UMthetho-sisekelo we-United States awuyona nje indaba engokomlando; uyisisekelo esiphilayo sentando yeningi yaseMelika, esiguqula ubuhlobo phakathi kukahulumeni nezakhamuzi zawo. Emakhulwini amabili eminyaka, lencwadi iye yanikeza uhlelo lwenkululeko, ubulungisa, nokulingana. Nokho, ukuhambisa amalungelo akho emithetho-sisekelo kungawaqeda ngaphandle kokuqonda okucacile ukuthi ayini lawomalungelo, lapho avelaphi, nendlela asebenza ngayo ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Lesiqondiso esibanzi sihlola isiqinisekiso somthetho-sisekelo esivikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye, sihlola imisuka yawo engokomlando, sihlola izincazelo zawo ezingokomlando, futhi sinikeze iseluleko esisebenzayo sokusebenzisa lamalungelo ngendlela ephumelelayo.

UGenesise Wencwadi Yamalungelo Abantu

UMthetho-sisekelo wokuqala, owabuthelwa ngo-1787 eSivumelwaneni sasePhiladelphia, wasungula uhulumeni oqinile kodwa wawungenazo izivikelo ezicacile zenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Lokhu kuyeka kwabangela impikiswano enkulu phakathi nenqubo yokutholana kwe-rate. U-Anti-Federalist waphikisa ngokuthi ngaphandle kwemvume yamalungelo, uhulumeni omusha ubengaba nonya kalula. Ukukhathalela kwabo kwakungenasisekelo; imiyalo eminingi yombuso kakade yayihlanganisa isivikelo esinjalo, futhi ukungabikho kwesilinganiso sombuso kwakusobala. UJames Madison, ekuqaleni ephika, wabheka isidingo sokulungisa izivumelwano njengendlela yokuvikela nokuhlanganisa isizwe.

Madison wahlungwa ngezinguquko ezingaphezu kwamakhulu amabili ezihlongozwayo zemihlangano ehlongozwayo kazwelonke, wawakhiphela kulokho okwakuyoba yiBill of Rights. Yaqiniswa ngoDecember 15, 1791, lezi eziyishumi zokuqala zibuye zishintshe ngokuqondile amandla kahulumeni ngokuhlela amalungelo kahulumeni angenakuphucwa. Lokhu kuhlehlelana kwesisekelo phakathi kwabalweli bombuso nabamelene nombuso wakwa-Anti-Federalist kwadala ukulinganisela okubalulekile: uhulumeni onamandla ohlolwe ngesivikelo esicacile senkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Ukuqonda lendaba kubaluleke kakhulu ngoba ingumthetho ovumela uBill wamaLungelo angagunyazwanga ngokunikezwa nguhulumeni, kodwa njengamalungelo agciniweyo ngokumelene nohulumeni ocushelwayo.

Izinqumiso Zokuqala Eziyishumi: Izinsika Zenkululeko

I - Bill of Rights ihlanganisa izinhlobonhlobo eziningi zesivikelo, kusukela ezinhlamvwini zenkululeko eyisisekelo yezombangazwe kuya ezimisweni ezingokomthetho eziklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ubulungisa.

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala: Isisekelo Sentando Yeningi

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sivame ukubhekwa njengesibaluleke kakhulu ngoba sivikela indlela wonke amalungelo atholakala ngayo. Sivimbela ukuba iSishaya-mthetho senze imithetho ephathelene nokumiswa kwenkolo, sinqande ukuvivinya umzimba, sinciphise inkululeko yokukhuluma noma yokunyathelisa, noma silinganisele ilungelo lokuhlanganisa ngokuthula nokunxusa uhulumeni. Lokhu kulungisa kuhlanganisa inkululeko ehlukene emihlanu, ngayinye nomlando wayo ocebile wokuchaza.

Inkululeko yokukhuluma ayihlanganisi nje kuphela amagama akhulunywayo kodwa futhi amazwi angokomfanekiso, anjengokushiswa kwefulege (okuvikelwe ku TEXAs v. Johnson, 1989) neminikelo yezombangazwe (ngaphansi komthetho wezezimali),. Nokho, akuzona zonke izinkulumo ezivikelwe. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaveza izigaba ezimnciphile eziyehlela ngaphandle kwesivikelo sokuqala somthetho: ukuvuselelwa kwesenzo esiwumthetho owephula umthetho ( Brandenburg v. Ohio[FLT], 1969], izinsongo, ukuhlamba, nokuhlambalaza okuyiqiniso. Umugqa ophakathi kwesivikelo nenkulumo engavikelekile uyaqhubeka ukuvela, ikakhulukazi ngokuphakama kwezokuxhumana nokuhlazisa.

I-Prevention and Free Execress iqinisekisa inkululeko engokwenkolo. Uhulumeni ngeke akwazi ukumisa inkolo yesizwe (imikhuba efana nomthandazo ophoqelelwe ezikoleni zomphakathi, Engel v. Vitale, 1962), futhi ngeke ibangele umkhuba wezinkolelo zenkolo. I-media evikela abezindaba njengendlela yokuqapha, nakuba inganikezi izintatheli amalungelo akhethekile angokomthetho kunalawo ezakhamuzi ezivamile. Amalungelo okuhlanganisa nokunxusa kuye kwabhebhebhethelisa izinhlangano zezenhlalo kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika, kusukela ekuhlolweni nakubhiyo kwabesifazane emalungelweni esizwe nakubhikisheni anamuhla.

ISichibiyelo Sesibili: Ilungelo Lokuphatha Izikhali

ISichibiyelo Sesibili sithi: "Isimiso esilawulwa kahle iMilitia, njengoba sidingekile ekulondekeni koMbuso okhululekile, ilungelo labantu lokugcina nokuphatha Izikhali, ngeke ligxambuzeke. Emashumini eminyaka, lokhu kulunga kwachazwa ngokuyinhloko njengokuvikela amabutho kahulumeni, okunesicelo esilinganiselwe sokuba nento yokuphatha izibhamu. Icala eliphawulayo iHeller [2008]] [indlela] yokuguqula lokhu, ikhipha umthetho wokuthi imvume ivikela ilungelo lomuntu lomuntu lokuba nebhamu ngenxa yezinjongo ezingokomthetho, njengecala elingaphakathi ekhaya. Lokhu kwanwetshelwa ngamazwi ange [FFFOLD [F:]

Nokho, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqaphela ngokungaguquguquki ukuthi iSichibiyelo sesibili asinamkhawulo. , iNkantolo yasho ngokucacile ukuthi "akukho lutho embonweni wethu okufanele luthathwe ukubangabazeke ekunqabeni ukuthilelweni okude kwezibhamu ngamafelo namagundane, noma imithetho evimbela ukuphatha izibhamu ezindaweni ezibucayi njengezikole nezakhiwo zikahulumeni." i-Refel norst Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bru[FLT] [FLT] [20] [20], iye yamisa imithetho ehlelelweyo edinga ukudutshulwa kwezibhamu engokomlando yemithetho engokomthetho yokulawula izibhamu, ukuhlanganisa izikhawulela imithetho engokomthetho engokomthetho eqhubekayo.

Isichibiyelo Sesithathu: Indinyana Yembubhiso Yanamuhla

ISichibiyelo sesithathu senqabela ukubekwa kwengxenye yesine yamasosha emakhaya ngaphandle kwemvume yomniniyo phakathi nesikhathi sokuthula futhi idinga inqubo engokomthetho phakathi nesikhathi sempi. Nakuba kungavamile ukubekwa, lokhu kulungisa kubonisa ukungathembani okujulile koMsunguli wamabutho amile nokuzinikela kwawo ebungcweleni bekhaya. Kuye kwacashunwa ezindabeni ezihlobene nezindaba zangasese, kuhlanganise Grislold v. Connecticut[[[FL:1] [1965], njengobufakazi bokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo wakha "Umkhathi wezindaba zomuntu siqu" ekhaya.

ISichibiyelo Sesine: Ukuvikela Ekucwaningeni Okungenangqondo

ISichibiyelo sesine sivikela ukuphenywa okungacabangeki nokuquleka okubangelwa uhulumeni. Ngokuvamile, ukuphoqelelwa komthetho kumelwe kuthole isiqinisekiso esisekelwe entweni okungenzeka ibangele, ikakhulukazi ukuchaza indawo okumelwe ihlolwe kanye nezinto ezizothathwa. Umthetho wokuzihlukanisa, osungulwe Mapp v. Ohio[[FL:1] [1961] [1961]), uvimbela ubufakazi obutholakala ngokuhlola okungekho emthethweni ekusetshenzisweni enkantolo, ukudala isithiyo esinamandla ekunqandeni ukuziphatha okubi kwamaphoyisa.

Nokho, kunezizathu eziningi ezihlukene ezifunwayo: kuphenya isenzakalo sokuboshwa okungokomthetho, ukukhishwa kwemoto (lapho imoto ihamba futhi kungenzeka kunesizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi inesiqinisekiso), umbono ocacile, izimo, futhi imvume. Ubuchwepheshe banamuhla bunezinselele ezintsha. Ingabe uhulumeni udinga imvume yokungena kumakhalekhukhwini? Yebo, iNkantolo Ephakeme yalawula [[FLD:] RLEYV. California (2014] idinga imvume yokuhlola izinombolo zocingo. Ingabe uhulumeni udinga imvume yokuthola indawo yakho nge-temfono-makelele? Centreeter v.[5] [5] [iiexPT]], [iQulth] iNkakhulu leNkathi ye-Cequluento] (inxa yocingo) (202020) i-imvume yokuhlola kocingo.Uhlu lomthetho ovamile, ingabe udinga imvume yokuhlola abantu abafuna i-onkethiwenzilensi, i-onke, i-

Isichibiyelo Sesihlanu: Inqubo Efanele Nokuziphikisa

ISichibiyelo Sesihlanu sinikeza izivikelo eziningana ezigxekayo kubantu abamangalelwa ngobugebengu: ilungelo lokumangalelwa kwabahluleli abakhulu ngenxa yobugebengu obungathi sína bukahulumeni; isivikelo engozini ephindwe kabili (ukuzanywa kabili ngenxa yecala elifanayo); ilungelo lokumelana nokuzimela ("Ingamele eyesihlanu"); isiqinisekiso senqubo efanelekile yomthetho; nokuvinjelwa kokuthatha impahla yomuntu siqu ukuze usebenzise umphakathi ngaphandle kokukhokhwa (indawo esemthethweni).

Isokudla ngokumelene nokuzixabanisa cishe kuyinto ejwayelekile kakhulu, ngenxa ye Miranda isixwayiso. Miranda v. Arizona (66], iNkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ukuthi abasolwayo kumelwe batshelwe ukuthi bangabi namsindo nelungelo labo lokuhlala bemmeli ngaphambi kokuphenywa. IMbukiso ka-Claus ivikela bobabili i-proceturalture (imvile, inkantolo engakhethi) kanye namanye amalungelo athile angahlelwanga obala kwezinye izindawo. Ukuthatha u-mgebeko kumele kutshelwe amandla kahulumeni ayimfihlo, nakuba [FLD:] i-fkloe.[5] I-CYM.ENCYCLET ivikela ukukhula okuphikisanayo kwezentengo ye-dolo ye-dolkst (iststststst]) (FFTrectionment"ix"evementmentmentation, izinqubo eziningi zezentertivement, zeze

Isichibiyelo Sesithupha: Amalungelo Okuqulwa Kwecala Angenaphutha Futhi Asheshayo

ISichibiyelo seSihlanu siqinisekisa abamangalelwa becala ngokulandelana kwamalungelo ahloselwe ukuqinisekisa ukuqulwa kwecala okulungile: ukuqulwa kwecala okusheshayo nokusobala yijaji elingenacala, ilungelo lokwazi amacala ofakazi, ilungelo lokuphoqelela ofakazi abalungile ukuba banikeze ubufakazi, nelungelo lokunikeza izimeluleki ezingokomthetho. Ilungelo lokululeka lanwetshwa ngokuphawulekayo Gideon v. Wainright[[[FLL:1] [1963], okudingeka ukuba kunikezwe abameli ukuze kunikezwe abamangalelwa emacaleni angokomthetho. Lokhu kuye kwanwetshwa ngokuqhubekayo ezindaweni eziyekwanokuboshwa lapho ukuvalelwa okunganqamukiyo nokuqinisekisa ukuvinjelwa okunganqamukiyo.

ISichibiyelo Sesikhombisa: Ukuvivinywa Kombango

ISichibiyelo seSembete silondoloza ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala lejaji enkantolo yomphakathi emacala kahulumeni lapho isamba sempikiswano singaphezu kwamaRandi angamashumi amabili namashumi amabili. Ngokungafani neSichibiyelo Sesithupha samajaji esiwubugebengu, iSembete ayizange isetshenziswe ezindaweni ngelungelo leSichibiyelo seshumi Nane. Lokhu kusho ukuthi akudingeki ngokomthetho ukuba kuqulwe ikomiti yamajaji, nakuba iningi likwenza. Inguquko ivimbela amajaji kahulumeni ekugumbuqeleni amajaji eqiniso ngaphandle kwemithetho evamile.

ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili: Unya Nesijeziso Esingavamile

ISichibiyelo Sesibhozo sivimbela ibheyili eqile, amahlawuli aphakeme, nezijeziso ezingavamile. Isijeziso sonya nesenqaba u-Claus siye saba isisekelo sokubekwa kwemithetho ephawulekayo ngokuphathelene nesigwebo sokufa, izimo zasejele, nemikhuba yokugweba. [ Furman v. Georgia[[1972], iNkantolo yaqeda ngokuphumelelayo zonke izijeziso zokufa njengezethulelo ezikhona zesigwebo sokufa kanye nezobuhlanga. Lokhu kwaholela ekubeni kube nemithetho eqondiswayo esekelwe [[FLT:]] Gregggv] v. [[FLT][3]][5] ubugebengu obuphakeme, umthetho uye wavimbela ukubulawa kwabantu abakhubazekile ([FL.5]]]] [ftknst]) kuvinjiwe umthetho owe-unyunyunyu.[5]

ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalolunye: Amalungelo Angenacala

ISichibiyelo se-Ninth sisho ukuthi ukuhlelwa kwamalungelo athile kuMthetho-sisekelo akunakuthathwa njengokuphika noma ukuhlukanisa abanye abantu abahlala bekhona. Lokhu kulungisa amakheli e-Anti-Federalist ukukhathazeka okuthi ukuhlelwa kwamalungelo athile kungasho ukuthi wonke amanye amalungelo anikezelwe. ISichibiyelo seNinth siye saba sesisekelo sokuqaphela amalungelo angenamthetho, ikakhulukazi ilungelo lokufihla ubuso. [Grislold v.Connecticut [65], esaphula umthetho ovimbela ukuvinjelwa, iNkantolo yathola ukuthi isiqinisekiso esihlukene kuBill of Rights (inteums) esivikela ukuba yimfihlo, kanye nenguqulo esekela ilungelo lokungahlangani kwe-19656) elivikelwe amalungelo okungavikelwayo.

ISichibiyelo Seshumi: Imibuso Yombuso Nemibuso YoMbuso

ISichibiyelo seshumi esigciniwe ezifundazweni (noma kubantu) yonke imibuso engaphathiswanga uhulumeni kahulumeni ngoMthetho-sisekelo, noma enqatshelwe ezizweni. Lokhu kulungisa kuhlanganisa isimiso sombuso, kuqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni ungowombuso olinganiselwe, olinganisiwe. Iye yafakwa ezimpikiswaneni zemithetho kahulumeni esukela enqubeni yemvelo ukuya kwezempilo. Nakuba iNkantolo Ephakeme ngezinye izikhathi iye yasebenzisa iSiphendulo seshumi ukushaya imithetho kahulumeni kahulumeni ( uhulumeni olawula imibuso elinganiselwe. [New York]. United States, 1992, [FLT:]] shicile. United States[FLT] v [FFFF:2], ibuye], iye yasekela igunya eliphethe u-Claunicane.

Ngalé Kwencwadi Yamalungelo Abantu: Iziphetho Zamuva Ezandisa Inkululeko

Iziphendu Zokuvuselela

Ngemva kweMpi Yangaphakathi, iziHlanziso zeMiyalo ye-13, yeshumi nane neyeshumi nanhlanu zawuguqula ngokuyisisekelo umthetho. ISichibiyelo seshumi nanhlanu (1865) saqeda ubugqila nokugqilazwa. ISichibiyelo seshumi naneth (1868) sanikeza bonke abantu abazalwayo noma abadalwe eUnited States izakhamuzi imvume yokungawatholi amalungelo noma ukugonyelwa kwezakhamuzi, saqinisekisa inqubo efanele nesivikelo esilinganayo semithetho, futhi sanikeza uMkhandlu-ka-Hulumeni amandla okuphoqelela lemigomo. ISiphendumiso seshumi elinesihlanu (1870) savimbela ukucwa kwezinhlanga ngovota.

ISichibiyelo seshumi nane leminyaka ngokulindelekile lushintsho olubaluleke kakhulu lomthetho-sisekelo kusukela eSigabeni Samalungelo Abantu. Ngemfundiso yokuhlanganisa, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yasebenzisa i-Cal Procesme Claus ukuze isebenzise ingxenye enkulu yeSimiso Samalungelo Ombuso ezifundazweni, yenza isivikelo somthetho-mthetho-mkhakhakha ukuba siphoswe kuhulumeni nakuhulumeni bendawo. ISisekelo sokuKhungameli uClausbe siye saba isisekelo sezinqumo zamalungelo omphakathi, kuhlanganise brown v. ibhodi yemfundo yezemfundo [1954], eyaqeda ukuhlukanisa kwezinhlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi, [FLT:] ne[FLT]. [FLT]bergefe. [fl] [FLT]] .[3]

Inkathi Eqhubekayo Nangemva Kwayo

ISichibiyelo Sesithupha (1913) sagunyaza intela yeholo kahulumeni, ikhiphela uhulumeni wezwe inzuzo. ISichibiyelo seSevententh (1913) samisa ukhetho oluqondile lwe-U.S. ngevoti ethandwayo, sisusa amandla kuhulumeni kuhulumeni oyisishayamthetho kubantu. ISichibiyelo seshumi elinesishiyagalo (1920) sanwetshwa kwabesifazane, saphinda-phindela imvume yokuvota. ISichibiyeli seshumi nambili sesithupha sehla iminyaka engu-18, siqaphela isimiso sokuthi labo abadala abafanele balwe empini kufanele bathathe isikhathi eside ngokwanele ukuba bavote. Lokhu kuveza amandla oMthetho-sisekelo womthetho wokwenza inguquko nokungalungisi komlando.

Amalungelo Ayinhloko Omthetho - sisekelo Esikhathini Sanamuhla

Inkululeko Yokukhuluma Enkathini Engokwezinombolo

ISichibiyelo sokuqala sivikela inkulumo ekucushweni kukahulumeni, kodwa akudingi ukuba kube namapulatifomu okuzimela ukuze kuvunyelwe zonke izinkulumo. Izinkampani zezokuxhumana zezenhlalo ezinjenge Facebook, Twitter (manje engu-X), futhi i-YouTube ziyizinto ezizimele ezinezimiso ezilinganiselayo. Lokhu kwakha indawo eyinkimbinkimbi: nakuba uhulumeni engeke aqhubekisele amapulatifomu ukuba angenise inkulumo ethile (noma ayisuse, ezimweni eziningi), indima evelele yalezi ziteshi ezidlalwa enkulumweni zasobala iphakamisa imibuzo yokuthi kufanele iphathwe njengeze obala. Izihloko eziphathelene nesigaba sama-30 se-Decconetic Ect, i-gamental Act, i-gatection, i-algitting, ne-algiclic alcts iyaqhubeka ukulungisa inkulumo yesikhathi esizayo esikhululekile kuyi-inthane.

Ilungelo Lokuba Wedwa Emkhakheni Womphakathi Onomfundamakhwela

Ilungelo lokufihla imfihlo, nakuba lingashiwonga ngokucacile, liye lathathwa kweyokuqala, eyesithathu, eyesine, eyesihlanu, eyesine, neyesine Izichibiyelo. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqaphela ukuba yimfihlo emshadweni ([] Ukukhipha i-v. Virginia[, 1967, ukuvimbela ([[FLT:]]]] [[FLT]]]] Griscold v.[[FLT]] i-know orgiat [inhlangano yempilo ye-[FT]], 1965], ukukhipha isisu ([[FLT]]] v [FLT]], [FLT]], [5], ngokwezinye imvume, i-FFoglove,[10], i-fullstion:[3], i-[3] i-Fose.[3], i-fullgconvetution, i-od profiletion, i-ose], i-[3],

Izindaba zomthetho ziveza izinselele ezintsha. Izinhlelo zikahulumeni zokuhlola, ukuqoqwa kokwaziswa ngezinhlangano, nokwanda kobuchwepheshe bokulandelela imishini kudinga ukuba izakhamuzi ziqaphe ekuvikeleni ukwaziswa kwazo siqu. Isidingo seSichibiyelo sesine semvume esekelwe ngokunokwenzeka sisebenza kwabaningi, kodwa hhayi konke, ukuhlola uhulumeni imininingwane yezobuchwepheshe. Ukuqonda imingcele yezindaba zomuntu siqu ezindaweni zomphakathi, kuyi-Internet, nasemishinini esetshenziswayo kubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ukuphila kwanamuhla.

Inqubo Nesivikelo Esifanele Namuhla

I-Umeal Protection Clause yeSichibiyelo se 144 ifuna ukuba uhulumeni aphathe abantu ngokufanayo abasendaweni efanayo. INkantolo Ephakeme isebenzisa amazinga ahlukene okuhlola izigaba ezihlukene: ukuhlolisisa ngokunembe izinhlanga nemvelaphi yobuzwe, ukucubungula phakathi kwesigaba sobulili nobobusha, kanye nokubukeza okunengqondo kwezinye izigaba eziningi. Izenzakalo zamuva ziye zakhuluma ngokucwasa ngokusekelwe ekubukekeni kobulili ([[[FLT:]]]Bhoshockblock v. Clayton County[[FLY:]], 2020], okuthi iSihlomo VII sivimbela ukucwaswa kwemisebenzi esekelwe ekubusweni noma ebulilini) kanye nasenzweni lokuvuma kwemfundo ephakeme ([FLT:] [12]].Prodentine ye-Harvard [FF], izinhlelo ezithiwedwayo]

Amacala Enkantolo Aphakeme Achaza Amalungelo Ethu

Izinqumo eziningi zeNkantolo Ephakeme zinikeza umongo obalulekile wokuqonda indlela iziqinisekiso zomthetho-sisekelo ezisebenza ngayo. Marbury v. Madison [1803] wamisa isimiso sokuhlola, unikeza iNkantolo igunya lokugcina lokuchaza uMthetho-sisekelo. [[FLT:] Brown v. [[FLT:].[FLT] v [FLT] [54]] [196] [i-1954] ibuye yalahla i-"imfundiso yezinhlanga kodwa elinganayo, imemezela isigaba seze emakoleni angangeni.[2] [[FLT] [12] i-E] phambi kokukhishwa kwe-Promonyggggggg.[10] I-ocencencence, i-Expoint.[10] ehlangene i-Expoint, i-ogconvoluences.[10]

Isiqondiso Esisebenzayo: Ukuwaqinisekisa Ngokuphumelelayo Amalungelo Akho

Ukwazi amalungelo akho omthetho - sisekelo kuyingxenye kuphela yempi; ukuwasebenzisa ngokuphumelelayo kudinga ukuqonda indlela yokuwagcizelela ezimweni zezwe langempela.

  • Phakathi namanqanam omgwaqo: Hlala uzolile futhi uthombile. Gcina izandla zakho zibonakala. Kumelwe unikeze ilayisense yakho, ukubhalisa, nobufakazi bomshuwalense uma ubuzwa. Unelungelo lokwenqaba ukuseshwa uma isikhulu singatholi isizathu esilindelekile noma isiqinisekiso. Ezizweni eziningi, akudingeki ukuba uphendule imibuzo ngaphandle kokuzichaza. Ungasho ngokucacile: "Angivumeli ukuphenya."
  • Lapho ubuzwa amaphoyisa: Unelungelo lokuthula. Akudingeki ukuba uphendule imibuzo, noma ungaboshiwe, uma uboshiwe noma uboshiwe, buza ngokucacile: "Ngikhululekile ukuya?" uma kungenjalo, sho: "Ngisebenzisa ilungelo lami lokuthula futhi ngifuna ukukhuluma nommeli" Ungaqambi amanga ekubopheni umthetho, njengoba kungaba ubugebengu.
  • Phakathi nokubhikisha: ISichibiyelo Sakho sokuqala sokuhlanganisa ngokuthula sivikelwe, kodwa uhulumeni angabeka isikhathi esilinganiselwe, indawo, nendlela ebekelwe yona. Uma umthetho wokusakaza unikezwa, vumelana ngaphandle kokuba ukholelwa ukuthi uphula amalungelo akho. Umsebenzi wamaphoyisa uvikelwe, kodwa ungayalelwa ukuba uhlehle uma uphazamisana nemisebenzi yomthetho.
  • Ebhokisini le-collet: Ilungelo lokuvota livikelwe nge-15, 19th, Amashumi amabili-ne (intela yokuvota), neziNkantolo zamashumi amabili nanhlanu, kanye ne-Voting Rights Act. Uma uhlangabezana nezithiyo, ezifana ne-ID efunwayo engafanele noma eyokwesabisa, ungabiza i-oparters atruptions noma uthintane nebhodi yakho yokhetho.
  • Ezimisweni zesikole:[ Abafundi banamalungelo okuQala eSichibiyelo, kodwa izikole zingalawula inkulumo engcolile, ekhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa okungekho emthethweni, noma ziphazamise kakhulu indawo yokufundisa (] Tinkerk v. Des Moines Independent Community School Dis , 1969]; [FLT:]] Mirse v. Frederick, 2007], izikhulu zesikole ngokuvamile zidinga ukunyuswa okunengqondo ukuze zihlole abafundi, hhayi okungangoko okubangela indinga isilinganiso esivamile emaphoyiselweni.

Imithombo Yemfundo Ezohlolisiswa Ngokujule

Ukuqonda amalungelo omthetho - sisekelo kuwumzamo wokuphila konke.

  • [FLT] Isikhungo somthetho-mthetho wezwe: [Isekwethi e-Philadelphia] inikeza imiboniso ehambisanayo, ithuluzi loMthetho-sisekelo obanzi we-Internactivective Constitution ochaza ulwazi ngalunye lwe-game, nezinhlelo zemfundo kuzo zonke izinkathi. Iwebhusayithi yabo inikeza amasu nevidiyo zekilasi.
  • [[NTL:0] Oyez: Iprojekthi yomthetho ekhululekile ethathwe kwi-Cornell's Legal Information Institute and Justia, Oyez inikeza ukuqoshwa kwemizwa kwempikiswano yeNkantolo ekhulu yomlomo, imininingwane yecala elifushanisiwe, nezincazelo zesiNgisi esicacile zezinqumo. Inikeza usizo olubalulekile ekuqondeni ukuchaza imingcele yemithetho yezehlakalo.
  • Constigational Rights Foundation:[ Lenhlangano igxila emfundweni yomphakathi, inikeza amasu ezifundo zamahhala, izinhlelo zokuhleba, nezincwadi eziklanyelwe ukusiza abafundi ukuba baqonde izindaba zomthetho-sisekelo. Izinto zabo zigcizelela ukucabanga okugxekayo nezakhamuzi ezikhuthele.
  • [[FT:3] esungulwe yiJaji leNkantolo Ephakeme uSandra Day O'Connor, i-ICPIC inikeza imidlalo ye-inthanethi nezifundo ezihambisanayo mayelana nendlela uhulumeni asebenza ngayo, uMthetho-sisekelo, kanye namalungelo ezakhamuzi. Imithombo yabo isetshenziswa kakhulu emakilasini asesigabeni nasemabanga aphezulu.
  • American Liberties Union (ACLU): Iwebhusayithi ye-ACLU inikeza iziqondiso ezisebenzayo zokwazi amalungelo akho ezimweni ezihlukahlukene, kusukela ekubhikisheni kuya ekuhlanganeni kwezezindiza kuya ekuzinzeni kweze-athom. Nakuba kubekwe i-advocacy Union, lezizinto zisekelwe emthethweni wangempela womthetho-mthetho-sisekelo nasezinkantolo.
  • [[INTLA:0][[FLT][1] American Bar Association for Public Education: I-ABA inikeza imithombo yokuqonda amalungelo angokomthetho nemithwalo yemfanelo, kuhlanganise "IDiagogue kuMthetho-sisekelo" uchungechunge oluyi-'i-Dalogo' neziqondisi ezinkantolo zikahulumeni.

Isiphetho

UMthetho-sisekelo awuyona incwadi ezimele ephethwe abameli namajaji; kuyisivumelwano esiphilayo phakathi kwabantu nohulumeni wabo esidinga ukuhlanganyela ngenkuthalo ukuze bahlale bephumelela. Ukuqonda iziqinisekiso zakho zomthetho-sisekelo akuyona nje indlela yokufunda kodwa kuyisidingo esiwusizo sokuvikela inkululeko yakho nokugcina amandla okulandisa. IBhili yamaLungelo kanye nokulungisa okulandelayo kunikeza uhlelo lokuvikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye, ukuqinisekisa ukwelashwa okulungile ngaphansi komthetho, nokulondoloza izinqubo zedemokrati.

Ngokuzifundisa ngalamalungelo, uhlanganyela ezinhlanganweni zomphakathi, futhi uhlanganyele engxoxweni eqhubekayo ngencazelo yencwadi yethu eyisisekelo, uba umlondolozi okhuthele wezimiso ezichaza ukubusa ngentando yeningi kwaseMelika. Ukuqapha kuyintengo yenkululeko, futhi ulwazi luyisisekelo salelo cebo. Izizukulwane zidla ifa elisha loMthetho-sisekelo, okusebenza ngokuchaza izimiso zawo ngokomongo wokuxazulula izinselele nezifiso. Ukuqonda kwakho nalamalungelo kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi isithembiso soMthetho-sisekelo sihlala singokoqobo futhi sibalulekile kubo bonke.