Inkathi Entsha EDemocracy yaseNdiya: Inkathi Eshintshayo Yezinguquko

Ezombangazwe zamaNdiya ziphakathi kokuguqulwa okukhulu, hhayi ngesenzakalo esisodwa kodwa ngenqubo eqhubekayo, yamabomu yokuguqula izinhlelo. Eshumini leminyaka elidlule, uchungechunge lwezinguquko zezinhlangano nezobuchwepheshe luye lwalungisa indlela okhetho abaqhutshwa ngayo, indlela abavoti abanikezwa ngayo icala, nendlela abavoti abahileleke ngayo enqubweni yezombangazwe. Lezinguquko, ezigqugquzelwa yinqubo ye-ECommotion Commission yase-Indiya (ECI) kanye nohulumeni abalandelanayo, zihlose ukusingatha izinselele ezijulile ezinjengokuvota, ukuthenga imali, nethonya lemali engekho emthethweni. Kubafundi, othisha, nanoma ubani onesithakazelo ekulawuleni idemo yentando yezwe yaseNdiya, ukuqonda lezinguquko akusabalulekile ukuthatha inselele namuhla ukukhetha isizukulwane esihlukene.

Izinga le-voloteote (-) laseNdiya elicishe libe izigidi ezingu-900 labavoti ababhalisiwe ngo-2024=libangela ngisho nezinguquko ezincane ezingokwemiklamo. Okulandelayo ukubheka ngokubanzi izinguquko ezinkulu eziye zasetshenziswa, ithonya elibonakalayo kwezombangazwe zamaNdiya, izinselele ezinenkani ezisele, kanye nomgwaqo ongaphambili wesimiso okumelwe uqhubeke uzenza uhlale unobulungisa futhi uthembekile.

Umlando: Okwenza Izinguquko Zidingeke

Isimiso sokhetho saseNdiya, esiqondiswe eMthethweni waso woMthetho-sisekelo futhi siqondiswe yi-memoration of the People Act (1950 no-1951), sasiklanyelwe inkathi ehlukile. Emashumini eminyaka, kwahlelwa ukhetho ngezincwadi zephepha, ukubala ngesandla, nokungaphathi imali ephansi kwezezimali zomkhankaso. Lesimiso sasingalawuleki kakhulu: ukuphamba amadokodoli, ukuthatha i-project, ukuthatha imali emnyama, kanye nokugeleza kwenkululeko yemali emikhankantini. Ukhetho lweKatua lwama 1980 nokhetho lwezigelekeqe zeBihar, lapho kwabikwa khona amaphutha amaningi, kwaqokomisa ubumnandi benqubo yokukhetha. I-Eclation Commission imibiko ye-1990an kanye neyokuqala ka 2000 eyayibizwa ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuba ilawule imali, amandla empathyo, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezombangazwe.

Inkathi yenguquko yafika ngesinqumo seNkantolo ePhakeme ka-2013 PUCL v. Ubumbano lwaseNdiya[, olwagunyaza ukusungulwa kwendlela yokukhetha “engaphezulu” (NOTA) emishinini yokuvota. Lokhu kwalandelwa imfuneko yeVoter Verificable Paper Actical Trail, leyo iNkantolo eyayaleza ngo-2017. Le ntuthuko engokomthetho, ihlangene nokuthatha i-ECI ephambili yobuchwepheshe, imisa izinga lenguquko elizoguqula indawo ekhethiwe ngokuphawulekayo.

Isihluthulelo Sezinguquko Ezisadlangile: Kusuka EVM Kuya Ezindaweni Ezibonisayo

Izinguquko zingahlanganiswa ngezigaba ezine ezibanzi: ukuthuthukiswa kwezobuchwepheshe, ukuthatha imibandela yokulandisa, imingcele yezezimali, kanye nokuthatha izinyathelo zokuvota. Ngazinye ziye zaba nethonya elihlukile endleleni okhetho lwamaNdiya olulwiwa futhi lunqotshwe ngayo.

1. Imishini Ye - electronic Voting (Izi - EVM) Ne - VVPAT

Isiqalo se-Eclear Voting Machines (EVM) ngo-1980 kwaba yimpumelelo yokuqala enkulu kwezobuchwepheshe, kodwa ukusetshenziswa kwabo okusakazeke kakhulu kwaqala ngemva konyaka ka-2000. Namuhla, zonke izinqumo zikahulumeni ziqhutshwa nge-EVM. Umshini ususa amavoti angasebenzi, ukhawule, unciphise ukubala, futhi unciphise ingozi yokufakwa kwebhokisi lebhola lezinto zobuchwepheshe. Nokho, ukukhathazeka ngokushintsha okuholele ekungeniseni kweVoter Vivifable Factory Radio (VVPAT) .

NgoApril 2019, iNkantolo Ephakeme yayala ukuba iziteshi zokuhlola ezikhethwe ngokuthanda zivele zithathwe ezinhlanu engqungqutheleni ngayinye zibalwe njenge-cheke ngokumelene nemiphumela ye-EVM. Lokhu kuye kwandisa kakhulu ukwethemba umphakathi emishinini, nakuba izimpikiswano eziphathelene nokulondeka kwayo ziqhubeka. I-ECI iye yazigcina njalo isithi i-EVMs ayikho ukuphazanyiswa, futhi izibalo ezizimele zisekela kakhulu lokhu kuvuma. Noma kunjalo, le mpikiswano eqhubekayo igcizelela isidingo sokuqondisa okuqhubekayo kobuchwepheshe nokukhanya enqubweni yokhetho.

Ukukhishwa Kwezincwadi Nezigebengu

Enye yezindawo ezibaluleke kakhulu zokulungisa isimo yizimo ezisobala. Kusukela ngo-2003 yesinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme, abazothatha i-affidavit bafuneka ukuba babhale amarekhodi abo obugebengu (uma bekhona), imfuno yemfundo, kanye nempahla yezimali (kuhlanganise leyo yomshado wabo kanye neyokuncika). Lokhu kwaziswa kufakwa engosini ye-ECI, ivumela abavoti ukuba benze izinqumo ezicatshaliwe. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izimfuneko zokuvumisa ziye zaba yizingqongqo: abafuna ukumemezela umthombo wempahla yabo nanoma yiziphi izikhathi ezizo ezizo ezizobehlelayo.

Imiphumela iye yaba ephawulekayo. Inani labameleli abakhethiwe abaneziphakamiso zobugebengu liye lahlala liphakeme ngokulukhuni, kodwa amaphesenti angaphezu kwangu-40 ama-MP akhethiwe ngo-2019 aye amemezela amacala obugebengu (* kodwa ukubonakala kwale ndaba kuye kwenza amaqembu omphakathi anjengeNhlangano yeDemocratic Reformes (ADR) akhiphe ukuhlolwa okuvamile kanye nabamelelwa izinhlu zezikhundla ngemibhalo yabo ehlanzekile. INkantolo ePhakathile iye yafaka isikhala ngenxa “yokuvinjelwa kwesikhathi sokuphila” kwabenzi bomthetho ababoshelwa ekuncintiseni ngokhetho, nakuba iphalamende yemithetho yawayivala inkathi yokuboshwa kwezelelwe ngo-2013 kuphela, futhi iminyaka eyisithupha kamuva. Inkulumo - mpikiswano iyaqhubeka, futhi ezinye izinguquko ezingokomthetho zikhona.

3. Ukuncishiswa Kwemali Nemali

Imali ibilokhu iyindlovu isikhathi eside endlwaneni yokuhlola. Ukuze ilawule ithonya layo, i-ECI ibekela imingcele eqinile yokusebenzisa imali: ngokhetho lwe-2024 Lok Sabha, isilinganiso sasingu-995 lakh (R114 000) kuhulumeni omkhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaqembu ezombangazwe ayadingeka ukuba athumele ama-akhawunti ahlolwayo aminyaka yonke futhi adalule iminikelo engaphezu kuka-7620 000. Ukumiswa kwezibopho zokhetho ngo-20186 kwakuyinguquko edidabayo ehloselwe ukuhlanza izimali zezombangazwe ngokuvumela iminikelo engaziwa. Nokho, izibopho zashaywa iNkantolo ePhakamileyo ngoFebruary 2024 ezisekelwe ezisekelwe ezisekelwenisweni ukuthi izakhamuzi ziphule ukwaziswa okuphathelene nezimali zezombangazwe. Inkantolo yayala i-Rometmonds of India ukuba yazise zonke izibopho zezivumelwano zesivumelwano.

Ngaphandle kokusebenzisa imali, i-ECI iye yalahla ukuhanjiswa kwemali ekhululekileyo kanye nemali phakathi nemikhankaso. Amaqembu ahamba ngendiza, amaqembu okuhlola amavidiyo, namaqembu aqaphe imishini azimele athunyelwa ukuba ahlole futhi athathe imali engekho emthethweni, utshwala, nezipho. Kukhetho oluvamile lwango-2024 kuphela, imali egcwele nempahla ezingaphezu kuka 7610 000 yathathwa ezindaweni ezithile .Njengoba umbiko oqokomisa kokubili izinga lenkinga nokuphumelela kokugcinwa kwemithetho.

4. Umthetho Oyisibonelo Wokuziphatha Nokuphoqelelwa

I-Model Code of Epial (MCC) iyiqoqo leziqondiso ezikhishwa yi-EIC ebusa ukuziphatha kwawo wonke amaqembu ezombangazwe nababezokukhetha phakathi nokhetho. Inqabela ukusetshenziswa kwemishini kahulumeni yokukhetha, ukufumbathisa, ukwenza inkulumo yenzondo, nokukhanga izigaba noma imizwa yomphakathi. I-ECI iye yaqinisa ukugcinwa kwayo ngokumisa isimiso sokuhlola i-web egxekayo eziteshini, ukumisa amandla ayinhloko ukuze kuvinjelwe usongo, futhi isuse ngokushesha izikhulu eziphula lomthetho.

I-MCC iye yavela njengethuluzi elinamandla lokuqinisekisa izinga lokudlala. Ngo-2024, i-ECI ngokushesha yathatha isinyathelo ngokumelene nezazi zezombangazwe eziningana ngokwenza izinkulumo ezishubile, kuhlanganise nokuzenqabela ukuba zilwe isikhathi esimisiwe. Nakuba abagxeki bephikisa ngokuthi i-MCC ngezinye izikhathi iphoqelelwa ngokukhetha, ithonya layo liye laba ukunciphisa izenzo ezingekho ngokomthetho futhi i-ECI njengempempeja engenalucalulo.

5. Ukubhalisa Nokuthuthukisa Imisebenzi

Izinguquko ziye zagxila futhi ekwenzeni kube lula ngezakhamuzi ukubhalisa nokuvota. I-ECI yasungula ukubhalisa nge-inthanethi nge-National Voters Service Portal (NVSP) kanye neVoter Helpline App. Amakhadi e-Voter Id angahlanganiswa naku-Aadhaar ukuba aqede i-project. I-Khomishoni futhi izama ukuvota kwasekuqaleni izakhamuzi ezindala nabantu abakhubazekile, imisa ama-allppe, i-brayle sigrage, ne-spectal. Kubantu abafudukayo, inseleleko, inselele enkulu yokhetho lwamaNdiya, i-ECI imishini yokuvota ekude ezobavumela ukuba balahle isuka emsebenzini wabo ngaphandle kokuhamba ekhaya.

“ Abavoti abafakiwe” bathatha isinyathelo kuqala − kuhlanganise nokuqaphela okushukumisayo phakathi kwabavoti, abesifazane, kanye nabantu basemaphandleni − baye baba neqhaza ekwandeni okuqhubekayo komvoti. Turnout ngokhetho oluvamile lwango-2019 kwakungu-67.4%, kusukela ku- 58.2% ngo-1998. Ukufakwa kwabavoti abasha abangaphezu kwe-2.5.5 kwabavoti abasha kuyi-2024 enxaxplo.

Ithonya Kwezombangazwe ZaseNdiya: Akuwona Imishini Nje

Umphumela oqhubekayo walezinguquko uye waba intuthuko engenakulinganiswa ekwakhekeni kokhetho lwamaNdiya. Ukuthembela kokhetho kuye kwakhula, naphezu kokumangalelwa okungalindelekile kokuphazanyiswa. Ukusetshenziswa kweVVPAT nokubala okungabonisi kuye kwanciphisa kakhulu inani lezicelo nezingxabano zokhetho. Imikhankaso yezombangazwe manje incike kakhulu emithonjeni yezokuxhumana nakukwaziswa kunokuthembela emalini nasemisipheni yemalini − ingaphezulu kakhulu kwe-VVPAT efeza indima, ikakhulukazi emihlanganweni yendawo.

Ukusetshenziswa kwezombangazwe kuseyinto ekhathaza kakhulu, kodwa ukuvezwa okuphoqelekile kwamarekhodi obugebengu kuye kwaphoqelela amaqembu ukuba acabange kabili ngaphambi kokuba adlulisele iziqu ezingcolile. Amanye amaqembu aye asungula amakomiti okuhlola angaphakathi ukuze afake imvume yokufuna ukuvota, futhi abavoti basebenzisa kakhulu iziteshi ze - Internet ukuze baqhathanise amarekhodi abazofunda ngaphambi kokuphonsa amabhola abo.

Enye yemiphumela ebonakalayo kakhulu indima encishisiwe ye- “izigodlo” esekelwe ezinkolweni ezihlukene. Nakuba izombangazwe zisekhona, ukugxila ekubusweni nasekuthuthukeni. Imizamo ka-ECI yokuphoqelela i-MCC iye yanciphisa inkulumo yenzondo nokukhuluma okuhlukanisayo okusemthethweni ezinkulumo zomkhankaso, nakuba imithombo yezokuxhumana isalokhu isentshonalanga egcwele ubudlova.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinguquko ziye zanika i-Ecomtion Commission ngokwayo. I-ECI yake yabhekwa njengelungu elinamandla, manje ihlonishwa kabanzi njengenhlangano eqinile, ezimele ekwaziyo ukumisa imithetho emelene ngisho nabezombangazwe abanamandla kakhulu. Izindlela zayo zangaphakathi zokusingatha izikhalo nezijeziso ezikhudlwana ziye zaqiniswa, zathuthukisa ukwethenjwa kwayo.

Izinselele Ezinqaba Ukuzibamba

Naphezu kwentuthuko, izinselele ezibalulekile zisasele. Okungalawuleki kakhulu yi- *** isilinganiso semali**. Nakuba imingcele yezindleko ikhona, idelelwa kabanzi “ngabaqondisi” nangokuhlola ukusungula. Izingqapheli zokhetho zilinganisela ukuthi imali esetshenziswayo ingaba isihlanu kuya kweyishumi isilinganiso esingokomthetho, ikakhulukazi esisemthethweni wesizwe. Ukuzibopha kwemigqa yokukhetha kuvule imbobo entsha empini yokuveza ukukhanya, kodwa kuthatha isikhathi sokuzwa ngokugcwele.

** I - Voter soosotion** * isaba ukukhathazeka emaphaketheni athile, ikakhulukazi ezifundazweni ezinomlando wobudlova bezombangazwe. I-ECI iye yathumela amabutho ayinhloko ukuba “aqinise,” kodwa izenzakalo zokuthumba amatende ziyaqhubeka ezindaweni ezikude, ngokuvamile ezingabikwa. Ithonya lika- ** amaqembu obugebengu*** ezombangazwe lisaqhubeka, futhi abaningi abazofuna ukubhekana nezenzo zobugebengu ezingathi sína. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yabangela ukudilizwa okuhlala njalo, kodwa iPhalamende alikawudlulisi umthetho onjalo.

* * Izindaba zeMisinformation kanye nezokukhohlisa** kwezezokuxhumana kuye kwaba usongo olukhulu. Phakathi nokhetho lwama-2019 no-2024, i-ECI yanikeza iziqondiso zokukhangisa kwezombangazwe emapulatifomu njenge Facebook, i-Aussapp, ne-Twitter. Yamisa i- “Media Creance kanye neKomiti yokuHlaziya” (MCMCC) ukuvala izikhangiso ezibhalwe kusengaphambili. Kodwa ijubane lokuxhumana nge-inthanethiwebhusayithi cishe likwenza kungabi nakwazi ukubamba konke ukuphamba ukuphamba. Ukusakazwa kwemizwa kwama-fiekhi namavidiyo phakathi nomkhankaso ka-2024 kwagcizelela isidingo sokuqashwa kwangempela kanye nokulinganisela kwe-AIPrive-D.

** Ukunganaki kwabantu abahlala emadolobheni*** kudida. Naphezu kwempi yamazwe, amaphesenti okuvota emadolobheni amakhulu anjenge-Bengalu, iMumbai, neDelhi amise ngemva kwezindawo zasemaphandleni. Imikhankaso yokuqasha i-ECI idinga ukuba ivuleke kakhulu ukuze ihlanganise lezinani, mhlawumbe ngokudlalelana noma ngokukhetha izinhlelo ezinikeza ushintsho lwesikhathi sangempela.

Okokugcina, igebe lokuhlikihla** phakathi kwemithetho ephakathi kanye nokugcinwa kwe-oceal project liyinkinga yamahlalakhona. Ngokwesibonelo, ukusetshenziswa kwe-VVPAT okuphoqelelweyo kuyinto yonke, kodwa ukuminyana kwephepha nemishini yobuchwepheshe ngezinye izikhathi kubangela ukubambezeleka. i-ECI ibhekise lokhu ngokuzihlolela ngokucubungula izikhulu, kodwa amaphutha abantu nawobuchwepheshe awanakususwa ngokuphelele.

Indlela Engaphambili: Ukunqoba Izinguquko Namakhono Azo

Uhambo lwenguquko ye-electonal akukapheli. i-ECI itusa izinyathelo eziningana ezilindele ukuthathwa kukahulumeni:

  • ngokuvota okungathathwa izisebenzi zasekhaya ezifudukayo [ - Iprojekthi yomshayeli esebenzisa iEVMs ekude iyahamba ekukhetheni ama-contitue. Uma iphumelela, ingahlanganisa izisebenzi ezilinganiselwa ku-10 ezisebenza ngaphandle kwezwe lakubo ezingakwazi ukuvota manje ngoba zisebenza ngaphandle kombuso wakubo.
  • Okhetho olukhethekile (Isizwe Esinye, Ukhetho olulodwa) - uhulumeni uye wamisa ikomiti yesigaba esiphakeme ukuze ahlole ukufaneleka kokwenza uLok Sabha nokhetho lwemihlangano kahulumeni ndawonye ukuze kuncishiswe izindleko futhi kuvinjelwe umkhankaso oqhubekayo. Isihlongozo sisekelwa kakhulu kumthetho we-BJP kodwa sibhekene nokuphikiswa kwesigaba esiwuphikisayo esizuzisa amaqembu esizwe.
  • Ukuqinisa iKhodi le-Model of Eme [[FT:1] - Iziphakamiso zihlanganisa ukunika i-ECI amandla okususa amaqembu ezombangazwe abhalisayo aphula imithetho ye-MCC nokuhlela ukudluliswa kwesinqumo sezicelo zokhetho phakathi nezinyanga eziyisithupha.
  • [ Iveza ukubonakala kwemali yeqembu [ - Ithumela isahlulelo sezibopho zokhetho, i-ECI iqhubela ukuthululwa kwangempela kwasobala kweminikelo yezombangazwe ngaphezu komnyango omncane, kanye nokuhlolwa okugcwele kwama-akhawunti eqembu unyaka ngamunye.
  • uvoti oqalayo okwaziyo [ - i-ECI ihlela ukwakhiwa kwe-apply yokuvota okungekhoyo futhi ivumele ukuvota ezindaweni eziningi ngomqulu wezwe. Lokhu kungavula ithuba lokuvota ngangokunokwenzeka.

Izinhlelo ezintsha zezobuchwepheshe ezifana ** i-blockchain ovhot*** ifundwa yizifundazwe eziningana ezingase zisetshenziswe kukhetho lwendawo, nakuba i-ECI isaqaphe ngezingozi zokulondeka. Umqondo wekhadi lika-'** elilodwa lonovota wezwe lonke*** elihlangene ne-Aadhaar liye lantanta futhi ukuze kuqedwe ukuvota nokukhwabanisa, nakuba imicimbi yangasese kumelwe ixoxwe.

Isiphetho: Ukuziphendukela Kwemvelo Okuqhubekayo

Izinguquko ze-Electoral eNdiya aziyona indawo eqondene nayo. Ukusungulwa kwe-EVMS ne-VVPAT, ukuqiniswa kwe-Model Code of Faith, ukuvela kwe-odoli, nokulwa kanzima nemali kwezombangazwe konke kuye kwanezela esimisweni esithembeke kakhulu namuhla kunaseminyakeni engamashumi amabili edlule. Ukwethemba kukaVoter kubuyiselwe ezicini eziningi, futhi i-ECI iye yavela njengesibonelo esinendima sezezezezekwe kwezezinkampani eziphethe amakhetho emhlabeni wonke.

Nokho izinselele zobugebengu, ukuphambaniswa, nokusetshenziswa kwemithetho eqinile kuyaqhubeka, kusikhumbuza ukuthi idemokrasi idinga ukuqapha njalo. Igagasi elilandelayo lezinguquko cishe liyogxila ekwenzeni ukuvota kungeneke, kuqondiswe imikhankaso yamanani, futhi kuncishiswe ngokwengeziwe indima yemali. Kulabo abafunda ezombangazwe zamaNdiya, indaba yokuguqula inguquko engokokhetho iyindlela ewusizo yokubheka ngayo ukuthandwa kwentando yeningi enkulu yomhlaba, okungaphelele, okungaphelele, kodwa njalo bezama ukufeza isithembiso sawosimemezelo sokhetho olusemthethweni wamahhala neso.

Ukuze uqhubeke ufunda, hlola imibiko engokomthetho ye- Commission yokhetho yase-Indiya, ukucubungula okushicilelwe i-Association for Democratic Reformations [ADR][[FLT:] [[FLT:]], kanye nesinqumo samuva seNkanto ePhakathi ehlelayo. Izazi zingabhekisela futhi ku- i-Carnegie Endowment yensenselo yentando yentando yeningi yenkolo eNdiya [[FLT]] kanye [FLT:] ne-PLTSSPALTYPP [FFFT]'.[FFLD]