Iyini I - filibuster?

I-filbuster iyisu lobuprocedual elisetshenziswa e-United States Coancil ukubambezela noma ukuvimbela ukuvota emalini, ekulungiseni, noma ekufushaniseni. Kuyilungelo eliyinhloko ukunwetshwa kwempikiswano, futhi alitholakali egameni lesiDashi [[FLT:]. Kunalokho, i-palibster iyisidalwa semithetho yeSigele, ikakhulukazi ukungekho kwenqubo yokubiza ivota uma isigelekeqe sifisa ukuqhubeka sikhuluma. Igama ngokwalo linendaba eshicini elithathwe egameni lesiDashi [[FLT:] , elisho "isiteko" noma "i-freerootbot," elichaza kahle isenzo esivamile.

Kusebunzimeni bayo olulula, i-filbuster ivumela i-senator eyodwa noma iqembu lama-senator ukuba livimbele umthetho ukuba ufinyelele ukuvota kokugcina. Ngoba iSigele siziqhenya ngokwaso ngokuba "umzimba wezwe omkhulu kunayo yonke,"" ngokwesiko ivunyelwe ukuba iqhubele phambili impikiswano engenamkhawulo. I-Renfilbuster isebenzisa lelisiko. Ukuqonda isimo samanje se-Preciester, kumelwe siqale sihlukanise phakathi kwezindlela zayo zakudala nezinamuhla, njengoba zisebenza ngendlela ehluke kakhulu.

"Amazwi" FIBUster vs. "Silent" FILIbuster

Ingqondo yomphakathi ivame ukunamathela "ekhuluma nge-filimebuster," isithombe esathandwa yifilimu ka-1939 . USmith Goes ukuya eWashington. Kulenguqulo, i-senator kumelwe ibambe phansi ngokukhuluma ngokuqhubekayo. Abakwazi ukuhlala phansi, bashiye igumbi, noma bame imizuzwana embalwa. Lelisu libi kakhulu, umphakathi omkhulu, futhi lidinga isigelekeqe ukuba sibe nokukhuthazela okukhulu. I-Fanessards ihlanganisa i-Senborm Syrom (ikhulumili) Syrommond yamahora angu-24 nenkulumo ephikisana namalungelo angu-18 ngokumelene ne-Rom-Dalf'sDaf'iaton's yure ezingu-23 zesivumelwano sokuvikela.

Nokho, iSigele sangesikhathi esisodwa asivamile ukufuna i-pinebuster ekhulumayo. Kunalokho, sisebenza ngaphansi "ku-i-finbuster eyisicaba" noma "i-birtualbuster" ngaphansi kwalesi simiso, isikhulu se-senestena akudingeki ukuba sibambe phansi. Bamane baphawule ukungavumi kwabo ukuya kuvota. I-Majonith Monity, ukwazi ukuthi i-monillaster isendaweni, ngeke ilethe isibhakabhisi phansi ngaphandle kokuba benezivoti ezingu-60 zokufaka ihlwitha. ISigele singahamba siye kwelinye ibhizinisi lapho isikhala somphikiswano. Lokhu kusemqoka kuyimbangela eyinhloko yokusetshenziswa kwe-faublister emashumi ambalwa eminyaka adlule.

I - “flibuster ”: Okuwukuphela Kwendlela Yokumisa I - filibuster

Okuwukuphela kwendlela engokomthetho yokuphula i-filbuster yinqubo ebizwa ngokuthi "i-aclority," eyamiswa ngu-Umthetho 22 weSigele ngo-1917. Ngaphambi ko 1917, yayingekho indlela yokuphoqa ivoti, okusho ukuthi idlanzana elizimisele lalingagcina isithunjwa sonke iSigele ngokungenasiphelo. Ukubusa kokuqala kwadinga i-headermajoring emibili-ntathu ukuze kuqedwe impikiswano. Lokhu kwashintshwa ngo-1975 kuya ku-indinganiso yamanje yesithathu se-ffths yeSigeqe, ikakhulukazi ama-tenator angu-60.

Ukucela i-rambre, i-senate kumelwe ifake ukunyakaza okusayinwe yizingxenye ezingu-16 ezisebenza nabo. ISigele sibe sesivota kulokhu kuhamba. Uma ama-senator amathathu-fithth akhethiwe futhi afungela (ngokuvamile angu-60) ukuvota, kuyacelwa. Le mikhawulo ibhekiselwe kwezinye amahora angu-30, ngemva kwalokho uma ukuvota kokugcina kumelwe kwenzeke. Uma ukuhamba kwehluleka kwehlule lehlule kuhluleka, i-Priciebuster kuyaqhubeka, futhi umlomo ufe ngokuphumelelayo. Umnyango we-60-vote uyinombolo eyodwa elandelayo kwezombangazwe zeSigele, njengoba kusho ukuthi amajaji angu- 41 angavimbela cishe noma isiphi isigaba somthetho.

Usebenza Kanjani Umsebenzi We - filibuster?

Umphumela ongokoqobo we-finbuster uwukuthi iSigele sase-U.S. sisebenza njengendikimba ephakeme kakhulu yemithetho eminingi. Kunokuba amavoti angu-51 anele ukudlulisa imvume, iningi lamalungu kumelwe agcine amavoti angu-60 ukuze kuqhutshwe umthetho. Lokhu kuguqula amandla ashukumisayo kakhulu ukulingana kweqembu elikhulu nedlanzana, ngokuvamile kuholela ekushicelweni kwe-rocklock.

UMdanso Oneziqu Ezingu - 60 Nokubusa Okukhulu

Imfuneko engu-60 efunwayo iphoqelela iqembu elikhulu ukuba lifune ukuvumelana neqembu elincane cishe kuzo zonke izikweletu ezinkulu. Lokhu kungaba umthombo wokuzinza, kuphoqelele i-bipartisanshi nokuvimbela ukuguquguquka okukhulu kwenqubo. Nokho, inikeza iqembu elincane futhi i-vetocto ephumelelayo kulokhu okuhleliwe kweningi. Uma iqembu lilawula izihlalo ezingu-51, lingaba neningi lemithetho kodwa lingakwazi ukudlula noma yiziphi izinto zalo eziyinhloko ngaphandle kokusekela okuncane. Leliqiniso liye laholela ekusetshenzisweni okukhudlwana kokubuyisana futhi ligxile kakhulu ekuqinisekisweni kwemithetho yokwahlulela, okunemithetho yalo.

Eziyingqayizivele Kuyi - Filibuster: Ukubuyisana Nokuchazwa Kwamagama

I-finbuster ayisebenzi kuzo zonke izenzo zeSigele. Kukhona izinto ezimbili ezihlukile ezinkulu eziye zaba ezibaluleke kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva: ukubuyisana nokuhlela ukuphatha.

Ingxoxo ye-Bodget iyinqubo eqanjwe yi-Congregational Bactal Backet Act ka- 1974. Ivumela ukucabangela ngokususelwayo umthetho osebenza ngokusetshenziswa kwemali, imali, nesilinganiso sesikweleti. Ngaphansi kokubuyisana, impikiswano ilinganiselwe kumahora angu-20, futhi i-Reastster yenqatshelwe. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izikweletu zokubuyisana zingadlula ngeningi elivamile (51 amavota). Le nqubo iye yasetshenziselwa ukudlulisa imithetho emikhulu ye-Rocess ne-Job Act ka-20171717, kunye ne-Inflast Revuction Act of 20222. Umthetho owenziwe nge-Reconfice u-Genelsethiwe "Bre," owenqabela izinhlelo ezihlukene zokunga umthetho, kodwa uhlanganisa ithuluzi elikhulu lemithetho enkulu.

Isinqumo futhi sasingaphansi kwe-palbuster kuze kube uchungechunge lwe "ukhetho lwenuzi" amavoti. Ngo-2013, ngaphansi kobuholi boMholi weMajor Harry Reid, iSigeqe sasebenzisa ivoti elilula lokususa ngokuphumelelayo i-monicbuster kulo lonke igatsha lesikhulu nomthetho wezomthetho ngaphandle kwalawo aseNkantolo Ephakeme. Lokhu kwenziwa ekunqamuleni uvikelo lweRepublication of Monal Obama’s nones ku-D.C. iNkantolo yesifunda. Ngo-2017, uMholi omkhulu uMitchoi McConnell wandisa lesi sibonelo ukuze ahlanganise iNkathi yeNkanto ephakeme yezomthetho ukuze aqinisekise u-Pinller Goler. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, ukumiswa kukamongameli abaningi bangaqinisekiswa nge-105.

Umlando We - Filibuster

I-filbuster yayingeyona ingxenye yomklamo wokuqala weSigele. OFata Abasunguliwe babephikisana kodwa abazange balinikeze ngokucacile ilungelo lempikiswano engenamkhawulo. ISigele sokuqala sasebenza esimisweni somthetho olula, futhi izinqubo ezifana "nombuzo wangaphambili" zingaqeda impikiswano. I-Dialobuster yavela ngokwezinto eziphilayo njengomphumela wemithetho yeSigele eshintshwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19.

Imvelaphi Nokusetshenziswa Kwayo Kusenesikhathi Ekhulwini Le - 19

Igama elithi "filibuster" langena esichazamazwini sezombangazwe sase-U.S. ku-1850. I-fanbuster yokuqala yeqiniso yenzeka ngo-1837 lapho iqembu labameli abamelene nodonga livala umthetho wokuvala isinqumo sokuvimbela umongameli uAndrew Jackson. Ngaphambi kweMpi Yombango, i-Relibsterssters yayiyivela kancane. Nokho, inkathi yangemva kokubhalisa i-Reconsistriation yabona ukwanda ekusebenziseni kwabo, ngokuyinhloko abashicileli befuna ukuvimbela umthetho ozovimbela amalungelo omphakathi avikela amaMelika aseAfrika.

Ingxenye enkulu yekhulu le-19 nelama-20, i-filbuster yayiyisikhali sedlanzana, kodwa kwakubiza ukuyisebenzisa. Abaholi kwadingeka basekele izinkulumo zabo amahora amaningi noma izinsuku bebambe iphansi. Umlando we-monitor ye-renator ephakathi kwezingane ugcinwe yi-Stom Thurmond, owakhuluma amahora angu-24 nemizuzu engu-18 ngokumelene noMthetho wamaLungu ka-1957. Walungiselela ngokuthatha amanzi ashisayo ukuze anciphise izintambo zakhe futhi abe nebhakede endlini yokuziphilisa. Le nkathi yahlanganisa i-Renaverbuster ne-ntelligate ye-ntelliget ye-mone.

Inkathi yamalungelo omphakathi: "Jim Crow Filibuster"

I-monilbuster ewumphumela ophambili futhi esetshenziswa kabi kakhulu yayiphakathi ne-Civil Rights Movement. Inhlangano ye-senator yama-Southern Confusion, eyaziwa ngokuthi "i-Southern Bloc," yasebenzisa i-monilbuster ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuvimbela umthetho omelene no-lynchement nezindleko zamalungelo omphakathi. Isibonelo esidume kakhulu kwakuyi-1964 Civil Rights Act. Iqembu lama-Sommater e-meter eholwa uRichard Russell waseGeorgia lagcina i-Prienbuster izinsuku ezingu-75, kuhlanganise nenzelo lonke i-impondo zamalungelo abantu.

Lo mntwana wayengewona nje amasu ombuso; kwakuyisenzo sobudlova sezombangazwe sokumelana nokulingana kwezinhlanga. Kwathatha uhambo lwamahlule angu- 71-vote . Isikhathi sokuqala ukuba ihluleke ngokuphumelelayo ukusetshenziselwa umthetho wamalungelo esizwe, − ukuqeda. Lomlando uwukuthi kungani abagxeki abaningi banamuhla bebhekisela ku-Relibelbuster njengenomsuka ojulile wobuhlanga. Kwakuyithuluzi lokukhetha ukulondoloza imithetho ye-Crow kanye ne-overse. Impikiswano yokuthi i-banfinbuster ivikela amalungelo amancane kakhulu inzima kakhulu ngeqiniso lokuthi yayisetshenziswa cishe ngekhulu leminyaka ukuvikela amalungelo abamhlophe abambalwa ukuba bacindezele isigaba esinhlantlu.

Inkathi Yanamuhla: Indlela Yenuzi Nokuphakama Kobuthi

Ngo-1970, iSigele samukela isimiso sobubili be-"track" sokuphatha umsebenzi waso. Ngaphambili, umgcini-finbuster wayezomisa lonke ibhizinisi leSigele ngoba igumbi alikwazanga ukuqhubekeka kuze kube yilapho i-Prinebuster inqunyiwe. Ngaphansi kwesimiso semikhondo emibili, iSigeqe singabekela eceleni umthetho owenziwe nge-paresi futhi sithathe elinye ibhizinisi. Lenguquko yenza ukuba i-Diacbuster ingabi nazindleko kakhulu eqenjini elincane, njengoba lingasenamandla okukhubaza i-Nqanda yonke i-Nkanga. Ngenxa yalokho, inani le-Renablebusters liye lakhuphuka kakhulu.

Ngo-1990 no-2000, i-filbuster yaba ithuluzi elivamile leqembu elincane eliphazamisa uhlelo lweningi. Ukuhlelwa kwemithetho kwaba yindawo ekhethekile. Lokhu kwaholela ekuhlelweni "indlela yenuzi," indlela yokuhlela iSigele esingashintsha ngayo imithetho yaso ngevoti elivamile. Ngo-2013 nango-2017, lokhu kwasetshenziselwa ukuqeda i-Reatrinbuster ngenxa yokungagunyazi.

Izimpikiswano Ze - filibuster Nezimelene Nayo

Izinhlangothi zombili ziveza izimpikiswano ezinamandla ezisekelwe emibonweni ehlukene yentando yeningi.

Izimpikiswano Ezijabulisayo: Ukuvikela Ubuncane Nokuhlehla Okukhuthazayo

Abasekeli be-finbuster baphikisa ngokuthi kuyi-search ebalulekile eqenjini elikhulu. Baphikisa ngokuthi iSigele siklanyelwe ukuba sithathe ijubane futhi sibe nenkululeko kakhulu kunendlu. Ngokufuna amavoti angu-60, u-moniarbuster uphoqelela iningi ukuba lifune ukungeniswa kweqembu elincane, livimbele "inqaba yeningi"

Abasekeli bavame ukucaphuna "usososo owenziwe nge-"umpe": iSigele siyisiqandisi esipholisa itiye elishisayo lomthetho odluliswa yindlu. Baphikisa ngokuthi i-palbuster iqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho inezisekelo ezibanzi, ezihlala njalo, inciphisa amathuba okushintsha kwenqubo lapho uhulumeni eshintsha izandla. Ibonwa njengesivikelo esivimbela ushintsho olukhulu, ithuthukisa ukuzinza phakathi kwezindawo zokuphatha.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunempikiswano: i-filbuster ivikela amalungelo eqembu elincane elizozwakala. Ngaphandle kwalo, iningi elingashesha ukunqanda umthetho ngaphandle kwempikiswano, licindezele izwi lokuphikiswa. Kubaningi abamelene nokuphikiswa, ukuvikela i-monicbuster kuyafana nokuvikela isakhiwo seSigele ngokwaso.

Izimpikiswano Ezimelene Nazo: Impi Yasendle Nefa Lobuhlanga

Abaphikisi be-filbuster baphikisa ngokuthi ngokuyisisekelo imelene nedemocratic. Baphikisa ngokuthi iningi elivamile kufanele lanele ukumisa imithetho, njengaseNdlu yabameleli nakuzo zonke izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni. Ngokunikeza idlanzana lama-veto ama-genestator angu-41 amandla, i-finbuster ivumela i-processing encane, ngokuvamile ebanzi ukuba ivimbele intando yeningi lamaMelika.

Abagxeki bakhomba umlando we-nfilbuster enamalungelo omphakathi njengobufakazi bengozi yayo. Baphikisa ukuthi iyithuluzi elivimbela isimo esikhona, ngisho noma isimo singesihle. Ukuphakama kwe-palbuster ethulayo kwenza ukuba kube lula kakhulu, kuholela kuhulumeni okhubazekile ongakwazi ukuxazulula izinkinga ezicindezelayo njengokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, izindleko zempilo, noma amalungelo okuvota.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, abaphikisi baphikisa ngokuthi i-filbuster ayikufuni ukulandisa. Uma ingxenye enkulu ihluleka ukusho izithembiso zayo, ingamane isole iqembu elincane ngokuvala umthetho. Lokhu kuvumela abasizi ukuba bagweme ukuthatha amavoti anzima futhi bathathe umthwalo wemfanelo wokuthatha i-consol. Abashisekeli baphikisa ngokuthi ukwenza iSigele sisebenze neningi elivamile kungaphoqelela amalungu ukuba athathe icala lokubusa futhi anike abavoti ukhetho olucacile ebhokisini lebhola likanothi.

Izinguquko Ezihlongozwa Abayimibhishobhi

Ngenxa yokugxeka okukhulu nokukhula kwemvume, kuye kwasikiselwa iziphakamiso eziningi zokulungisa isimo.

I - filibuster Manuday Ekhulumayo

Esinye seziphakamiso zenguquko ezithandwa kakhulu ukubuyela ku-"Reliebuster" Ngaphansi kwalomthetho, umnyango onamavoti angu-60 ungagcinwa, kodwa umthwalo wokuvimbela ubekwe emuva kwabambalwa. Abahlaziyi abafisa ukuvala isikweleti bangazibamba ngokoqobo futhi bakhulume ngokuqhubekayo. Lokhu kungaphakamisa izindleko zokuvimbela, kuyenze ithuluzi lokukhokha ekugcineni izinkolelo eziqinile kunendlela yesimiso sezombangazwe. Abagxeki baqaphela ukuthi lenguquko ingenzeka nzima ukugcinwa futhi iphumele ekulibaziseni.

Izindlela Zokunikeza Imithetho Ekhethekile

Esinye isiphakamiso siwukuveza izigaba ezithile zomthetho ku-filbuster, ezifana kakhulu nalokho okwenziwe ngenxa yokuphoqelelwa. Izisulu ezivamile zezindawo ezikhona zihlanganisa amalungelo okuvota, ukulondeka kokhetho, kanye nomthetho omisa isifundazwe seWashington D.C. abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi ezinye izimpikiswano zibaluleke kakhulu ekusebenzeni kwentando yeningi kangangokuthi akufanele zithotshelwe imfuneko enkulu kakhulu. Abagxeki bakhathazekile ukuthi ukuqopha okungamele kukhishwe ngaphandle okuningi kungagcina kuguqule i-Pribilibuster engenanjongo.

Ukuqedwa Okuphelele: Indlela Yenuzi

Inguquko enkulu kakhulu iwukususwa ngokuphelele kwe-filbuster, ngokuvamile ebizwa ngokuthi "ukhetho lwenuzi" noma "ukhetho lwe-"constitution""" lokhu kungadinga ukuvota okulula kweningi eSigeqeni ukuze kushintshwe imithetho futhi kusungulwe umnyango olula womthetho wonke. Lokhu kungaguqula iSigele, sisenze sibe umzimba onamandla kakhulu. Nakuba lokhu kungaxazulula inkinga ye-gridlock, kungasusa futhi ukuvikelwa kwezindinganiso eziyisisekelo zamalungelo amancane enqubweni yomthetho, okungaholela ekunqanyulweni kwenqubo esheshayo lapho uhulumeni ushintshashintsha.

Imibuzo Ebuzwa Kaningi Nge - FILIbuster

Ingabe i-pinebuster kuMthetho-sisekelo? Cha. I-filbuster ayiphathwa kumthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S.. Kuwukubusa kwemiklamo eyakhelwe iSigele ngokwaso ngamandla aso ukunquma imithetho yaso.

Kungani ibizwa ngokuthi i-filbuster? Igama livela egameni lesiDashi vrijbuiter, elisho "i-freebooter" noma "i-pireti. Lasetshenziswa ekhulwini le-19 ukuchaza amasosha aseMelika enhlanhla ahlasela amazwe e-Latin America, futhi kamuva lamukelwa ukuchaza ukushaya umthetho.

Yini eyaba i-pinebuster ende kunayo yonke emlandweni? I-person fibbuster ende kunayo yonke ibanjwa i-Senator Strom Thurmond (D-SC), eyakhuluma amahora angu-24 nemizuzu engu-18 ngokumelene noMthetho we-Civil Rights ka-1957. Bekukhona amaqoqo amade kakhulu, kodwa i-Thurmond agcina umlando ngamunye.

Mangaki amavoti adingekayo ukuze kuphulwe i-banbuster? Okwamanje, kudinga amavoti angu-60 ukucela i-ravity futhi kuphele i-palbuster kumthetho omningi. Lokhu kumelela ama-ftithth eSigeqe.

Ingabe i-finbuster ingashintshwa? Yebo. I-filbuster ingashintshwa noma iqedwe ngevoti elivamile le-Galler. Lokhu kuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi "ukhetho lwenuzi" ngoba iphula izimiso ezingokwesiko zegumbi.

Isiphetho: Ikusasa Le - Filibuster

I-filbuster ilokhu iyisici esibaluleke kakhulu nesiphikisanayo seSigele sase-United States. Ihlala enkabeni yayo yonke impikiswano ngokubusa, ukubopha, nentando yeningi eMelika. Abavikeli bayo baphikisa ukuthi iyisisusa sokugcina ngokumelene nobushiqela obuningi nokuzigodla okuphoqelelwe. Abagxeki bayo bayithuluzi lokuvimbela eliye lasetshenziselwa ukuvikela ubugqila, uJim Crow, nesimiso sezombangazwe esingasabeliyo.

Ikusasa le-finbuster aliqiniseki. Njengoba isimo sezombangazwe sihlukana kakhulu, ukucindezela kokuguqula noma ukuliqeda kuzokhula. Isinqumo sokushintsha i-paribuster ekugcineni sixhomeke kubaphathi be-senester ngokwabo, futhi kuyisinqumo esizolawula amandla kahulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni wezizukulwane. Ukuqonda ukuthi i-baclebulister isebenza kanjani, futhi umlando wayo omude noyinkimbinkimbi ubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda izombangazwe zaseMelika namuhla. Impikiswano ayikona nje ukulawulwa kwemithetho ye-procedtura; iwumbuzo oyisisekelo wekhono likahulumeni omkhulu ongaba nengcuphe kakhulu futhi kufanele ivikeleke kangakanani idlanzalo encane.