AmaMelika amaningi angasho okungenani imigqa embalwa esuka kuMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., kodwa bambalwa abangenza okufanayo ngencwadi ebusa umbuso wabo. Nokho imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni inendima ebaluleke ngokufanayo ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, iguqula yonke into kusukela ekuxhaseni kwezesikole nasekuvoteni ukuba isebenzise amalungelo empahla nomthetho wobugebengu. Le mibhalo yesisekelo imisa uhlelo lukahulumeni wezwe, ichaza amalungelo ezakhamuzi, futhi ibeke imingcele ezombangazwe. Ukwazi ukuthi yini ehlanganisiwe ewumthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho wezwe wakho kuguqula wena ekubeni ungenele eqeqenjini lezelele ekutheni impathiwe ewuququle ekutholeni kwezentengiswayo ewuhulumeni wakho.

Injongo Yomthetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni

Phakathi, umthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni usebenza njengegunya eliphakeme elingokomthetho phakathi kwezwe, elingaphansi komthetho-sisekelo we-U.S. nomthetho-hulumeni. Wenza imisebenzi emithathu ebalulekile: uhlela uhulumeni wezwe, usakaza amandla phakathi kwe-province, isikhulu, namagatsha okwahlulela, futhi ubala amalungelo abantu. Ngokungafani nomthetho-sisekelo we-U.S., odala uhlaka oluvamile, imithetho-mthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni ngokuvamile iningi ngokwengeziwe, ibhekisa imibandela ethile ngisho nezindaba zokuphatha. Lokhu kubonakalisa inkolelo yomsunguli yokuthi uhulumeni, njengoba usondelene nabantu, kufanele ube nobuhlobo obuqondile futhi obunesibopho nesibopho nezakhamuzi zabo.

Injongo futhi ihlanganisa ukulinganisela igunya likahulumeni. Ngokusho lokho umbuso ongase ukwenze futhi ongase ukwenze, umthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni uvikela abantu ekuphathweni. Ngokwesibonelo, imithetho yombuso eminingi ihlanganisa ukwenqabela okucacile kwezikweletu zikahulumeni, izimfuneko zemali ezilinganiselwe, noma izimvume zemfundo yomphakathi. La malungiselelo agunyaziswa ezinkantolo zikahulumeni, anika izakhamuzi ithuluzi elinamandla lokubekela imingcele engqubuzana namalungelo awo ayisisekelo ombuso.

Umlando Ongokomlando: Isizathu Sokuba Imithetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni Ihluke

Ngaphambi kokuba uMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. uqanjwe, ngalinye lamakoloni okuqala ayishumi nantathu lalinomthetho - sisekelo walo noma uhulumeni. Ngemva kokuzimela, laba yimithetho-sisekelo yokuqala kahulumeni, eminingi yayo eyasebenza njengezindawo zokuhlola ukubusa kweriphabliki. Ngokwesibonelo, uMthetho-sisekelo waseMassachusetts ka 1780, umdala kunawo wonke akhona futhi wathonya kakhulu isakhiwo sikahulumeni esakhiwa ePhiladelphia. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, amazwe amasha angena e-Union amukela imithetho-sisekelo ehlukile ebonakalisa izenhlalo yawo, izomnotho, nezindawo zendawo.

Lokhu kuhluka okungokomlando kuchaza ukuthi kungani imithetho-mthetho yombuso ihluka kakhulu ngobude nangobubanzi. Umthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. uyincwadi enciphile yamagama angaba ngu-7 600. Ngokuphambene, imithetho-mthetho-mthetho yombuso isukela kumagama angu-8 000 (i-Vermont) kuya kumagama angaphezu kuka-375 000 (Alabama). Imithetho-sisekelo emide ngokuvamile ibonisa ukuguqulwa njalo kanye nokuthambekela kokunikeza imininingwane engenziwa ngenye indlela. Ukuqonda lomlando kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqaphele ukuthi umthetho-mthetho-sisekelo wezwe awuyona indilingabo eqinile kodwa incwajana ephilayo evela njalo ngezidingo ze-socatal.

Okuvamile Komthetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni

Nakuba ingekho imithetho - sisekelo yombuso emibili efanayo, ikhona imiklamo eminingi. Izingxenye ezilandelayo zivame ukuvela, nakuba ukugcizelela nokusho kwazo ngokuqondile kuhlukahluka kakhulu.

Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo

Wonke umthetho-mthetho uqukethe isimemezelo samalungelo, ngokuvamile esibanzi kakhulu kuneSivumelwano samalungelo. Lamalungiselelo avikela inkulumo, inkolo, ingqungquthela, kodwa futhi angaqinisekisa amalungelo angashiwo ngokuqondile ngokwezinga lesizwe, njengalungelo lokuzingela, ilungelo lokuzingela nezinhlanzi, ilungelo lokuphatha izikhali (ngokungemthetho ohlukene), noma ilungelo lokuhlala endaweni ehlanzekile. Ngokwesibonelo, izinkantolo ezithile ziye zathola isivikelo esikhuselwa kakhulu yizisebenzi, njengelungelo lokuhlela nokubeka imibandela eqenjini, kanye nemithetho evimbela ukucwasana. Ngenxa yokuthi izinkantolo eziphakeme zingachaza lezi zilungiselelo ngokuzibusa, izakhamuzi ngezinye izikhathi zijabulela izinkonzo eziqinile ngaphansi komthetho wazo ngaphansi komthetho womthetho we-U. U. Umthetho-Constitual .

Izakhiwo Zikahulumeni Kahulumeni

Umthetho - sisekelo ngamunye uhlela amagatsha amathathu kahulumeni (-"legislative, premide, shond" futhi uchaza amagunya awo, ukuqamba nobudlelwane. Igatsha le-Pagional liyindikimba yama-biobaral (kusukela kwezinye i-panel'sparseampartial). Umthetho uchaza inani labaphathi bemithetho, indlela izifunda ezizohlelwa ngayo, iziqephu, iziqephu, nemithetho yokudlulisa imithetho. Izinhlelo zegatsha eziphethe zimboza isigaba, amandla, iziphathimandla, i-veto, kanye nezinye izikhulu ezikhethiwe njengendunameyamashi, ummeli, nonobhalanethi wezwe. Isihloko sokwahlulela simisa isimiso senkantolo, kuhlanganise nezinkantolo eziphezulu, nezinkantolo eziwukwahlulela, futhi sihlela izimo zezindlela zokukhetha nokukhetha (ukwa, ukukhethwa, noma ukukhethwa kwemikhathiwe) ngenxa yemithetho, ukunquma kwemithetho, nokuqondisa umthetho.

Ukukhokha Intela Nezimali

Imithetho-mithetho kahulumeni ivame ukuqukethe imikhankaso eningiliziwe: imingcele esikweletini sikahulumeni, izikhokhi zentela, izimfuneko zempahla, izimfuneko zokulinganisela kwemali ebhaliswayo, nemithetho yendlela imali ekhokhwa ngayo. Eminye imithetho-mithetho igunyaza umvoti ngemvume yentela entsha noma izibopho. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Taxpater’s Colorado Bill of Rights (TABOR) ifuna imvume yokuvota nganoma isiphi isikweleti sentela, esinemiphumela emikhulu ekusebenziseni imali nemisebenzi yombuso. I-Lithuania procestion 13, imiswe emthetho yayo yempahla, intela yempahla nemingcele emisha. Lemimiselo eqinile i-Coloradolodo i-scence yokwakha yonke into esekelwe ekusekeleni kwemfundo yezemfundo ekusekeleni imali, yenza ibaluleke kakhulu ukuba izakhamuzi baqonde kanjani ukuthi intela yomthetho womthetho wabo siqu nokusebenza.

Imfundo, Impilo, Nempilo

Umthetho-mthetho kahulumeni uhlanganisa iziqondiso zezimiso eziningi zemfundo yomphakathi, ezomphakathi, nezenhlalakahle yomphakathi. Izihloko zemfundo zivame ukugunyaza “isimiso esiqinile nesiphumelelayo” sezikole zomphakathi, ezisukela emuva emuva emzabalazweni wesikole esivamile wekhulu le-19. La malungiselelo aye ayisisekelo sokumangalela ngemali yesikole ehambisana nenzuzo. Amanye ama-constitution anikeza futhi iziyalezo ezicacile zezempilo yomphakathi, isivikelo sendawo ezungezile, noma ukunakekelwa kwabampofu. Ngokwesibonelo, uMthetho-sisekelo waseNew York uhlanganisa ingxenye yezezezenziwa yizisebenzi ezivamile, kuyilapho umthetho we-Alaskaraska udinga ukuba izwe lilawule inzuzo yomphakathi. Lesimiso sinikeza iziyalezo ezingokomthetho zomphakathi ezicacile, noma izibopho ezizibondliwe ezisenkantolo.

Uhulumeni Wendawo

Umthetho-mthetho kahulumeni unikeza ukusungulwa kwamandla ezindawo, amadolobha, nemifundazwe ekhethekile. Ezinye zinikeza “ukubusa kwekhaya” okuqinile, zivumela ohulumeni bendawo ukuba bamukele imithetho yabo siqu futhi balawule izindaba zokukhathazeka kwendawo, kuyilapho abanye belawula ngokunamandla ezindabeni zendawo. Ukwabiwa kombuso phakathi kohulumeni bendawo kuthinta ukuhlanganisa izindawo, ukuphatha umphakathi, nezinye izinkonzo eziningi ezihlanganyelwa izakhamuzi nsuku zonke.

Izinqumo Nezinguquko

Umthetho - sisekelo ngamunye uhlanganisa izimiso zokulungisa noma ukubukeza kwawo. Lezi zinqubo zifinyeleleka kakhulu kunenqubo yomthetho-mthetho kahulumeni yokulungisa, edinga ukuthatha indawo ephakeme eKhongosweni kanye nokuhlobaniswa ngezingxenye ezintathu ezine zezwe. Izinguquko zingahlongozwa yisishaya-mthetho, ngesakhamuzi (ezizweni eziningi), noma ngomhlangano wezomthetho-sisekelo. Umnyango ovunyelwe ngokuvamile uyinto elula yabavoti, nakuba amanye amazwe edinga ukuqashwa kakhulu. Ukuqonda inqubo ye-andendment inika amandla izakhamuzi ukuba zicabangele ukuthi zingasekela noma ziphikise ushintsho oluhlongolelwayo, futhi zazi futhi ukuthi zingaliqala kanjani ukuthatha isinyathelo uma zifisa ukushintsha umthetho wazo oyisisekelo.

Ukuqhathaniswa NoMthetho - sisekelo WaseU.S.

Nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. umisa isimiso samagunya ahlukene phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu anezinhlolo nezilinganiso, imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni ngokuvamile iveza ukwehlukana okwengeziwe kwemibuso (ngokwesibonelo, ummeli jikelele noma umphathi wemfundo ozibusayo okhethwe ngokwakhe, kunokuba kube izikhundla zekhathena ezimiswe umbusi. Imithetho-sisekelo yoMbuso futhi ithambekele ekubeni yeyobudemokhrasi ngokwengeziwe ngomqondo wokuthi izakhamuzi zihileleke ngokuqondile ngezindlela ezithathwayo, nge-endendums, nangokukhumbula ukhetho. Cishe ingxenye yezifundazwe zivumela izakhamuzi ukuba ziveze ukunqanda umthetho-mthetho-mfa noma imithetho ngokuqondile ngenqubo yokuthatha isinyathelo kuqala, amandla angekho ezingeni likahulumeni.

Umehluko oyinhloko ubude noshintsho. UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. uye walungiswa izikhathi ezingu-77 kuphela kusukela ngo-1788, kanti imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni iye yalungiswa kane ngezinkulungwane zezikhathi zonke. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho-sisekelo ka-Alabama, ulungiswe izikhathi ezingaphezu kuka-900. Lokhu kuveza kokubili izinga elibanzi lomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo kazwe kanye nokuncitshiswa okulula. Kusho futhi ukuthi izakhamuzi zinamathuba aqhubekayo okuhlela umthetho wazo ophakeme kakhulu wezwe lazo.

Ukulungisa Umthetho - sisekelo Wezwe Lakho: Inqubo Nezibonelo

Inqubo yokuhlela umthetho-mthetho kazwelonke iyahlukahluka kodwa ngokuvamile ihlanganisa enye yezindlela ezintathu: ukuqulwa kwemithetho, ukuthathwa kwezakhamuzi, noma umhlangano womthetho-sisekelo. Izifundazwe eziningi zisebenzisa i-arhekhodi yemithetho, lapho ukulungisa okuhlongozwayo kumelwe kudlulise khona zombili izindlu zendlu yomthetho-mthetho (ngokuvamile ngenkampane) futhi ivunyelwe ngabavoti kukhetho oluvamile. Ngokwesibonelo, eFlorida, ukumiswa komthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho kuhlongozwa i-ovoti ezintathu egumbini ngalinye bese kuvunyelwa abavoti abangamaphesenti angu-60.

Kuyi-18 ithi imvume yokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo wezakhamuzi, abantu ngabanye noma amaqembu angahlanganisa izigqhibo zokumisa isilinganiso esithile ku-colot. Ukuhlelwa kwe-California 8 (2008), okuchaza umshado njengophakathi kwendoda nowesifazane, kwakuyisici esisungulwe somthetho-mfamende. Le silinganiso kamuva sashaywa izinkantolo zikahulumeni, kodwa inqubo ngokwayo ibonisa ukuthi izinhlangano zotshani zingawumisa ngokuqondile umthetho oyisisekelo. Okunye ukuqedwa okuphawulekayo kuhlanganisa ukumiswa kwemjahobo weColorado kuhlanganisa ukumiswa kwensa ngonyakazo ngo-6422 (202), kanye ne-Propocaravian’s 2202), okuthiwakukhishwa kwezisu zomthetho.

Imihlangano yomthetho-mthetho inikeza indlela ebanzi yokubukeza. Yonke imithetho-mthetho yombuso inikeza ukubiza umhlangano, nakuba imithetho ihlukile − eminye ifuna ukuba umvoti avume, eminye ivumela ukuba i-padsworth imeme inye. Umhlangano womthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni wamuva kakhulu wawuseMaryland ngo-1967, kodwa izifundazwe eziningi ziye zawubheka njengezindlela zokulungisa izinto eziphelelwe yisikhathi. Izakhamuzi kufanele zazi ukuthi umbuso wazo ubeke umbuzo ngezikhathi ezithile mayelana nokuba nomhlangano, ngoba lowo “yebo” noma“no” ungenza umzamo omkhulu wokuzilungisa.

Ukuqonda ukuthi izinguquko zenzeka kanjani esimweni sakho kukwenza uhlanganyele ngokunengqondo. Uma ubona ukuhlelwa kwe-collet ehlongozwayo, ungahlola ulimi lwayo, imiphumela yayo engenzeka, kanye nezithakazelo ezingemva kwayo. Ungacabangela futhi ukuthi lenqubo ngokwayo isetshenziswa kahle yini cishe cishe, abanye abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukuthatha isinyathelo kwenza “ukunqandwa komthetho-mthetho-sisekelo” okubeka umthetho umthetho ngemininingwane yezimiso ngendlela engcono eshiyelwe ezimisweni.

Okwenza Kubaluleke Ngezakhamuzi Zansuku Zonke

Ukwazi ukuthi yini ewumthetho-sisekelo wezwe lakho kuthinta ukuphila kwakho kwansuku zonke. Kukwazisa ukuqonda kwakho amalungelo lapho usebenzelana nombuso nohulumeni wendawo. Ngokwesibonelo, uma umthetho omusha ulinganisela ikhono lakho lokukhuluma emgwaqweni, umthetho wezwe wakho okhululekile unganikeza isivikelo esikhulu kuneSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Uma unempahla, unikeza amalungiselelo omthetho-mthetho ezindawo eziphezulu, intela, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwendawo kungathinta inani lekhaya lakho kanye nohlelo lwakho lwemali.

Ngaphandle kwamalungelo omphakathi, umthetho - sisekelo uhlela izinga lezinkonzo zomphakathi. Izimpi zemfundo ngokuvamile zixhomeke ekuchazeni indlela yomthetho-sisekelo wemfundo kahulumeni. Ukunakekela impilo kuyala ukuba kulandelwe, iziqondiso zendawo ezungezile, nokutshala imali yokutshala imali konke kusuka emyalezweni womthetho-sisekelo. Uma umbuso uhluleka ukufeza imisebenzi yawo engokomthetho-sisekelo (ngokwesibonelo, ngokungaphansi kwezikole noma ngokudebeselela impilo yomphakathi). Izimpi zemfundo zemfundo yemfundo yezemfundo (jectives) nezokubhaka amaqoqo emali ezingagunyaza ukuphoqelela lezo zimfuneko. Imithetho engokomthetho engokomthetho, njenge- Abthott. UBurke[FLD] kuNew Jersey, ushoshoshoshosholo lwezemfundo yesikole esekelwe ezinkonzweni yomthetho yomthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuqonda umthetho-sisekelo wezwe lakho kukunika amandla enqubweni yezombangazwe. Ungahlola kangcono abathembise ukumiswa noma ukubuyiselwa umthetho-sisekelo. Unganquma ukuthi uzosekela noma uphikise izilinganiso ze-colot, kuhlanganise nalezo ezingase zihlaziye inqubo yokulungisa ngokwazo. Futhi ungahlanganyela empikiswaneni yomphakathi ngokuthi umthetho-sisekelo kazwelonke udinga ukudlula kakhulu yini. Ngamashumi ambalwa eminyaka, njengase-New York noma eFlorida ucabangela ukuhlanganisa umhlangano wemithetho ukuze wenze ibhukwana lawo elibusayo. Izakhamuzi ezifundile zingazikala izingozi nezinzuzo zokubuyiselwa okunjalo.

Indlela Yokufunda Umthetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni Wakho

Imithetho-mithetho kahulumeni itholakala obala ngewebhusayithi zikahulumeni osemthethweni, iziphathi-mthetho, nezinhlelo zokucwaninga ngokomthetho. Library of Congress ilondoloza iqoqo elibanzi. Ungaqala ngokuthola umthetho-sisekelo kazwelonke nangokuthatha uhlu lwawo lwezihloko ezikuwo.

Ukuze ujulise ukuqonda kwakho, qhathanisa umthetho-sisekelo wezwe lakho nawamazwe angomakhelwane noma noMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. Qaphela umehluko ngobude, imininingwane, namalungelo avikelwe. Ungabheka futhi umlando wezinguquko . Zingaki eziye zathathwa, yiziphi izihloko ezizihlanganisayo, nokuthi zibonisa yini ukushintsha kwezindlela zezombangazwe. Ingqungquthela yesizwe yezwe yeSizwe yeGagislatures[ inikeza ukwaziswa ngezindlela zokuthatha isinyathelo kanye nezimiso zokulungisa, ilenza libe umthombo omuhle wemfundo yomphakathi.

Uma ufuna ukwenza okwengeziwe, yiya enkantolo yomphakathi eqenjini elihlongozwayo, noma isisebenzi sokuzithandela esinemfundo yalowo ovotayo ezindinganisweni. Ukufunda ukuhlukanisa ulimi lwenguquko yomthetho-sisekelo / nokubona imiphumela engalindelekile, qha ikhono elikhula ngokuzijwayeza. Qala ngokulungisa noma ngesihloko esisodwa, bese wakha kancane kancane ulwazi lwakho ngalo lonke leli bhukwana.

Izinselele Nokugxekwa Komthetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni

Imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni ayinaphutha. Ubude babo obukhulu nomniningwane baye baveza ukugxekwa kwezazi zomthetho nabasekeli benguquko. Ngokwesibonelo, uMthetho-sisekelo we-Alabama uhlanganisa amalungiselelo amalunga nemibhede ye-oyster, izivumelwano ne-raryster, kanye nomthetho we-bingo , okuthi abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi ikhona emithethweni, hhayi kumthetho-sisekelo. Lemfucumfucu yenza ukuba le mibhalo ibe nzima ukuyiqonda futhi ibangele ukuphikisana. Ikhuthaza futhi ukuthuthukisa indlela yokuthuthukisa impikiswano ye-“oysterianstynation".

Enye inkinga evamile ulimi oluyisidala. Eminye imithetho-sisekelo yombuso isanemilungiselelo yobuhlanga, njengemisho egunyaza ukwahlukaniswa ngokomthetho noma ukuvinjelwa kwezinhlanga, nakuba lokhu kuye kwamiswa njengemithetho kahulumeni evimbela intela yakudala evimbela izomnotho zanamuhla. Ukubukezwa kwezikhathi ezithile ngomhlangano noma ukulungiswa kwezimiso ezibanzi kungaxazulula lezimpikiswano, kodwa imizamo enjalo ibhekene nezithiyo zezombangazwe nokunganaki komphakathi.

Abagxeki baveza futhi ukuthi inqubo yokuthatha isinyathelo, nakuba ikhanga, ingabanjwa yizithakazelo zedemokhrasi ezithandwayo eziyisebenzisayo ukuze idlule ezicingweni ezimxinwayo, ezingalungiswanga kahle. Uma ifakwe kumthetho-sisekelo, la malungiselelo kunzima kakhulu ukuwalungisa, ngisho noma ebonakala eyingozi. Ngakho izakhamuzi kumelwe ziqaphele izinga nezinjongo zokulungisa okuhlongozwayo, ziqaphela ukuthi umthetho-sisekelo kufanele ugcine amakhasi azo ewubekele umthetho oyisisekelo, hhayi izintando ezimqoka.

Isiphetho: Ucingo Lokuhlanganyela Eqenjini

Umthetho-sisekelo wezwe lakho awuyona incwadi ewubhuqu egcinelwe abahluleli nabashaya imithetho. Iwumthetho ophilayo olawula inkululeko yakho, izintela zakho, imfundo yabantwana bakho, nendawo ohlala kuyo. Ukuqonda okuhlanganisiwe kuyo akuyona nje indlela yokuzivivinya kokuhlakanipha; kuwuhlobo lokugunyaza kwesizwe. Ngokufunda isakhiwo, amalungelo, nokulungisa inqubo yomthetho-sisekelo wombuso wakho, uzihlomisela ukusekela ushintsho, ulwenzisa inkululeko yakho, futhi ugcine uhulumeni wakho unecala.

Zinike isikhathi sokulayisha i-pricition yezwe lakho kule sonto kuwebhusayithi engokomthetho . Qala nge-website yomthetho kazwelonke. Funda isethulo nemali yamalungelo. Zibuze: Ingabe lencwadi isakhonza abantu? Ingabe amalungelo ayivikela ngokwaneleyo ngekhulu lama-21? Ingabe kukhona amalungiselelo abonakala ephelelwe yisikhathi noma angalungile? Khona - ke, uma ukuvota okulandelayo kuletha isilinganiso sokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo, uyoba ukulungele ukwenza ukukhetha kolwazi. Isazi sesakhamuzi siyisiphephelo esiqinile sezwe esikhululekile, futhi leso siqinisekiso siqala ngencwadi esibeka imithetho yomdlalo.