi, enezimiso, futhi ethambekele ekuzuziseni umphakathi. Enkathini evame ukuphawulwa yizombangazwe ezikhipha umsindo kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwezindawo, amaFederali asikhumbuza ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthembisana okungathi sína, okunengqondo ngemibuzo eyisisekelo yokubusa.
Ukuqonda amaPhepha aFederal kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqaphele ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo uhlanganisa izimiso ezithile ezihlala njalo kuyilapho uqhubeka uzivumelanisa nezimo. AmaFramest akha uhlelo oluklanyelwe ukukhuthazelela izizukulwane zonke, kodwa futhi aqaphela ukuthi isizukulwane ngasinye kuyodingeka sichaze futhi sisebenzise izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo ezinkingeni ezintsha. AmaPaper asiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde kokubili ukuzinza nokuzivumelanisa okungemthetho - sisekelo.
Ithonya Lembulunga Yonke
Ithonya le-Federalist Papers lidlulela ngalé kwemingcele yaseMelika. Njengoba amazwe emhlabeni wonke eye aphikisana ngemibuzo eklanywe ngomthetho-mthetho, amaningi aye abheka kumaFederalist Papers ukuze athole isiqondiso. Izindaba zokuphatha kwe-constalist ziye zaba nethonya ngokukhethekile emazweni acabangela izimiso zikahulumeni zikahulumeni.
I-Papers ihlola indlela yokuhlela uhulumeni ukuze uvikele inkululeko kuyilapho yenza ukubusa kube nokuphumelela izimpikiswano zomthetho-sisekelo eziqondiswe ekuqhamukeni kwemibuso ezimele. Ingxoxo yokuhlola nokulinganisela, ukuhlukanisa imibuso, nezingozi zegunya eligxile kuthinta abenzi bomthetho-sisekelo abafuna ukuvimbela ubushiqela nokuvikela amalungelo abantu.
UFederalist ubhekwa njengomsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu ekuhleleni uhulumeni nemibono yezombangazwe eyake yabhalwa amaMelika. Lokhu kuhlola akubonisi nje ukubaluleka komlando wamaphepha kuphela kodwa futhi nokuqhubeka kwabo kusebenza emibuzweni eyisisekelo mayelana nokuthi abantu abakhululekile bangazibusa kanjani ngokuphumelelayo nangobulungisa.
Isihluthulelo Sokubikezela Kumelwe Sazi Zonke Izakhamuzi
Nakuba zonke izincwadi ezingu - 85 zinikela ekuvikelweni okubanzi koMthetho - sisekelo, amanye amaphepha avelele ngenxa yokubaluleka kwawo okukhethekile nethonya:
Uhulumeni Wesizwe No. 10: Amaqiniso Nohulumeni WeRepublic Republican
Lendaba ibhalwe nguJames Madison, ikhuluma ngenkinga yamaqenjini futhi iphikisa ngokuthi irepublic enkulu ingcono kunencane ukulawula imiphumela yayo. Inikeza imfundiso eyinkimbinkimbi yentando yeningi ehlala inethonya kwezesayensi yezombangazwe nakumthetho ngokomthetho. Ukuhlaziya kwendaba ngendlela umklamo wokuhlela ongaletha ngayo ukuzimisela komphakathi ekubuseni kwentando yeningi.
Uhlelo Lwezokuhlalisana Nohlu Lwamashadi Nokulinganisa
Ukuphawula kwayo okudumile mayelana nesimo somuntu nesidingo sikahulumeni kuveza umoya ongokoqobo kodwa onethemba weprojekthi yomthetho - sisekelo. Lendaba ibonisa indlela ukuhlukanisa imibuso nokulinganisela okungavala ngayo ukungapheleli kwabantu futhi ivikele inkululeko.
Umhleli Wezincwadi Ezizimele No. 78: ISigungu SikaJidiciary
Isivikelo sikaHamilton sokuzimela kokwahlulela nokuchaza ukubukezwa kokwahlulela kusungulwe izimiso eziyisisekelo zejaji laseMelika. Lendaba iphikisa ngokuthi izinkantolo kumelwe zizimele ukuze zivikele uMthetho-sisekelo namalungelo abantu ngokumelene nomthetho-mthetho kanye nokuphamba kwezikhulu. Ithonya lazo lingabonakala ezinqumweni zeNkantolo Ephakeme nezimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngendima efanele yezinkantolo eMelika ebusa ngentando yeningi.
Uhlelo Lwezokuhlalisana No. 70: Isigungu
Indaba kaHamilton ngomphathi oyedwa, onamandla ichaza ukuthi kungani umongameli kufanele anikezwe umuntu oyedwa kunokuba anikezwe ikomiti noma umkhandlu. Lendaba ikhuluma ngobushiqela bezikhulu kuyilapho iphikisa ngokuthi ukubusa okuphumelelayo kudinga ukuhola okuwujuqu. Amaphuzu ayo alokhu ehlobene nezimpikiswano eziphathelene namandla kamongameli nokulandisa.
Uhlelo Lwezokuhlalisana No. 39: Ifomu LeRepublic
Ukuhlola kukaMadison ukuthi yini eyenza irepublic kahulumeni ihlanganise izimiso zeriphabliki nendlela ezihlanganisa ngayo izimiso ze-prepablic kuphendula imibuzo eyisisekelo ngobukhosi obuthandwayo nohulumeni abameleli. Lendaba icacisa ukuxubana kwesimiso sikahulumeni, ichaza indlela esihlanganisa ngayo izakhi zesizwe ne-othorian.
Indlela Yokufunda Amaphepha Amasha Namuhla
Ukufinyelela Umbhalo
Ukufunda amaphaphasi e-Federalist kungaba yinselele kubafundi banamuhla. Izindaba zabhalwa ngendlela ehleliwe yenkulumo yezombangazwe ye-18-phakathi, enemisho emide, izikhombo zakudala, kanye nemibono emayelana nolwazi lwabafundi ngomlando nemfundiso yezombangazwe. Nokho, ngokubekezela nangendlela efanele, lezi zindaba zihlala zifinyeleleka futhi zivuza.
Qala ngezindaba ezidumile nezinethonya kakhulu − ngokwengxenye u Federali Nos. 10, 51, no 78 .(ngaphambi kokuba zizame ukufunda yonke iqoqo.) Lezi zindaba ziveza izihloko eziyinhloko nezimpikiswano eziphindaphindwayo kuwo wonke amaphepha. Ukuzifunda kuqala kunikeza uhlelo lokuqonda iprojekthi.
Ngokwesibonelo, funda ndawonye izindaba ezisegatsheni eliphethe noma labo abakhuluma nohulumeni. Le ndlela ikusiza ukuba ubone ukuthi abalobi baqala kanjani ukuphikisana okuthile ezindabeni eziningi.
Sebenzisa izinhlelo eziqoshiwe ezinikeza umongo womlando, zichaze izikhombo ezingacacisiwe, futhi zicacise izindima. Izinhlelo eziningi ezinhle zihlanganisa izingeniso nemibhalo esiza abafundi banamuhla ukuba baqonde izimpikiswano nokubaluleka kwezindaba. Imithombo ye-inthanethi, kuhlanganise naleyo evela ku- ye-Congress, inikeza ukufinyelela okukhululekile embhalweni ophelele kanye nokwaziswa okusekelwe esisekelwe embhalweni.
Ukuqonda Umlando
Ukuze uqonde ngokugcwele i-Federalist Papers, kuyasiza ukuqonda umongo ongokomlando eyabhalwa kuwo. Zijwayeze ngobuthakathaka bezihloko zeConfederation, izimpikiswano eMhlanganweni woMthetho-sisekelo, nezinkathazo ezaphakanyiswa yizazi ze-Anti-Federalist. Lesi sizinda sikhanyisa ukuthi kungani abalobi benza izimpikiswano ezithile futhi bakhulume ngezimpikiswano ezithile.
Khumbula ukuthi lezi zindaba zabhalwa njengezingagunyazi, hhayi njengezingathathi hlangothi. Abalobi babeveza isimo esinamandla kakhulu ekuhlanekezeleni, ngezinye izikhathi bedambisa izinkinga ezingase zivele noma benikeza izibikezelo ezinika ithemba ngendlela uMthetho-sisekelo ozosebenza ngayo. Ukufunda imibhalo ebhalwe nge-Anti-Federalist Papers kunikeza umbono ophelele wengxoxo ye-ratiation.
Ukuxhumana Nezinkinga Zangesikhathi Esidlule
Njengoba ufunda, cabangela indlela izimpikiswano zezindaba ezihlobene ngayo nezindaba zezombangazwe nomthetho-sisekelo zamanje. Ukuhlaziya kukaMadison amaqembu amaqembu ezombangazwe namaqembu ezesithakazelo kusebenza kanjani emaqenjini anamuhla? Izimpikiswano zika Hamilton mayelana namandla okulawula zisikiselani ngezimpikiswano zamanje zegunya lomongameli? Ingxoxo kahulumeni izenza kanjani izimpikiswano ngobuhlobo phakathi kohulumeni nohulumeni?
Lokhu kuxhumana kwenza amaPapa abe ngaphezu kwezincwadi ezingokomlando − aba imibhalo ephilayo eqhubeka ikhuluma ngemibuzo eyisisekelo ngokuphathelene nokubusa, inkululeko, nokuhle okuvamile. Izindaba zisikhumbuza ukuthi izinselele zokuzibusa zihlala njalo, nokuthi ukuhlakanipha kwezizukulwane ezidlule kungazisa imizamo yethu siqu yokulondoloza nokuthuthukisa izinhlangano zentando yeningi.
Ukugxekwa Nokulinganiselwa
Nakuba amaPhepha angowamaFederal agujwa ngokufanelekile njengemisebenzi ewubuciko yemiqondo yezombangazwe, awantuli imingcele futhi aye agxekwa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene phakathi neminyaka.
Ukubusa Ngentando Yeningi Nokuhlanganyela Ngokwentando Yeningi
Ezinye izazi zisusa iphimbo lazo lokuzimela nokuthatha idemokrasi ingabi namsebenzi, ziveza ukungaqiniseki kwabahleli ngokuqondisisa ngentando yeningi. Abalobi baqala ngokusobala ukungethembi idemokrasi emsulwa futhi bafuna ukwakha izinhlangano ezazingahlunga futhi zicwengisise izintando yeningi ngokumelela nangokuzicabangela. Lokhu kugxeka okuvamile kokuhlanganyela kuveza ukukhathazeka kwabamaFramers ngokubusa kweningi nesixuku.
Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi lombono we-Framers waholela ekubeni bakhe isimiso esivikela ukulawulwa okuthandwayo futhi sifake izithakazelo kubantu abavamile. Ukukhetha okungaqondile koMthetho-sisekelo wokuqala kwabameli nomongameli, kanye nomthetho olinganiselwe, kwabonisa isifiso sokugcina uhulumeni usendaweni ethile ezifisweni ezithandwayo.
Ubugqila Nokuqothulwa
AmaPhepha angokobuFederal agwema kakhulu ukuxoxa ngobugqila, naphezu kokungathi busekelwe ekuyekeni komthetho-mthetho. Amalungiselelo oMthetho-sisekelo ngokuphathelene nobugqila − kuhlanganise nenombolo yesithathu ye-gamethi eliyi-25, isigqebhezana sezigqila ezibalekayo, kanye nesivikelo sokuhweba ngezigqila kuze kube ngo-18808._______wamelela ukushiyeka kokuziphatha okuyisisekelo ama-Federalist Paper angenakho ikheli elifanele.
Ngokufanayo, ingxoxo yamaphepha kahulumeni weRepublic nobukhosi obuthandwayo ithatha idedelwa kwabesifazane, abantu abagqilaziwe, nabanye ekuhlanganyeleni kwezombangazwe. "Thina bantu" sacela eMthethweni futhi savikela kumaFederali Paper, ngokwesiko, kwakuwuhlelo olulinganiselwe lwenani labantu. Ukuqonda lokhu kulinganisela kubalulekile ekuhlolweni okuphelele kwe-Federalist Papers kanye nesimiso somthetho-sisekelo ababesivikela.
Ukwehluleka Okubikezelayo
Ezinye zezibikezelo zeFederalist Papers mayelana nendlela uMthetho-sisekelo ozosebenza ngayo zabonakala zinganembile. Abalobi abazange balindele ukuphuhliswa kwamaqembu ezombangazwe, naphezu kokuhlaziywa okuyinkimbinkimbi kukaMadison kwamaqembu. Bathatha kancane izinga uhulumeni kahulumeni kazwelonke ayezokwandisa ngalo igunya lawo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Abazange bacabange ukuthi umongameli wayezophenduka kanjani abe yisikhundla esinamandla kakhulu kunaleyo ababeyicabanga.
Lokhu kwehluleka okubikezelayo akuwenzi angabi namsebenzi amagalelo ephepha, kodwa kusikhumbuza ukuthi umklamo womthetho-sisekelo uhlanganisa ukungaqiniseki nokuthi izinhlangano ziguqula izindlela abadali bazo abakwazi ukuzilindela ngokugcwele. UMthetho-sisekelo awukhuthazeli ngoba wawuzilindele ngokuphelele zonke izenzakalo zesikhathi esizayo, kodwa ngenxa yokuthi wadala ukwakheka okuvumelana ngokwaneleyo nezimo ezishintshayo.
Izisebenziso ezisebenzisekayo kwizakhamuzi
Ukuqonda amaPhepha angokoFederal kunikeza izinzuzo ezingokoqobo ezakhamuzini ezifuna ukuhileleka ngokuphumelelayo ekubuseni ngentando yeningi kwaseMelika:
Ukuqonda Izakhiwo Zikahulumeni
IFederalist Papers inikeza incazelo ebanzi yendlela uhulumeni waseMelika ohlelwe ngayo nokuthi kungani unesimo esifana neso. Izakhamuzi eziqonda ukuhlulwa kwemibuso, imishini, nohulumeni zihlonyiselwe kangcono ukuhlaziya izenzo zikahulumeni futhi zigcine izikhulu zinecala. Lolwazi lusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqaphele lapho izinhlangano zikahulumeni zisebenza ngendlela eklanywe ngayo nalapho kungenzeka ziphambuka ezimisweni zomthetho - sisekelo.
Ukuqaphela Ukubaluleka Kokuklanywa Kweziko
Amaphepha abonisa ukuthi izakhiwo zezinhlangano zibaluleke kakhulu ukuze kutholakale imiphumela yezombangazwe. Indlela uhulumeni ohlelwa ngayo, indlela izikhulu ezihlukaniswa ngayo, indlela imibuso ehlukaniswa ngayo, imishini ekhona egunyeni, /ashape okwaziyo ukukwenza nokungenakukwazi. Lokhu kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqaphele ukuthi izinkinga zezombangazwe zidinga amakhambi ezinhlangano, hhayi nje ushintsho ezisebenzini noma enkambisweni.
Ukwazisa Izimiso Zomthetho - sisekelo
I-Federalist Papers ichaza izimiso eziyisisekelo ezingaphansi kobuningi bentando yeningi baseMelika: ubukhosi obuthandwayo, uhulumeni olinganiselwe, ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso, uhulumeni, nokuvikelwa kwamalungelo abantu. Ukuqonda lezizimiso kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zihlole iziphakamiso zezombangazwe nezimpikiswano. Ingabe isimiso esithile siyayihlonipha inqubo yokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso engokomthetho-sisekelo? Ingabe ivikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye kuyilapho ifeza okuhle?
Ukuhlanganyela Empikiswaneni Engaqondakali
I-Federalist Papers ewumfuziselo wempikiswano yezombangazwe esekelwe ngokwesimiso nangobufakazi. Zibonisa indlela yokwenza indaba ngombono othile kahulumeni kuyilapho zisingatha izimpikiswano eziphikisanayo ngokungathi sína nangenhlonipho. Esikhathini senkulumo yezombangazwe ehlukene futhi ekha phezulu, amaphepha asikhumbuza ukuthi kungenzeka ukuba kube nempikiswano ecatshangelwayo ngemibuzo eyisisekelo yokubusa.
Izakhamuzi ezijwayelene namaPhepha Omphakathi zihlonyiselwe kangcono ukuhlanganyela ezimpikiswaneni zomthetho - sisekelo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zikhuluma ngobukhulu bamandla okubusa, indima efanele yezinkantolo, ubuhlobo phakathi kohulumeni bakahulumeni nohulumeni, noma isivikelo samalungelo abantu ngabanye.
Imithombo Yokuqhubeka Sitadisha
Kulabo abanesithakazelo sokuhlola amaPhepha aFederal, kunemithombo eminingi:
Isiqalo Semibhalo
Umbhalo ophelele we-Federalist Papers utholakala nge-inthanethi yamahhala ngemithombo ehlukahlukene, kuhlanganise ne-Mulibrary of Congress, i-Yale Law Law School Avalon Project, kanye neProject Gutenberg. Izinguqulo eziningi zokunyathelisa zikhona, kusukela kumaphephe angabizi kakhulu kuya kulezo zezazi ezibhalwe kabanzi.
Ukuze uhlole ngokucophelela, cabangela izinhlelo eziqoshiwe ezinikeza umongo ongokomlando nencazelo. Le nguqulo kaJacob E. Cooke isetshenziswa kabanzi izazi. Ezinye izinhlelo ezinhle zihlanganisa lezo ezahlelwa uClinton Rossiter, uIsaac Kramnick, noGeorge W. Carey noJames McClellan.
Izincwadi zombala ongezansi
Izincwadi eziningi nezihloko zihlaziya i-Federalist Papers kanye nokubaluleka kwayo. Imisebenzi yezazi ezinjengoDouglas Adair, Martin Diamond, noDavid Epstein inikeza izincazelo ezinengqondo zezimpikiswano zamaPhepha nendawo yazo emcabangweni wezombangazwe waseMelika. Ulwazi oluningi lwamuva luyaqhubeka luhlola izilinganiso ezintsha zalemibhalo edumile.
Ukufunda imibhalo emelene noFederali kunikeza umongo obalulekile kanye nendawo ephikisana nezincwadi ze-Federalist. Iqoqo lezincwadi ezilwa ne-Anti-Fedalist liyatholakala emibhalweni ehlukahlukene, okwenza abafundi baqonde izinhlangothi zombili zengxoxo yokuhlobana.
Imivubukulo Yangaphakathi
ISikhungo somthetho-mthetho wesizwe [ inikeza ingcebo yemfundo mayelana noMthetho-sisekelo kanye namaPhepha ahlangene, kuhlanganise nemiboniso ehambisana nezingxoxo nezinhlelo zokufundisa. Amayunivesithi amaningi nezinhlangano zemfundo zinikeza izifundo ze-inthanethi nezifundo mayelana nomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo waseMelika.
Izinkulumo zemidlalo nama - video zingenza ama - Federalist Paper atholakale kalula ezibukelini zanamuhla.
Isiphetho: Isizathu Sokuba Amaphepha Asemasha Abalulekile
Emakhulwini amabili eminyaka ngemva kokunyatheliswa kwawo, amaFederalist Paper asebalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda uhulumeni waseMelika nezimiso zentando yeningi yomthetho - sisekelo. Lezi zindaba zinikeza isithakazelo esingaphezu kakhulu esingokomlando, kodwa zinikeza ukuqonda okuhlala njalo ngezinselele zohulumeni abazimele kanye nezakhiwo ezidingekayo ukuze kuvikelwe inkululeko kuyilapho kukwazi ukubusa okuphumelelayo.
Izincwadi ze-Federalist Papers zinendaba ezakhamuzini ngoba zichaza izimiso ezinengqondo nezingaphansi kwezinhlangano zikahulumeni waseMelika. Zibonisa ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo wawungesona indalo ezimele kodwa isimiso esiklanywe ngokucophelela esisekelwe ekuhlolweni okungokoqobo kwemvelo yomuntu nasekuhlolweni okukhulu komlando wezombangazwe. Ukuqonda lo mklamo kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde kokubili amandla nokulinganiselwa kwentando yeningi yaseMelika.
Amaphepha asikhumbuza futhi ukuthi uhulumeni womthetho-sisekelo udinga ukunakwa njalo nokuthembisana nezakhamuzi. AmaFramers akha uhlelo, kodwa isizukulwane ngasinye kumelwe sisebenzele ukululondoloza nokuluthuthukisa. Izimiso ezibekwe kumaFederalist Papers (ukubusa okuthandwayo, uhulumeni olinganiselwe, ukuhlukanisa imibuso, ukuhlola nokulinganisela, ukuchaza nokusebenza okuqhubekayo ezimweni ezintsha.
Enkathini yokuhlukana kwezombangazwe nolwazi lomphakathi olunciphayo, amaFederalist Paper anikeza isibonelo senkulumo yezombangazwe engathi sína, ewujuqu. Abonisa indlela yokuhileleka emibuzweni eyisisekelo ngokubusa ngendlela enezimiso kodwa enengqondo. Abonisa indlela yokwenza izimpikiswano zisekelwe ebufakazini nasendleleni yokucabanga kuyilapho ehlale eqaphela imiphumela ewusizo.
Naphezu kwalokhu kugxeka, amaFederalist Paper agujwa njengobungcweti bokumiswa kwezimiso zikahulumeni weRepublic. Zimelela ukuphumelela okungavamile emcabangweni wezombangazwe, kuhlanganisa ukuhlobana okucatshangelwayo nokuhlakanipha okusebenzayo. Izakhamuzi ezifuna ukuqonda uhulumeni wazo, zisebenzise amalungelo azo ngokunenzuzo, futhi zinikele kulomsebenzi oqhubekayo wokuzilawula, ama-Federalist Paper alokhu eyingcebo ebaluleke kakhulu.
Uhulumeni ungaba kanjani namandla anele okufeza imisebenzi edingekile kuyilapho uhlala ulinganiselwe ngokwanele ukuze uvikele inkululeko? Izithakazelo ezihlukahlukene zingavuselelwa kanjani ekuphishekeleni okuhle okuvamile?
Lemibuzo isebalulekile namuhla njengoba yayinjalo ngo 1787-1788. AmaFederalist Paper awanikezi izimpendulo ezilula, kodwa anikeza uhlelo lokucabanga ngalezi zinselele nesikhumbuzo sokuthi idemokrasi yomthetho-sisekelo idinga kokubili izinhlangano eziqinile nezakhamuzi ezibopheleneyo. Ngokufunda lezincwadi, izakhamuzi zingaqonda kangcono uhulumeni wazo, ziqonde izimiso ezingaphansi kwentando yeningi yaseMelika, futhi zihlanganyele ngokuphumelelayo emsebenzini oqhubekayo wokuzilawula.
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumfundi oqala ukuhlola uhulumeni waseMelika, umfundisi ofundisa izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo, uchwepheshe wezomthetho ochaza umbhalo womthetho-sisekelo, noma nje isakhamuzi esifuna ukuqonda amalungelo akho nemithwalo yemfanelo, amaFederalist Paper anikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile. Asihlanganisa nokuhlakanipha kwesizukulwane esisungulile kuyilapho esibekela inselele ukuba sisebenzise izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo ezimweni zamanje. Ngale ndlela, ama-Federalist Palles ahlala engekho nje izincwadi ezingokomlando kodwa imibhalo ephilayo eqhubeka ibumba i-democracy nezazisisa izakhamuzi ngohulumeni nendima yazo phakathi kwawo.