Indlela Iziphendu Zomthetho - sisekelo Eziwuthonya Ngayo Umthetho

Umthetho - sisekelo usebenza njengesisekelo esiphezulu somthetho wesizwe, uchaza isimo sikahulumeni, amalungelo ezakhamuzi, nezimiso ezisebenza ngazo umphakathi. Kodwa awukho umthetho-sisekelo okhona. Njengoba imiphakathi iguquka, imithetho yayo eyisisekelo kumelwe ivumelane namaqiniso amasha, ishintshela ezindinganisweni, futhi ivela izinselele. Lokhu kulapho izinguquko zomthetho ngokomthetho ziqala khona. Izinguquko ziwushintsho olungokomthetho noma ukuhlanganisa umthetho-sisekelo, futhi izinqubo ezihlongoniswa nazo ziphakathi kwezindlela eziklanywe futhi zivunyelwe kakhulu eziklanywe kahle kunoma isiphi isimiso somthetho-mthetho-mthetho. Lezi zinqubo zikhona ukuze zilinganisele isidingo sokuzinza nesidingo sentuthuko, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ushintsho lwezisekelo lwezwe akwenziwa kalula kodwa luhlala lukhona lapho kuvela ukuvumelana kwangempela. Ukuqonda ukuthi ukuhlelwa komthetho womthetho womthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho kuyadingeka kanjani kunoma yisiphi isimiso somthetho wentando yentando yentando yentando.

Isisekelo Esingokwenkolelo Sezinqumo Zomthetho - sisekelo

Imithetho-sisekelo iklanyelwe ukukhuthazela. Ngokungafani nomthetho ovamile, ongadluliselwa noma uphendulwe yivoti elilula, imithetho-mthetho yenzelwe ukunikeza uhlelo oluqinile olumelana nezingcindezi zesikhashana zezombangazwe. Lokhu kuhlala isikhathi eside kokubili kunamandla nobuthakathaka obungenzeka. Umthetho-sisekelo oqinile kakhulu ungaphelelwa isikhathi noma ucindezeleke kakhulu, kuyilapho lowo othambe kakhulu angahluleka ukunikeza ukuqina okudingwa umphakathi. Ngakho inqubo yokulungisa iyindlela ehleleke kahle esetshenziswayo yithuluzi elihlala enqamuleneni ehlala njalo futhi lishintsha.

Abahleli bomthetho-mthetho emhlabeni wonke baye balwa nalokhu kucindezeleka. E-United States, uJames Madison waphikisa ku-Federalist No. 43 ukuthi inqubo yokulungisa kumelwe ibe "ngelula kakhulu noma inzima kakhulu" ukuvimbela kokubili izinguquko ezingathi sína kanye nokuncishiswa kwamalungiselelo aphelelwe yisikhathi. Lesimiso siye sathonya ukuklanywa komthetho-sisekelo embulungeni yonke. Izinqubo eziningi zidinga okungaphezu kweningi, ngokuvamile ezifuna izakhiwo eziphezulu, indingingiza zemvume, noma ukuthatha iqhaza eliqondile emphakathini ngokubhekisa ama-endium. Lezi zimfuneko ziqinisekisa ukuthi ukubuyiselwa kohlelo olusafufuthi futhi oluqinile kubonisa ukuvumelana kunokudlula inkanuko yomzuzu othile.

Ukulungisa komthetho-mthetho kungafeza izinjongo eziningana. Zingandisa noma zicacise amalungelo abantu ngabanye, njengoba kuboniswa yi-U.S. Bill of Rights noma izinguquko zangemva kwempi eJalimane. Zingahlela kabusha izinhlangano zikahulumeni, njengokusuka ephalamende ukuya esimisweni sobumongameli. Zingakhuluma ngezobuchwepheshe obusha noma izinto zezenhlalo, njengamalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu enkathini yonyaka. Zingalungisa futhi amaphutha encwadini yokuqala noma ziphendule izincazelo zokwahlulela ezifuna amagatsha ezombangazwe ukuba ahlulele. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi injongo yawo, ukuguqulwa kumelela isenzo sobumongameli obunye obunye, isinqumo esingokomthetho, njengesimiso sokulungisa umthetho wazo.

Izindlela Zokunquma Izinqumo Zomthetho - sisekelo

Isinyathelo sokuqala kunoma isiphi inqubo sokulungisa isigaba esihlongozwayo. Ubani ozosikisela ushintsho kumthetho-sisekelo, futhi ngaphansi kwaziphi izimo? Impendulo iyahlukahluka emazweni amaningi, ibonisa amasiko ahlukene okubusa nemibono ehlukile mayelana nendawo igunya elingokomthetho elihlala kuyo.

Isivumelwano Semithetho

Inqubo evame kakhulu yokulungisa umthetho- sisekelo ingeyomthetho-mthetho wesizwe. Ezimisweni eziningi zomthetho-sisekelo, isiphakamiso kumelwe sivele kubameleli abakhethiwe, ngokuvamile ephalamendeni noma engqungqutheleni. Nokho, umnyango wokuletha inguquko cishe njalo kunomthetho ovamile. Amazwe amaningi afuna ukuba ukushintshwa okuhlongozwayo kusekelwe inani elilinganiselwe lemiyalo yemithetho, njenge-3, noma i-opera elilodwa lamalungu, ngaphambi kokuba kucatshangwe ngokusemthethweni.

Isiphakamiso somthetho sivame ukuhlanganisa ukufundwa kaningana noma izigaba zengxoxo. Kwezinye izimiso, ukulungisa kumelwe kuvunyelwe ezimisweni ezimbili ezilandelanayo zomthetho, kanye nokhetho phakathi, ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi umphakathi unethuba lokuhlola lesi sicelo. Lokhu kusetshenziswa emazweni anjenge-Netherlands ne-Denmark, lapho ushintsho kuhulumeni phakathi kwezinhlelo lungabulala khona ukubuyiselwa okuhlongozwayo uma ipalamende elisha lingahlanganyeli isibopho esifanayo. Amanye amazwe, anje eJapane, adinga inani eliyisithathu kuzo zombili izindlu zomthetho womthetho wokuhlela i-amplication ukuze nje acelele ukuvunywa kwemvume yokugcina.

Umzila wemithetho usiza ekusebenziseni amakhono ngokomthetho wentando yeningi wezikhulu ezikhethiwe. Abameli ngokuvamile bafundiswa kahle ngezindaba zomthetho nezimiso, futhi banokuhlobana okuqondile nabavoti. Nokho, abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi izishaya - mthetho zingathunjwa yizithakazelo zabashokobezi noma abefundisi abaqinile, okubenza bamelane nezinguquko ezingase zisongela amandla abo.

Izinyathelo Zokuqala Zezakhamuzi Nemihlangano Yomthetho - sisekelo

Kwamanye amazwe, abantu ngokwabo bangahlongoza ukulungisa okungokomthetho ngokuqondile. Ukuhlelwa kwezakhamuzi ezihlangene ne-demokrasi okuwuhlobo lwentando yeningi oludlula ngokuphelele isishaya-mthetho noma ukuphoqelela isishaya-mthetho ukuba sithathe isinyathelo. ISwitzerland iyisibonelo esivelele kakhulu salokhu kuthatha isinyathelo. Ngaphansi kwesimiso saseSwitzerland, noma yiliphi iqembu lezakhamuzi lingahlela ukulungisa okungokomthetho uma lihlanganisa izimpawu ezisemthethweni ezingu-100 000 ezisemthethweni phakathi nezinyanga eziyi-18. Isicelo sibekwa e-indendum yesizwe, lapho kumelwe izuze khona ingxenye enkulu yevoti ethandwayo neningi ye-canto (asts) ukuze idlule. Lenqubo inikeza izakhamuzi ezivamile ithuluzi elinamandla lokubumba umthetho, nakuba imfuneko ephakeme yokusayinwa kuphela ifinyelela i-boloot.

Enye indlela umhlangano womthetho-mthetho uhlanganisa umhlangano we-Gradefia ngo1787, futhi iSiphakamiso V soMthetho-sisekelo sihlela ukumiswa noma ukuhlelwa komthetho-sisekelo ngokuphelele. Imihlangano ingabizwa isishayamthetho, umqondisi, noma ngevoti ethandwayo. UMthetho-sisekelo wase United States ngokwawo wamiswa emhlanganweni womthetho-sisekelo ePhiladelphia ngo1787, futhi inikeza iSiphakamiso V soMthendeleko esihlela ukuba kubhalwe ukuthi uma amakhewu amabili-mitha amathathu esizwe ecela enye. Nakuba lendlela ingakaze isetshenziswe ngesilinganiso sikahulumeni eUnited States, ilokhu iyindlela yokulungisa izinguquko. Izihambeli eziningi zemihlangano yesifunda zingashintsha iziqondiso zazo. Imihlangano esekelwe ekuhlolweni kwezindawo ezivamile.

Amanye amazwe ahlanganisa izindlela eziningi zokuhlongoza. Ngokwesibonelo, e-Ireland, ukulungisa kungahlongozwa iphalamende (i-Oiteachtas) kodwa kumelwe ivunyelwe abantu abase-parejini. Lendlela ye-projekthi ingakuphathisa ukuhlelwa kwekomiti ekhethekile noma umhlangano, njengoba kwenziwa nge-Convention on the Constitution, ecabangela umshado ofana nowesilisa kanye nendima yabesifazane ekuphileni komphakathi. Lendlela yenhlanganisela inganikeza ubuchwepheshe nomthetho womphakathi kuyilapho ilondoloza igunya lokugcina abantu.

Ukuvunyelwa Kwezimiso Zokuchithwa Komthetho - sisekelo

Uma nje sekuhlongozwe ukulungiswa komthetho - sisekelo, kumelwe kusetshenziswe inqubo yokuvumela eqinile ngamabomu. Izimfuneko ezithile ziyahlukahluka, kodwa ukucabanga okuyisisekelo kuyavumelana: Izinguquko kufanele zibonise ukuvumelana okujulile nokubanzi, hhayi okuncane noma okwesikhashana.

Izimfuneko Zobuqotho Emthethweni

Inqubo yokuvuma evame kakhulu yivoti enkulu kakhulu esiGunyeni sombuso. I-supermajority ingumnyango ophakeme kuneningi, ngokuvamile ubekwa kuma-3-hithns noma ama-pathsin amathathu amalungu. Inani eliqondile liyahluka ngokwezwe. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuguqulwa komthetho-sisekelo kudinga inani eliyisithathu kuzo zombili iziNkathi (indlu ephansi) neBundestrat (indlu ephezulu emelela amazwe). EFrance, umongameli angathumela i-antententensi esimisweni sepala, lapho kumelwe ivunyelwe khona abantu abathathu abafathathu. E-Italy, ikamelo ngalinye kumelwe livumele ukuvota okuka kabili, okungenani ngezinyanga ezintathu phakathi kwenani elikhulu, futhi likhiphe ivoti elizimele.

Izimfuneko eziphezulu zifeza izinjongo eziningana. Baphoqelela abahlongozi bokulungiswa kokwakha imifelandawonye ebanzi enqamule imigqa. Banciphisa inqubo, banika izishayamthetho nesikhathi somphakathi ukutadisha nokuphikisana ngesicelo. Bavikela izithakazelo zedlanzana ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi iningi lingeke liyishintshe imithetho eyisisekelo yalomdlalo. Nokho, izimfuneko ezinkulu zingaba isithiyo futhi ekulungiseni okudingekile. Emphakathini ohlukene kakhulu, kungase kucishe kungabi nakwenzeka ukuhlanganisa inani elikhulu elingunxantathu nganoma yiluphi ushintsho oluphawulekayo, kushiye umthetho-mthetho-sisekelo ungenakwenza ithakaze futhi ungakwazi ukuvumelana.

Indima Yokubuyiselwa Kwemidanso

Amazwe amaningi afuna ukuba izinguquko ezihlongozwayo zinikezwe abantu ukuze zivunyelwe ekugcineni nge-apentemu. Lesinyathelo esiqondile sentando yeningi siqinisekisa ukuthi umthombo oyinhloko wegunya lomthetho-sisekelo, izakhamuzi ngokwazo, unesisho sokugcina. IReferendendums ingaba yisibopho, okusho ukuthi zonke izinguquko kumelwe zithotshelwe evotini, noma ngokungakhetheki, okusho ukuthi i-arevenum iqala ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile kuphela, njengalapho isishayamthetho semithetho sihluleka ukufinyelela i-atmajora noma lapho inani elicaciswe lezakhamuzi licela umuntu oyedwa.

Ama-antemporary avamile emazweni anamasiko aqinile entando yeningi. ISwitzerland idinga i-parensium yakho konke ukulungisa komthetho-sisekelo, njenge-Ireland ne-Australia. E-Australia, ukulungisa okuhlongozwayo kumelwe kuvunyelwe iningi labavoti ngokwesizwe kanye neningi labavoti emazweni amaningi (abane kwabayisithupha). Lemfuneko ehlukene ivimbela ukuba amazwe abe nomphakathi omningi angabi khona kakhulu, umklamo obonisa isimo sombuso we-Australia. E-Ireland, iningi elivamile labavoti lifanelekile, kodwa i-endrendme kumelwe ligcinwe esikhathini esithile ngemva kokuvunyelwa kwephalamende.

Ama-apendium akhethayo asetshenziswa ezimisweni lapho isishaya-mthetho singumshayeli oyinhloko woshintsho lomthetho-sisekelo kodwa lapho abantu behlala khona benombuso we-veto. Ngokwesibonelo, eDenmark, ukubuyiselwa okuye kwavunyelwa yiphalamende kumelwe kuthunyelwe e-endum ngaphandle kokuba ivunyelwe iningi lama-65 epalamente. Uma i-arendendum ibambelwe, ukubuyiselwa kumelwe kusekelwe yiningi labavoti abajikayo, futhi ukuthi iningi limele limelele okungenani amaphesenti angu-40 abavoti abafanelekayo. Lesibhakamu esiphezulu siqinisekisa ukuthi intengi ayinakuvunyelwa yi-parthena, encane, engamelelimele.

Ama-Referendendum anezela ungwengwezi lomthetho osemthethweni wentando yeningi enqubweni yokulungisa, kodwa futhi aphakamisa nokukhathazeka okusebenzayo. Amavoter angase angafundiswa kahle ngezindaba eziyinkimbinkimbi zomthetho-sisekelo, futhi imikhankaso yokubhekisisa ingathonywa yizikhangiso ezidukisayo noma ukusetshenziswa kweqembu elilawulayo. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ama-asendendum anganciphisa imibuzo engokomthetho-mthethweni ekukhetheni okulula u-yebo-o-o - or-o, asusa ukucubungula okubalulekile emklanyweni womthetho wezo sisekelo oqinile. Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi abantu bawukuphela kwesimiso somthetho-mthetho-sisekelo futhi akukho mthetho ongokomthetho uma ungenakushintshwa yilabo ababusayo.

Ama-Federal v. Unitary System

Isakhiwo sikahulumeni wezwe siyihlela ngokuphawulekayo inqubo yaso yokulungisa. Ezimisweni zikahulumeni, lapho uhulumeni uhlukanisa khona uhulumeni wezwe nezinhlangano zezizwe ezinjengezifundazwe noma izifundazwe, ukulungisa ngokuvamile kudinga imvume yawo womabili amazinga kahulumeni. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi i-guantenent ayishintshwanga uhulumeni wezwe. Ngokwesibonelo, i-antementation ehlongozwayo e-United States, i-acementation ehlongoniswa yizingxenye ezimbili ezithathu zezindlu zomphakathi kumele ivunyelwe yizikhundla ezintathu zomthetho womthetho wesishayamthetho noma ngemihlangano emikhulu emithathu yezifunda zezizwe. Lokhu kunikeza uhulumeni ngamunye indima eqondile enqunyweni ye-andementation, ngokwesibonelo, ukuvikela izithakazelo zawo ngokumelene nokungenela kwezwe.

EJalimane, izinguquko zidinga inani eliphindwe kabili lesithathu kuyo yomibili iBundestag ne-Bundesrat, okuwukuhlelwa kwabameleli bohulumeni bezwe. Lokhu kunikeza izigaba izwi elinamandla ekushintsheni komthetho-sisekelo. Nokho, umthetho-sisekelo waseJalimane uqukethe "umsuka wobuzwe" owenqabela ukuncitshiswa kwesimo sikahulumeni, isithunzi somuntu, noma izimiso eziyisisekelo zedemokrati nomthetho. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngisho nangesisekelo somthetho omkhulu, izici ezithile zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo azinakushintshwa.

Ezimisweni ezilandelanayo, lapho amaqembu ahlukene angenaso isimo somthetho-sisekelo esizimele, inqubo yokulungisa ilula. Isimiso somthetho-mthetho wezwe singaba yi-metain, noma i-paresionum ingadingeka, kodwa amaqembu angaphansi komhlaba awanayo indima engokomthetho. IFrance ne-Sweden ziyizibonelo zezifunda ezihlangene lapho ukulungisa izivumelwano kuvunyelwa khona yiphalamende, okune-metasum esemthethweni kwezinye izimo. Ukungabikho kongqimba lwe-simende kazwelonke akusho ukuthi ukubuyiselwa kulula, nakuba kunjalo, njengoba izimfuneko ezinkulu nezigaba zemithetho emikhulu nezokushaya umthetho kusanikeza khona izinhlolo eziphawulekayo.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwezinqumo Nokusetshenziswa Kwazo

Uma nje ukulungisa sekususe zonke izithiyo ezidingekayo, kumelwe kugunyazwe futhi kuhlanganiswe ngokusemthethweni kumthetho-sisekelo. Ukuhlanganiswa kwemithetho kuyisinyathelo esingokomthetho esiqinisekisa ukufaneleka kokulungisa futhi sikunike amandla angokomthetho. Ezimisweni eziningi, ukuhlaziywa kuyazenzekela uma izimo zokuvunyelwa zihlangatshezwa, kuyilapho kwezinye kufunwa isimemezelo noma incwadi engokomthetho. Inhloko kahulumeni, njengomongameli noma inkosi, ingase ibe necala lokuqinisekisa ukuthi ukubuyiselwa kulungile kuye kwamukelwa ngokufanelekile.

Ukusetshenziswa kuhilela ukukhipha amakhophi asemthethweni omthetho-sisekelo, ukuvuselela imithetho ehlobene nawo, nokwazisa izinhlangano zikahulumeni nomphakathi. Izinkantolo zingadinga ukuchaza indlela ukulungisa okusha okusebenza ngayo namalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo akhona. Kwezinye izimo, ukuhlelwa kungadinga ukumiswa kwemithetho ukuze kubhalwe imininingwane yayo noma ukudala izinhlangano ezizicabangayo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlelwa komthetho-sisekelo kokwakha ilungelo elisha lomuntu kungase kudinge imithetho echaza izinga layo futhi inikeze ikha ikhambi lezindlela zokuphulwa komthetho. Isigaba sokumisa singabaluleka njengokusikisela nezigaba ezivumayo, futhi ukulibala noma ukumelana nokusebenza kungalulaza ukusebenza kwalendawo.

Kubalulekile futhi ukuqaphela ukuthi akuzona zonke izinguquko ezihlongozwayo eziphumelelayo. Kodwa ukuhluleka kwemizamo edingekayo ephakeme, kuyahluleka ukuguqula i-arhente, noma kushiywe ngemva kwempikiswano ethatha isikhathi eside. Ubunzima benqubo yokulungisa buyinhloso, kuqinisekiswe ukuthi izinguquko kuphela ngokusekela okuqotho nokuhlalayo zingaba yingxenye yomthetho-sisekelo. Nokho, umzamo ohlulekileyo wokulungisa awuchithwa. Ingxoxo ngokwayo ingathonya umbono womphakathi, ithonya incazelo yokwahlulela, futhi ibeke isisekelo semizamo yesikhathi esizayo. Kwezinye izimo, ukubuyiselwa kokusemthethweni noma ushintsho olungafinyelelwa emigomweni eminingi ngaphandle kokuguqula umbhalo womthetho.

Ukuhlola Izimiso Zokuchithwa Eziqhathaniswa

Ukuqonda indlela ukulungisa umthetho-sisekelo okusebenza ngayo kudinga ukubheka amazwe athile. Inqubo yokulungisa yesizwe ngasinye ibonisa umlando waso oyingqayizivele, impucuko yezombangazwe, nomklamo wezenhlengo. Ukuhlola okulandelayo kubonisa izindlela zokuthatha nomphumela wazo osebenzayo.

E - United States: Inqubo Yesihloko V

Umthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. ulungiswe izikhathi ezingu-77 kuphela kusukela kwakwenziwa kwayo isakhiwo esingu-1788, isenza sibe esinye sezici zomthetho-mthetho wesizwe ezinzima kakhulu ukushintshwa. ISiphakamiso V sinikeza izindlela ezimbili zokuhlongoza: ngamavoti amabili-sithathu kuzo zozindlu zomthetho noma ngomhlangano obizwa ngezigaba ezimbili zezindawo zombuso. Indlela yomhlangano ayizange isetshenziswe ezingeni likahulumeni, nakuba kuye kwaba nezingcingo zezikhathi ezithile zempoqo eyodwa. I-Ratiation idinga ukuvunyelwa yizingxenye ezintathu zezindlu zomthetho zomthetho noma ngemihlangano ezindaweni ezintathu zezifundazwe, kanye nokukhetha indlela yeSishayamthetho. Indlela ephakeme ehlongozwayo ayizange isetshenziswe eKhomishani, futhi ingxenyana encane yalezo ezigunyazwe yi-R3482. I-Providuralton ihowe ngenguquko ewumthetho omkhulu kakhulu. I-US. I-S. Intells ihoversensivent, ikakhulukazi i-S.

ENdiya: Ukuvumelana Nemingcele

I-Indiya Constitution, umthetho-mthetho wezwe omude kunayo yonke ebhalweyo, ithatha indlela evumelanayo yokulungisa izinqumo. ISiphakamiso 368 sivumela ukuba kudluliswe izinguquko ezilula eziningi zamalungu akhona navota endlini yephalamende, ngaphandle kwezinye. Iziphendulo ezithinta izinhlelo zikahulumeni, inkantolo yecala, noma amalungelo athile ayisisekelo adinga ukumiswa okungaphezulu kwemithetho yesifunda. Lokhu kuvumela i-Indiya ukuba ilungise umthetho wayo kahulumeni kahulumeni izikhathi ezingaphezu kwekhulu kusukela ngo-1950, ivumela ukuguqula i-mthetho wayo umthetho wayo umthetho we-mthetho-sisekelo ukuba ushintshe izimo kuyilapho ilondoloza isakhiwo sayo esiyisisekelo. Nokho, iNkanto ephakeme ibeka imfundiso "esakhemikhali", iphethe ukuthi ukuncipheka kwezindawo eziyinhloko zemithetho yezomthetho, njengesimiso sombuso wezwe, ukuhlola kwezehlulelwa kwezezwe, nokuhlola i-produration.

IJalimane: Ukuvikelwa Kwezimiso Ze - core

ISiphakamiso 79 siqukethe "isibuyekezo esivimbela noma isiphi isici esithinta isimo sikahulumeni, isithunzi somuntu, noma izimiso eziyisisekelo zedemokrasi kanye nokubusa komthetho. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngisho nangokusekela okukhulu kwezombangazwe, izici ezithile zemithetho-sisekelo yaseJalimane zingaphezu kwenqubo yokubuyiselwa. Isigaba saphakade sibonisa ukuzimisela kwempi kwaseJalimane ukuvimbela ukubuyela embusweni we-demokrati, isithunzi somuntu, noma izimiso eziyisisekelo zentando yeningi kanye nokubekwa komthetho.

ISwitzerland: Ukusebenza Kwentando Yeningi Eqondile

Inqubo yokulungisa iSwitzerland iyinqubo yokukhipha imvume yezakhamuzi engcono kakhulu kunoma yisiphi isimiso sombuso wentando yeningi. Iziphendu zingahlongozwa yiphalamende noma ngesinqumo sesakhamuzi. Isinyathelo sokuthatha isinyathelo sidinga izisayino ezingu - 100 000 phakathi nezinyanga eziyi-18, ngemva kwalokho isihlongozo sibekwe e-parenteum yesizwe. Ukudlulisa, ukunqanda kumelwe kuwine inani elikhulu levoti ethandwayo neningi lamacanto. Le mfuneko embaxa liphindekanisa ukuthi kokubili abantu newakhatoni bavume ukuguquka komthetho-mthetho-mthetho-siseko. ISwitzerland ibuye yamisa umthetho wayo izikhathi ezingaphezu kwezingu - 200 kusukela ngo-1874, ngokuvamile ezindabeni zezenkambiso nezomnotho. Inqubo evumela ukuba kungenele ngokuqondile, kodwa futhi iye yagxekwa ngokuveza izigelezekelo ezingekho kahle noma ngokuphikisana nomthetho womhlaba wonke.

UMthetho - sisekelo Ongabhalwanga: I - United Kingdom

Akuyona yonke imithetho-mthetho ebhalwe encwadini eyodwa. I-United Kingdom inemithetho eyisisekelo engabhalwanga, okusho ukuthi imithetho yayo eyisisekelo itholakala emithethweni, emihlanganweni, nasezivumelwaneni. Akukho kulungiswa okukhethekile kwezinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo e-U.K.; isenzo sephalamende singaguqula ngisho nezimiso eziyisisekelo zemithetho-sisekelo ye-componism nevoti elula. Nokho, izinguquko ezinkulu zemithetho-sisekelo ziqalwa yimpikiswano enkulu, i-omishini yasebukhosini, i-endendiums, noma i-ocementocemental-partment. i-octal Reformation Act, eyadala iNkampela yeNka yeNkanto ephakeme futhi yaguqula indima yeNkosi iChancellor, yayiwumkhiqizo weminyaka eminingi yokuhlola. I-Devoluntellian, no-Northern Ireland yavunyelwa yi-umed. Nakuba isimiso somthetho-mthetho sivumela ngokushesha ukuvikela ngokushesha, futhi sivikelwa yinguquko esiqinile ukuba inqandayo, futhi inqanyukelwe ngokumelene nenguquko eMbusweni.

Izinselele Nezimpikiswano Ezinqubweni Zezinqumo

Izinqubo zokuzilungisa, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ziklanywe ngokucophelela kangakanani, zibhekene nezinselele eziningi ezisebenzayo. Enye yezindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu yingozi yokuxhashazwa kwabashokobezi. Uma elinye iqembu lilawula ukubusa okukhulu okudingekayo ukuze kulungiswe umthetho-sisekelo, kungase kube nesilingo sokufaka amandla alo noma ukususa izivikelo egunyeni lalo. IHungary nePoland iye yabhekana nokugxekwa eminyakeni yamuva ngokusebenzisa izinguquko zomthetho ukuze yenze buthaka ukwahlulela nezinhlangano zentando yeningi. Ukuqapha lokhu, eminye imithetho ehlanganisa izigwebo zokweqa umthetho noma ifuna ukusekelwa okubanzi, kodwa lezi sivikelo zinamandla kakhulu njengoba nje ezombangazwe zifuna ukuba ziqikelelwe.

Enye inselele ukunqanda umthetho-sisekelo emiphakathini ehlukene kakhulu. Emazweni anobuhlanga, inkolo, noma izifunda, ukuma okukhulu nokudilizwa kungenza kube nzima ukufinyelela ukuvumelana okudingekayo ukuze kushintshwe. Lokhu kungashiya umthetho-sisekelo ushiywe, ungakwazi ukuxazulula izikhalo noma ukuguqula izimiso zomphakathi. I-Good Wearth Reavenment ehlanganisa izinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi ezidinga ukusekela i-community, umklamo obonisa isidingo sokuvikela kokubili ubunye kanye nezithakazelo zobuzwe kodwa futhi wenza kube nzima ukushintsha.

Indima yokuhlola kokwahlulela enqubweni yokulungisa futhi iwumsuka wempikiswano. Emazweni amaningi, izinkantolo ziye zaqinisekisa amandla okubukeza izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo ngenxa yokuvumelana okuyisisekelo somthetho-sisekelo. Imfundiso eyisisekelo yesakhiwo saseNdiya, isigqebhezana saphakade saseJalimane, nezimfundiso ezifanayo emazweni anjengeColombia ne-South Africa zinikeza izinkantolo indima ebalulekile ekuvimbeleni imingcele yoshintsho lomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuthi lokhu kuyadingeka ukuze kuvikelwe ukubusa ngentando yeningi namalungelo abantu ngokumelene nezimiso ezinkulu zesikhashana. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi inikeza abahluleli abangahlelangagunyaza ukuba balahle izintando yeningi nabameleli babo abakhethiwe.

Ikusasa Loshintsho Lomthetho - sisekelo

Njengoba imiphakathi ibhekene nezinselele ezintsha njengokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ubuchwepheshe, nokushintsha kwenani labantu, ikhono lokulungisa imithetho-sisekelo liyobaluleka kakhulu. Ezinye izazi ziye zahlongoza izinqubo ezivumelanayo ezikwazi ukuthatha isinyathelo ngokushesha kakhulu ekuqukeni kwezidingo kuyilapho isavikela izimiso eziyisisekelo. Ezinye ziphikisana ngokuhlanganyela okukhulu komphakathi ekushintsheni komthetho ngokomthetho, kuhlanganise nokuthatha imingcele engekho kanye nezindawo zomthetho-mfantu. Ukukhula komthetho-mfantu olinganiswayo nakho kuye kwaholela ekuboleleni impumelelo engcono kakhulu emazweni amaningi, njengoba amazwe efunda ekuphumeleleni nasekuhlulekeni kwawo.

Enye indlela eyandayo inqubo yokusetshenziswa kwezigaba ekulungiseni ukushona kwelanga komthetho-sisekelo, okunikeza ukuthi amalungiselelo athile aphela ngemva kwenkathi emisiwe ngaphandle kokuba avuselelwe. Lendlela yasetshenziswa kumthetho-sisekelo we-intername waseNingizimu Afrika futhi iye yahlongozwa kwezinye izimo njengendlela yokuvumela ukuhlolwa lapho uvikelwa amaphutha ahlala njalo. Okunye ukuthambekela kuwukuhlanganiswa kwezindinganiso zamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke emakhaya, ngezinye izikhathi ngokulungisa umthetho wesizwe ngezibopho zesivumelwano. Ubuhlobo phakathi komthetho-mthetho-sisekelo nomthetho wezizwe zonke bungaba yimpikiswano evelele kakhulu eminyakeni ezayo.

Ubuchwepheshe bubuye bushintshe inqubo yokulungisa. Ukuqoqwa kwe-octive kwenza kwaba lula ukuhlela izakhamuzi kwamanye amazwe, nakuba kusakhathazekile ngokukhwabanisa nokulondeka. Amapulatifomu e-inthanethi e-Online asetshenziswa e-Iceland, e-Ireland, nakwamanye amazwe ukuqoqa ukufakwa komphakathi emibuzweni engokomthetho-sisekelo. Ezinye izazi ziye zasikisela "ukungalawuleki" kwamathuluzi angenza izakhamuzi zikwazi ukuhlobisa nokuvota ngokuqondile ngamapulatifomu alondekile, nakuba iziphakamiso ezinjalo ziphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekile ngezokuphepha, ukulingana, kanye nobungako bomphakathi.

Ekugcineni, impumelelo yanoma iyiphi inqubo yokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo ixhomeke ekuthembekeni. Izakhamuzi kumelwe zithembe ukuthi lenqubo ilungile, ukuthi amazwi azo azwakala, nokuthi umphumela uzohlonishwa yibo bonke abadlali bezombangazwe. Uma lokho kuthemba kuwohloka, ngisho nezinqubo eziklanywe ngokucophelela kakhulu zingaphela. Ukulondoloza nokuqinisa lokho kuthemba kungenye yezinselele eziyinhloko zokubusa komthetho-sisekelo ekhulwini lama-21.

Ukuze ufunde ngokuqhubekayo ezinhlelweni zokulungisa komthetho-mthetho, cabangela imithombo ehlola i- Umthetho-sisekelo ohlukanisayo , onikeza imininingwane eningiliziwe ngamalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo emazweni amaningi. Ukuhlolwa kwezendaba ezingokomlando zokulungisa okuthile kungatholakala ngeSikhungo soMthetho-sisekelo sesizwe [, kuyilapho iKhomishane ye- ye-Communic of Councilty of Europe [ inikeza ukuhlaziywa kolwazi lomthetho-mthetho-mklamo nezindlela ezingcono kakhulu.