Isisekelo Sokulinganisela Komthetho - sisekelo

Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela singenye yezindlela ezihlala njalo zokuvikela uhulumeni ophathwe kabi. Siqinisekisiwe eMthethweni-sisekelo wase-U.S., lesi simiso siqinisekisa ukuthi alikho igatsha elilodwa elilawulayo, isikhulu, noma ijaji . Ngokusakaza amandla nangokuveza imithwalo yemfanelo ehlukene, amaFramers akha uhlelo oluklanyelwe ukuvikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye ekubekelweni iziphathimandla. Ukuqonda ukuthi lemingcele yomthetho-sisekelo isebenza kanjani kubalulekile kumninindlu ngamunye ofisa ukubeka isibopho sikahulumeni futhi alondoloze inkululeko yentando yeningi.

Umsuka wezokuhlola nokulinganisela ulandela ngokuqondile emfundisweni yezombangazwe yokukhanyiselwa, ikakhulukazi imibhalo kaBaron de Montesquieu. Emsebenzini wakhe ka 1748 Umoya woMthetho [, uMntesquieu waphikisa ukuthi inkululeko ilondolozwa kangcono uma amandla ehlukaniswa ngemisebenzi ehlukene. Abaqali baseMelika, abathonywe kakhulu yilemibono, bawavumelanisa nesakhiwo esisebenzayo esidlula ukuhlukana nje. Njengoba uJakobe Madison wachaza ku [FLT:] Filternalist.[5], "Isisusa kumelwe sibekwe ekulweni kwentando yezwe."""

Amagatsha Amathathu Nendima Yawo Yomthetho - sisekelo

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. uhlukanisa uhulumeni kahulumeni ube amagatsha amathathu alinganayo. Igatsha ngalinye linemibuso ehlukile, kodwa lawomandla alinganiselwe ngamabomu igunya elinikezwa amanye. Lokhu kuncintisana kwakha amandla lapho isenzo sidinga ukuxoxisana, ukuhlehliswa, nomthetho-sisekelo.

Igatsha Elingokomthetho: Abaenzi Bemithetho

ISiphakamiso I soMthetho-sisekelo sifaka wonke amandla omthetho eSishaya-mthetho eSishaya - mthetho, akhiwe yiNdlu yabameleli neSigele.

  • Ukumisa nokumisa umthetho ezindabeni ezinjengentela, ezentengiselwano, nezokuvikela izwe.
  • Ukudlula i-veto kamongameli ngesilinganiso sama-3 esilinganiso samaza amakhulu kakhulu kuwo womabili amagumbi.
  • Ukuqinisekisa noma ukwenqaba ukumiswa komongameli, kuhlanganise amajaji kahulumeni, onobhala bamakhabethe namanxusa.
  • Izivumelwano ezigunyazayo zixoxiswa igatsha eliphethe ngevoti yesigele esinesithathu.
  • Ukuphoqa nokususa izikhulu zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise nomongameli, ngenxa yobugebengu obukhulu kanye namaphutha.

UKhongolo-khampani luphethe "igunya lesikhwama"""" igunya elikhethekile lemali efanelekile. Akukho senzo sokuphatha esingasekelwa ngaphandle komxhaso wezimali we-convetional, itsheke eliye labonakala ligxeka ekunqandeni ukuphamba umongameli kuwo wonke umlando.

Igatsha Eliphethe: Abaphoqeleli

ISiphakamiso II samisa igatsha eliphethe, eliholwa umongameli. Umsebenzi oyinhloko kamongameli uwuku- "nakanisa ukuba imithetho iqedwe ngokwethembeka" i-'i-checkers enkulu yaleligatsha' ihlanganisa:

  • Umthetho ogunyaza ukumiswa kwale mithetho wamiswa uMkhandlu, uphoqelela abakhi bomthetho ukuba baphinde bacabangele noma bahlanganise ukufaneleka okukhulu.
  • Ukumisa amajaji kahulumeni, amajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme, nezikhulu ezimisa izintambo ngemvume yesiGatsha.
  • Ukuqhuba isimiso sakwamanye amazwe, ukuxoxa ngezivumelwano, nokuyala amabutho ahlomile njengomphathi.
  • Ukuthethelela nokubuyisela ubugebengu obuwuhulumeni, isheke eliphathelene nesigwebo sokwahlulela.

Isehlo somongameli sisenqumiso esiqondile sokulawula, kodwa uMkhandlu ungasilawula. Ngokufanayo, iziyalezo eziphethe ziphethe ithonya lomthetho kuphela ngaphakathi kwemingcele yegunya lomthetho okhona noma lomthetho-sisekelo; zingabekelwa inselele enkantolo noma zipheliswe umthetho olandelayo.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela: Abalandeli

ISiphakamiso III sakha inkantolo yejaji kahulumeni, neNkantolo Ephakeme iphethe. Izinkantolo zichaza imithetho futhi zinqume ukuthi ivumelana yini noMthetho-sisekelo. Imibuso yokwahlulela ihlanganisa:

  • Ukubukeza ubukho bemithetho kahulumeni nombuso ngokubukeza kokwahlulela, okumiswe ku Marbury v. Madison (1803).
  • Ukuxazulula izingxabano phakathi kwezifundazwe noma phakathi kukahulumeni nemibuso.
  • Ukuqulwa kwamacala ahilela umthetho kahulumeni, izivumelwano, namalungelo omthetho - sisekelo.
  • Ukusebenza njengomsizi wokugcina ezindabeni zokuchaza umthetho - sisekelo.

Abahluleli bamiselwe ukuphila, babavikele ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe. Nokho, amandla abo ahlolwa yikhono loMkhandlu lokuveza izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo, ukuguqula amandla ezinkantolo eziphansi, namajaji anye avuna ukuziphatha okubi.

Indlela Ukuwavikela Nokulinganisela Kwamalungelo Abantu Ngabo

Ikhono lesimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela alikho ekuvimbeleni ukubusa ngonya kuphela kodwa nasekulondolozeni ngenkuthalo amalungelo ezakhamuzi ezivamile. Ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi alikho igatsha elingaphazamisa inkululeko ngokungemthetho, uMthetho-sisekelo udala izingqimba eziningi zesivikelo.

Ukuvimbela Ukuxhaphaza

Amandla aqiniswe ngokungenakugwenywa asongela inkululeko. Ngokukhipha igunya emagatsheni amathathu, amaFramers enza kwaba nzima kakhulu nganoma yiliphi iqembu noma umuntu ukuba athathe ukulawula okuphelele. Ngenxa yalokho, ngisho noma elinye igatsha lithatha inyathelo lobuxhaxha, elinye linamathuluzi okumelana nawo. Ngokwesibonelo, uma umongameli eyala isimiso sokuhlola okungekho emthethweni, uMkhandlu ungalisusa, futhi izinkantolo zingalimemezela ukuthi alihambisani nemithetho.

Ukulandisa Ngokulawula

Igatsha ngalinye lingahlola futhi lidalule ukuziphatha okubi kwezinye. Amakomiti e-Congression aqhuba ukuqulwa kwamacala, amaphepha angaphansi, futhi aphoqelele ubufakazi obuvela kubaphathi abaphethe. ISigele singase senqabe abameleli abangakufanelekeli noma abasongela inkululeko yomphakathi. Indlu ingaqala ukuqulwa kwamacala ngokumelene nomongameli noma abahluleli abasebenzisa kabi amandla abo.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela Njengesivikelo

Amandla okuhlola kokwahlulela mhlawumbe ayisivikelo esiqondile samalungelo abantu ngabanye. Uma umthetho uphula inkululeko yokukhuluma, inkululeko engokwenkolo, inqubo efanelekile, noma isivikelo esifanayo, izakhamuzi ezithintekile zingayibekela inselele enkantolo. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme e Brown v. Ibhodi lemfundo [ [1954] [i-FLT]] iphambukisa umbuso ekukhulumeni kwezinhlanga, ishaya imithetho enqabela abantwana abamnyama ithuba lokufunda elilinganayo. Muva nje, iNkantolo iye yawisa imithetho yokuthi ukuhlangana okufana nokgenge noma ukuvota okungabekelwe imingcele ngaphandle kokulungisa. Ngaphandle kokulungisa kokwahlulela, iMiyalo yeSishaya-mthetho noma izikhulu zombuso ingakhipha imithetho ecindezelayo.

Izibonelo Eziphawulekayo Zokuhlola Nokulinganisela Okusendleleni

Umlando unikeza imifanekiso ecacile yendlela ukuhlolwa nokulinganiswa okuvikela ngayo amalungelo. Lamacala abonisa isimiso sisebenza ngendlela ehloselwe ngayo, futhi ngezinye izikhathi sihlolwa kuze kube semikhawulweni yaso.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Emashumini eminyaka, izikole ezihlukaniswe ngokohlanga zazisemthethweni ngaphansi "kokwahlukana kodwa zilingana" imfundiso eyasungulwa Pnety v. Ferguson (1996]. Lapho ama-Platoffs ebekela inselele ukuhlukanisa iTopeka, Kansas, iNkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ngokuvumelana ukuthi izakhiwo zemfundo ezihlukene zazingalingani ngokwemvelo, iphula iSiphendulo seGajimende se 1450 se-Ecult seSivice Claus. Lesinqumo sabonisa amandla ejantiary yokuchitha imithetho kahulumeni eyayiphula amalungelo ayisisekelo, ngisho nalapho leyo mithetho isekela umphakathi obanzi.

Ihlanekezelo Lamanzi

Ekuqaleni kwawo-1970, umongameli uRichard Nixon's wahlanganyela ekuxhashazweni okulandelanayo, kuhlanganise nokuphulwa endlunkulu yeKomiti yesizwe yeDemocratic nesembozo esilandelayo. UKhomishane wafaka uphendlo, amakhasethi endlu emhlophe angaphansi kwe-ocenewed, futhi ekugcineni waqalisa izitebhisi zokuhlolwa. INkantolo Ephakeme, eUnited States v. Nixon[FLT][FLT] [19774], wayala umongameli ukuba avule amakhasethi e-tepie, alahle ilungelo eliphelele lesikhulu sezikhulu. Inkantolo yabonisa ukuthi ihlelwe yilungelo elithile lokungathathiwe, iNixon. Lesi senzakalo sabonisa amandla ehlangeneyo e-comparealgion negunya lokwahlulela lokuhlola ukuziphatha okubi komphakathi.

Umthetho Wokunakekela Ongantengantengi Nobuciko Bokwahlulela

I-Patient Protection and Affordal Care Act (ACA), eyasayinwa emthethweni ngo-2010, yabhekana nezinselele ezisheshayo zomthetho-sisekelo. Abaphikisi baphikisa ngokuthi umyalo ofuna amaMelika athenge umshuwalense wempilo wadlula amandla ezentengiselwano zoMkhandlu. I-National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius [20], iNkantolo Ephakeme yasekela ukugunyaza komthetho njengendlela esemthethweni yokukhokha intela kodwa yalinganisela ukwandiswa komthetho kaMedicaid. Isinqumo sabonisa indlela ukuhlaziywa komthetho okungahlulwa ngayo umthetho, ukulondoloza isivikelo esingundoqo ezigidini nakuba ishaya phansi izinhlelo zokufuna izicelo.

Ukuqhubeka Kwezinyathelo Ze - Trump

Muva nje, uMongameli uDonald Trump waphakanyiswa kabili yiNdlu yabameleli (Hoouse of Desistrations) ngo-2019 ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kabi kwegunya nesithiyo soMkhandlu ohlangene nokucindezela i-Ukraine, futhi ngo-2021 ukugqugquzelwa kokuhlubuka ngemva kokuhlasela kwe-Capitol ka-6. Nakuba iSigele sakhulula uTrump ngazo zombili izikhathi, inqubo yokungagunyazi yona ngokwayo yabonisa ukuthi uKhomishana ngokwayo ithuluzi lomthetho lokugcina umongameli enecala lokungaphathisiwe, ngisho nalapho amandla evimbela ukuqashelwa.

Izinselele Zanamuhla Kulesi Simiso

Naphezu kokukwazi ukumelana, amasethi abhekene nobunzima obukhulu ekubusweni kwamanje. Ukuqonda lezinselele kuyadingeka ukuze kuvikelwe imingcele yomthetho-sisekelo.

I - partisan Polaryation

Ukwanda kokuhlukana kwemibono phakathi kwamaqembu ezombangazwe kuye kwaqeda inqubo engokwethukela eyake yasiza ukubambisana phakathi kwamagatsha. Ukwengamela kwe-Congregational ngokuvamile kubhekwa nge-lens elandela i-congress, futhi iningi linqikaza ukuhlola amongameli beqembu lalo siqu. Izimpi zokuqinisekisa ezilwiwayo zokwahlulela nomphathi ziye zancintiswa kakhulu, ngokunqikaza nokuphazamisa kwekhono lesikhulu sobuphathi. Lapho ukwethembeka kudlula umsebenzi wenhlangano, inqubo yokuzilungisa yesimiso ilulaza.

Ukufinyelela Isikhundla Esingaphezu Kwesibindi

Abaholi babo bobabili laba bakhulu baye bandisa amandla okulawula ngeziqondiso zezikhulu, ngezenzo zomthetho, nangezinqumo zemithetho yangaphandle. Nakuba lezi zinyathelo zingaba ngokomthetho uma ziqhathaniswa nomongo olinganiselwe, bangayidlulisa inqubo elula ehloselwe yi-Framers. Ukusetshenziswa "izimemezelo" ukumemezela inhloso yokungaphoqeleli amalungiselelo athile emithetho, nokuthunyelwa kwezimo eziphuthumayo zesizwe ukuze kuqondiswe izimali, kuye kwaphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngokuthi igatsha eliphethe ihhovisi lingenele ekwakheni.

Ukuthatha Icala Kokwahlulela Nezimpikiswano Ezilinganiselwe

Indima efanele yejaji isalokhu iphikiswana. Abagxeki bezenzo zokwahlulela baphikisa ngokuthi ngezinye izikhathi izinkantolo zidlule ngokushaya imithetho yedemokrasi esekelwe ekufundweni okukhulu koMthetho-sisekelo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abasekeli benhloli eqinile yokwahlulela baphikisa ngokuthi ukuvikela amalungelo amancane ngokuvamile kudinga izinkantolo ukuba ziphindisele emuva ekunqandeni ukuqiniswa okukhulu. Ukungezwani phakathi kokunqanda ukwahlulela nokuthatha isinyathelo kungokwemvelo kuzuzwa ngefa kulesimiso, kodwa izinqumo zamuva eziphezulu ziye zandisa impikiswano yasobala.

Ukuwohloka Kwemizimba YamaNorm Nezinhlangano Zokuthembela Kuye

Ngaphandle kokuhlola okungokomthetho komthetho-sisekelo, lesi simiso sincike ezimisweni ezingabhaliwe − njengokuhlonishwa kwemithetho yokwahlulela, ukugwema ukubekwa kwemithetho yoMnyango woMahluleli, nokwamukelwa kobubonisi obungokomthetho. Uma lezimiso zinganakwa, ukulinganisela. Ukukhomba umphakathi ezinhlanganweni ezinjengeSishayamthetho, isikhulu, neNkantolo Ephakeme kululaza ukwethenjwa kwezimiso zobuphetho nezilinganiso. Izakhamuzi ezikholelwa ukuthi lesimiso sifakwe ezindaweni ezisemthethweni azinamathuba anele okungena ezinqubweni zentando yeningi, zidala umjikelezo ononya.

Indima Yemfundo Yesibalo Nesabelo Sezakhamuzi

Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela esisebenzayo asixhomekile kuphela kubaphathi kodwa nasesakhiweni esinolwazi. Ulwazi loMthetho - sisekelo lunikeza abantu amandla okumelana nokuthambekela kokubusa ngempoqo nokufuna ukuba balandise.

Ukuqonda Amalungelo Nezixazululo

Izakhamuzi zonke kufanele ziqonde amalungelo azo ayisisekelo ngaphansi kweBhili lamaLungelo kanye nokulungisa okulandelayo. Ukwazi isivikelo seSichibiyelo sokuqala sokukhuluma, ukunyathelisa, nokuhlangana; iSichibiyelo sesine sivikela ekuphenyeni okungenangqondo; futhi inqubo yeSichibiyelo sesihlanu efanelekile iqinisekisa abantu ukuba baqaphele ukwephulwa nokufuna ukuvuselelwa ezinkantolo.

Ukuhlanganyela Ezinhlanganweni Zentando Yeningi

Uma kuqashelwa okhethweni lwe-Congress, umongameli, namahhovisi esifundazwe kuthinta ngokuqondile ukwakhiwa kukahulumeni. Uma abavoti bevuza abazonika imingcele engokomthetho-mthetho futhi bajezise labo abadlulayo, baqinisa ubuqotho besimiso. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bathintana nabameleli abakhethiwe, bafaka ubufakazi ngokuqulwa kwecala, futhi bajoyina izinhlangano zezezakhamizi ezikhulisa izikhulu zezakhamuzi.

Ukuhlanganyela Namankantolo

Imfundo ye-pic kufanele futhi ihlanganise ukwazisa ngendima yokwahlulela. Izakhamuzi zingaya ezimpikiswaneni zeNkantolo Ephakeme, zifunde izinqumo futhi ziqonde ukuthi amacala akuthinta kanjani ukuphila kwazo. Izinhlangano ezisekela usizo olungokomthetho noma amafayela anikeza izifushaniso ezifingqiwe ezindabeni zamalungelo zisiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi izinkantolo zihlale zifinyeleleka.

Ukufunda Ezezindaba Nenkulumo Eyiqiniso

Enkathini yokungaqondi kahle, izakhamuzi kumelwe zifune imithombo ethembekile ngezenzo zikahulumeni. Imithombo yemfundo enjenge-FLT yesizwe inikeza ulwazi oluqondile, olungaqondile. Ukucabanga ngezindaba zezeNguquko ze-National[, kanye ne- i-Fedalicary Education Resources[[

Ukuqinisa Amasheke Nokulinganisela Kwekusasa

Ukugcina imingcele yomthetho-sisekelo kudinga umzamo oqhubekayo. Ukutuswa kokuqinisa isimiso zihlanganisa:

  • Amandla okulawula akhanyisa:[ Izishaya-mthetho kufanele zivuselele imithetho elawula ukusetshenziswa kweziqondiso eziphetheyo, izimo eziphuthumayo zesizwe, kanye nemibuso yempi ukubuyisela isikhundla sokulawula.
  • Ukunciphisa ukuhlikihla umehluko: ikhomishane yokulungisa i-reddigieforming ingabangela ukhetho lwasekhaya lube olunciphisanayo, lunciphise izisusa zokuthatha umkhumbi wesifunda okweqile.
  • Ukuqinisa izindinganiso zokuziphatha: ukuqinisa imithetho yokuziphatha kuwo womathathu amagatsha nokumisa izindikimba ezizimele zokuqondisa kungavuselela ukwethembana komphakathi.
  • Imfundo yomphakathi:[ Amazwe kufanele agunyaze i K-12 pryland ezifundisa indlela yokuhlelwa nokusebenza kwe-checks kanye nokulinganisa, kanye nezibonelo ezingokomlando zokusebenza kwawo.

Isiphetho

Amasethi awekho amasu angabonakali kodwa awubukho uhlaka oluphilayo olulawula konke ukuhlangana phakathi kwezakhamuzi nohulumeni wazo. Kusukela ezimpikiswaneni zokuqala ze-Constitution yeNkantolo yoMthetho-sisekelo kuya ezinqumweni zamuva zeNkantolo Ephakeme, isimiso sokuthi amandla kumelwe alinganiselwe futhi ahlangane sisalokhu sibalulekile ukuze kuvikelwe amalungelo abantu ngabanye. Nakuba izinselele ezinjengokuhlukanisa, ukuphambanisa izikhulu, nokungathembana kuxhomeke esimisweni, uMthetho-sisekelo unikeza amathuluzi okungasabela. Isivumelwano, isakhamuzi esifundile siyi-cheme //one okumelwe sisetshenziswe ngokuvota, sikhulume, futhi sikhiphe wonke amagatsha anecala. Ukusinda kwenkululeko yentando yeningi kuxhomeke kuso.