Ukwakhiwa Komthetho - sisekelo Kohulumeni Olinganiselwe

Isimiso sokuthi amandla kahulumeni kumelwe abekwe imingcele esisekelweni somthetho-sisekelo wentando yeningi. Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela sinikeza indlela yokwakha lesimiso esisebenza ngayo, siqinisekisa ukuthi igunya linikezwa, liqashelwe, futhi libekelwe icala. Ngaphandle kwemingcele enjalo, amandla aphakeme ngokungenakugwenywa aholela ekusebenziseni kabi okuqeda inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye nokubusa komthetho. Ukuqonda ukuthi lesi simiso sisebenza kanjani, kungani sibalulekile, nokuthi singagcinwa kanjani kubalulekile ezakhamuzini ezifisa ukuvikela amalungelo azo.

Phakathi, imishini yokuhlola nokulinganisela kuklanyelwe ukuvimbela noma yiliphi igatsha likahulumeni ekuqoqweni kwegunya elingalingani. Ngokuhlukanisa amandla phakathi kwamagatsha alinganayo nangokunika amathuluzi okuvimbela amanye, isimiso sidala amandla amakhulu akhuthaza ukucabangisisa, ukuhlehliswa, nokulandisa. Lomklamo ubonisa ukuqonda ukuthi amandla kumelwe enziwe ukuze kuhlolwe amandla uma inkululeko imelwe ibekezelelwe.

Isisekelo Samandla Ahlukene Esibufilosofi

Ukuhlakanipha kokuhlolwa nokulinganisela kuhlehlela emuva emicabangweni yasendulo yezombangazwe.

Uhlelo lwanamuhla lwavela phakathi noKhanyiselwa. Isazi sefilosofi saseFrance uMontesquieu saphikisana noMoya woMthetho ukuthi inkululeko yayingatholakala kuphela lapho kubekwa umthetho, isikhulu, nemibuso yokwahlulela. Waxwayisa ukuthi uma noma imiphi imibuso emibili ihlangene, inkululeko yayisengozini, futhi lapho bonke babehlangene ezandleni ezifanayo, ubushiqela babungenakugwenywa. Lemibono yayithonya kakhulu abahleli be-U.S. Constitution, eyaklama isimiso esizoqapha ukumiswa kwamandla ngesikhathi esaqhubeka sisebenza kahle.

AmaPhepha aFederalist, ikakhulukazi uNo. 51 kaJames Madison, aveza umqondo onengqondo okhona phakathi kwesimiso saseMelika: umgomo kumelwe wenziwe ukuze ulwe nesifiso sokuvelela. UMadison waqonda ukuthi isimo somuntu asinakwethenjelwa ekuzithibeni okuhle, ngakho umklamo wokuhlela kwakumelwe udale izisusa zokuphoqelela igatsha ngalinye ukuba lipholise amanye. Lokhu kuveza izakhiwo ezingokoqobo kusekela yonke imishini yokuhlola yomthetho.

Amagatsha Amathathu Namandla Awo Okungenela

UMthetho - sisekelo wase-U.S. umisa amagatsha amathathu ahlukene kahulumeni, ngalinye elinamagunya nemithwalo yemfanelo ebaliwe. Kodwa ukwahlukana akukona okuphelele i-— amagatsha ahlanganiswe ngeminxanxathela yamasheke evumela ngalinye ukuba limelane nokungena kwamanye.

Igatsha Elingokomthetho: Amandla Okuthenga Nepen

ISiphakamiso I soMthetho-sisekelo sifaka wonke amandla omthetho eSishaya - mthetho, sisenza igatsha lokuqala ngokuhleleka nangokubaluleka kokubili. Amandla aso ahlanganisa intela, ukusetshenziswa, ukumiswa kwezentengiselwano zamazwe ahlukene, ukumiswa kwempi, nokusungulwa kwezinkantolo zikahulumeni eziphansi kuneNkantolo Ephakeme.

UKhongolo luhlola igatsha eliphethe ngezindlela eziningi ezibucayi. Kumele kuqinisekiswe ukumiswa komongameli eKhabhinethi, e-jadicary kahulumeni, nakwamanye amahhovisi aphezulu. ISigele sinikeza iseluleko nemvume ezivumelwaneni, sidinga izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu ukuze zihlobise. ISishaya-Mkhandlu siphethe amandla esikhwama semali, okusho ukuthi ayikho imali kahulumeni engakwazi ukuchithwa ngaphandle kokumiswa kwemithetho. Ingadlula umongameli ngevoti eyizingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu emagumbini omabili. Okubaluleke kakhulu, iNdlundlwane ingazikhulula izikhulu zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise noMongameli, kanye neNkampala yeNkankulu.

UKhongolose uhlola futhi ikomiti yamajaji ngokunquma isimo negunya lezinkantolo zikahulumeni eziphansi, umise inani lamahluleli eNkantolo Ephakeme, nokumisa izinguquko zomthetho - sisekelo ezingagumbuqela izincazelo zokwahlulela.

Igatsha Eliphethe: Ukwahlulela Nokuthatha Isinyathelo Kuqala

UMongameli, njengenhloko yegatsha eliphethe, ubekwa icala lokufeza imithetho edluliswa yiSishaya-Mkhandlu. ISiphakamiso II sifaka amandla okubusa kuMongameli futhi simisa ihhovisi njengoMphathi kuMphathi weSikhulu samabutho ahlomile. UMongameli uqhuba inqubo yangaphandle, uxoxa ngezivumelwano, futhi umisa izikhulu zikahulumeni ukuba zivunyelwe.

Isikhulu sihlola iSishaya - mthetho ngamandla eveto, avumela uMongameli ukuba enqabe umthetho. Iveto iphoqelela uMkhandlu ukuba uphinde uhlole izenzo zakhe futhi ngokuvamile idinga ukusekela okukhulu kakhulu ukuze kunqandwe, inikeza uMongameli imvume enkulu ezingxoxweni zemithetho. UMongameli futhi unegunya lokukhipha iziyalezo zezikhulu, ukuqondisa izinhlangano zegatsha, nokuthethelela amacala kahulumeni.

Uma kuqhathaniswa nejaji, uMongameli umisa amajaji kahulumeni, kuhlanganise namajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme. Lokhu kuchaza kwakha ifomu lejaji nesiqondiso sefilosofi amashumi eminyaka, njengoba abahluleli bezwe bemisa ukuphila kwabo konke phakathi nokuziphatha okuhle.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela: Ukuchaza Nokuhlolwa Komthetho - sisekelo

Ijaji likahulumeni, eliholwa yiNkantolo Ephakeme, lichaza incazelo yemithetho futhi linqume ukuba yiyo ngokomthetho-mthetho. ISiphakamiso III simisa amandla okwahlulela futhi siwanwebe kuzo zonke izinkantolo ezivelayo ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo, umthetho kahulumeni, nezivumelwano. Isimiso sokwahlulela, esisungulwe ecaleni elivelele Marbury v. Madison [1803], sigunyaza izinkantolo ukuba zigawule imithetho nezenzo zezikhulu eziphula umthetho.

Izinkantolo zihlola igatsha lemithetho ngokuhlola ukufaneleka komthetho-mthetho. Uma uMkhandlu udlulisa umthetho odlula amandla awo adwetshiwe noma ophula amalungelo omuntu, ijaji lingawenza angabi namsebenzi. Ngokufanayo, izinkantolo zihlola izenzo zokuphatha ukuze ziqinisekise ukuthi ziwela egunyeni lomthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho futhi zilandela umthetho wemithetho.

Ijaji liyahlolwa futhi namanye amagatsha. IziKhomishane zingahlongoza izinguquko zomthetho-mthetho ukuze zithathe izinqumo zokwahlulela, zishintshe ukubusa kwezinkantolo zikahulumeni, futhi zishintshe inani lamajaji. UMongameli umisa amajaji, futhi iSigele siyawaqinisekisa, sinikeza amagatsha omabili ithonya phezu kwamalungu ejaji nesiqondiso. Abahluleli bombuso bangabekwa isosha futhi basuswe ngenxa yokuziphatha okubi.

Indlela Okuvinjelwa Ngayo Nokulinganisela Ngayo Ekubuseni Kwangempela

Lezi zinqubo aziyona imiqondo ecatshangelwayo kodwa zingezamathuluzi awusizo asetshenziswa ezingxoxweni zemithetho, ezinqunyweni zenkantolo, nasemisebenzini yezikhulu.

Ukuqondisa Nokuphenya Okungokomthetho

ISishaya-mthetho siqhubeka siqondisa ukusebenza kwegatsha eliphethe ngezikhulu zekomiti eziqulwayo, ngokuhlola, nangokucela izincwadi nobufakazi. Le misebenzi yobubonisi ibalulekile ekuvuleni ukungcola, ukukhwabanisa, ukuxhaphaza, nokungaphathi kahle okungase kwenzeke. Amandla okubiza ofakazi futhi aphoqelele ubufakazi aqinisekisa ukuthi igatsha eliphethe lihlala lisobala futhi linesibopho kubameleli babantu.

Uphenyo oluphezulu lwemisebenzi yokuhlakanipha, imithetho yezimali, kanye nokuziphatha kwezikhulu lubonisa indlela ukuqondisa okusebenza ngayo njengesehlo esibucayi. Ikhono lokuvala amacala nokuveza obala izinto ezitholiwe nalo lithinta umbono womphakathi, othonya ukuziphatha kwezombangazwe kuwo wonke amagatsha.

Inqubo Yokumisa Nokuqinisekisa Izimpi

Izicelo zikamongameli zabahluleli nezikhulu eziphethe izikhundla eziphakeme kumelwe ziqinise iSigele. Le nqubo iqukethe ukucubungula ngokuphathelene nezimfanelo zabo, ifilosofi yokwahlulela, nemibono yezimiso. Lemfuneko ibangela ugqozi lokuba amongameli bakhethe abamele ukusekelwa okukhulu, idumaze abazothatha isikole noma abangayiqedi.

Izimpi zokugunyaza ziye zaba yimpi eyandayo emashumini eminyaka amuva, ebonisa izigxobo eziphakeme ezihilelekile. Uma iSigele senqaba noma sibambezela ngokungenasiphelo ukumiswa, kuhlola ngokuqondile amandla kaMongameli okumisa futhi kuphoqelela umphathi ukuba axoxe noma akhethe abanye abazohlolwa.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela Kuyasebenza

Izinkantolo zihlola njalo ubukho bemithetho kahulumeni kahulumeni nombuso. Izinqumo ze-Landmark ezinjenge- Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1954), eyabulala ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi, kanye United States v. Nixon[[FLT]] [[FLT]] (1974]), eyaphoqa uMongameli ukuba adele amakhasethi aqoshiwe phakathi nehlazo leWatergate, ibonisa indlela ukubukeza kokwahlulela okusebenza ngayo njenge-gatedry esenzweni likahulumeni.

Usongo lokubukezwa kokwahlulela luthinta futhi ukuziphatha kwemithetho. ISishaya-mthetho silindele izinselele ezingase zivele lapho kuhlelwa imithetho yomthetho-mthetho, futhi abakhi bomthetho bangase bahlele imithetho ukuze babhekane nokuhlola kokwahlulela. Lomphumela owehliswayo uyindlela amasheke nezilinganiso ezisebenza ngayo.

Inqubo Yokusebenzisa Uhlelo Lokusetshenziswa Kwemali Nezokuhlobisa

I-Congress ’ amandla alesi sikhwama angenye yeziphetho ezinamandla kakhulu kubaphathi abaphethe. Akukho simiso sikahulumeni, umnyango, noma isinyathelo esingaqhubeka ngaphandle kokunikeza iziphakamiso zaminyaka yonke. Lo mandla avumela i-Congress ukuba ihlele isimiso esiza kuqala, ilinganisele ukuqondisa, futhi ihlole ukusebenza kwemishini ngenqubo yokuhlela imali.

Lapho uMkhandlu wenqaba ukuxhasa ukumiswa komongameli noma uhlanganisa imingcele yokuthi izimali zingasetshenziswa kanjani, ucindezela ngokuqondile isinyathelo sokuphatha. inqubo yokusetshenziswa kwemali iphinde iphoqelele ukuxoxisana nokuhlehla phakathi kwamagatsha, njengoba uhulumeni esongela lapho izindleko zokukhipha izicelo zingadluli.

Okwenza Ukulinganisela Kube Nendaba Yokubusa Kwentando Yeningi

Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela sifeza imisebenzi eminingi ebalulekile edlula ukulinganiselwa kwamandla. Ivikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi akukho ngxenye eyodwa noma isithakazelo esingabusa uhulumeni. Ikhuthaza ukuhlobana ngokufuna abadlali abaningi ukuba bavumelane ngaphambi kokuba kuthathe izenzo ezinkulu. Ithuthukisa ukulandisa ngokudala amaphuzu amaningi okungena kwezakhamuzi ukuze ziphikise izinqumo zikahulumeni.

Okuhlangenwe nakho okungokomlando kubonisa izingozi zokulawula okungalawuliwe. Ikhulu lamashumi amabili labona izibonelo eziningi zemibuso eyachitha imingcele yomthetho - sisekelo negunya eligxile kumholi oyedwa.

Njengoba U.S. National Archives iphawula, abahleli bomthetho babekuqaphela kakhulu ukuthambekela kwamandla okwandisa ngaphezu kwemingcele yawo efanele. Baklama isimiso esizonciphisa ijubane likahulumeni, sidinga ukuvumelana okukhulu, futhi sinikeze amathuba amaningi okuvikela amalungelo amancane kubantu abaningi abaphambanayo.

Izinselele Zanamuhla Esimisoni Samakebhe Nokulinganisela

Naphezu kokuzivuselela kwayo, isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela saseMelika sibhekene nezingcindezi ezinkulu zanamuhla.

Ukwanda Kwezombangazwe Ne - Gridlock

Lapho amaqembu ezombangazwe ehlukana kakhulu, amandla okubambisana enza amasheke nokulinganisela angawohloka. Ukwethembeka kweqembu kungase kunqobe ukwethembeka kwenhlangano, kuholele amalungu eSishaya - mthetho ukuba avikele izisulu lapho iqembu lawo lilawula iWhite House futhi limelane nayo lapho elinye iqembu lisebusweni. Lokhu kuguquguquka komthetho kunciphisa imingcele yezakhiwo.

I-dricklock iyenzeka lapho amagatsha ahlukene alawulwa amaqembu aphikisanayo efinyelela ukuhluleka kwemisebenzi ebalulekile yokulawula njengokudlula kwemali, ukugunyazwa kokwahlulela, nezenzo zomthetho. Nakuba i-gridlock ingavimbela umthetho olimazayo, ingaqeda nohulumeni futhi iqede ukwethemba umphakathi ezinhlanganweni zentando yeningi.

Ukwanda Kwamandla Aphethe

Omongameli banamuhla babo bobabili laba bahlukene baye bandisa igunya lokuphatha ngezinqubo ezinjengokuqondisa kwezikhulu, ukumiswa kwezinhlangano, nokuthatha isinyathelo sokulawula esingekho emthethweni wakwamanye amazwe. Isifundazwe sesikhule kakhulu, sigxilise inqubo ezinhlanganweni eziphethe ezisebenza ngamazinga ahlukahlukene okuqondisa.

Ukusetshenziswa kweziqondiso ukuze kufinyelelwe imigomo yenqubo engenakudlula kuphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngemingcele efanelekile yamandla aphethe. Nakuba iziyalezo eziphethe ithuluzi elisemthethweni lokuqondisa imisebenzi yegatsha eliphethe amagatsha, ukusetshenziswa kwazo ekuvimbeleni impikiswano yemithetho yemikhawulo emikhulu yemithetho ehlola imikhawulo yomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo. Brennan Center for Justice ihlole indlela iziyalezo zezikhulu ezisebenzelana ngayo nesimiso semibuso ehlukene.

Ifilosofi Yokwahlulela Nendima Yezinkantolo

Abagxeki bezenzo zokwahlulela baphikisa ngokuthi ngezinye izikhathi izinkantolo zichitha indima yazo efanele ngokukhipha izimemezelo eziphumelelayo ebhentshini, kuyilapho abanye bephikisa ngokuthi ukubukezwa kokwahlulela ngonya kudingekile ukuze kuvikelwe amalungelo ayisisekelo ekungeneleni kwemithetho nakwezikhulu.

Inqubo yokumisa amajaji kahulumeni iye yathathelwa phambili, izimpi zokuqinisekisa ezisekelwe ekuthonyweni kwemibono yamalungu kunokuba ifaneleke. Lokhu kubekwa kwecala kusongela ilungelo elicatshangelwayo lejaji kanye nekhono lalo lokusebenza njengomvikeli ongathathi hlangothi ezimpini zomthetho-sisekelo.

Ithonya Lemali Namaqembu Anesithakazelo

Indima yemali kwezombangazwe iye yakhula ngokuphawulekayo, iphakamisa imibuzo yokuthi isimiso samasheke namathena sisasabela yini ezakhamuzini ezivamile noma siye sabanjwa izithakazelo ezicebile. Iminikelo yomkhankaso, ukunxusa, nezindleko ezizimele zingathonya ukuziphatha kokushaya umthetho, ukwenza izinqumo zokuqondisa, ngisho nokukhetha kokwahlulela.

Lapho amaqembu enzalo anamandla engahlela isimiso kuwo womathathu amagatsha, ukukhishwa kwamandla okuhloselwe uMthetho - sisekelo kungase kululazwe. Izakhamuzi kumelwe zihlale ziqaphile ngethonya lemali futhi zisekele ukuba kube sobala futhi zilandise ngezimali zezombangazwe.

Izindawo Ezigciniwe Nezilinganiselo Zezizukulwane Ezizayo

Ukuze kugcinwe imingcele ephumelelayo egunyeni likahulumeni kudingeka izakhamuzi, izikhulu zomphakathi nezinhlangano zomphakathi zizinikele.

Imfundo Yesibalo Nokuqaphela Umphakathi

Ukuqonda indlela uhulumeni esebenza ngayo kuyisisekelo sezenhlala - kahle. Izikole, izinhlangano zezindaba, namaqembu omphakathi kufanele zihlele imfundo yomphakathi echaza isimo sikahulumeni, isisekelo semibuso ehlukene, nokusebenza okusebenzayo kokuhlola nokulinganisela. Izakhamuzi ezifundile zihlonyiselwe kangcono ukuhlaziya izenzo zikahulumeni futhi zibeke izikhulu ecaleni.

I-[[QUT:0] Cornell Legal Information Institute inikeza imithombo efinyelelekayo emthetho-sisekelo ongasiza izakhamuzi ukuba zijulise ukuqonda kwazo isimo sikahulumeni namalungelo azo ngamanye.

Ukuhlanganyela Ngokukhuthele Ezinhlanganweni Zentando Yeningi

Ukusebenza kunoma iliphi izinga lokhetho lohulumeni kuyindlela eqondile izakhamuzi ezithonya ngayo isimiso. Izinqumo zinquma ukuthi ubani onegunya futhi abangele ukulandisa ngezikhulu ezisikekayo. Ngaphandle kokuvota, izakhamuzi zingahlanganyela ngokuba khona emihlanganweni yomphakathi, ukuxhumana nabameleli abakhethiwe, ukukhonza enkantolo, nokuhlanganyela ekulawuleni okunokuthula ngenxa yezimbangela ezisekelayo.

Izenzo zobufandatha zingathonya isimo sezombangazwe uhulumeni asebenza kuso.

Ukusekela Izinhlangano Ezizimele

Izikhulu zezindaba, izinkantolo ezizimele, nomphakathi oqinile usekela isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela. Izintatheli zihlola izenzo zikahulumeni futhi zitshela umphakathi. Izinhlangano ezingazuzisi ziqondisa umsebenzi kahulumeni futhi zisekele ukulandisa. Izinhlangano zezokuziphendulela ziqhuba ukucwaninga futhi zifundise abaholi besikhathi esizayo.

Izakhamuzi kufanele zisekele lezi zinhlangano ngokuzithembisa isithembiso esiqhubekayo, ngeminikelo engokwezimali lapho kungenzeka khona, nangokuzivikela ngezwi lapho zihlaselwa.

Ukusekela Izinguquko Zokwakha

Ezinye izingqapheli ziphikisa ngokuthi isimiso saseMelika sidinga izinguquko zokwakha ukuze zisebenze ngokuphumelelayo enkathini yanamuhla. Iziphakamiso zihlanganisa ukulungisa ikolishi elikhethiwe, imithetho elungisayo yokunciphisa imingcele, imingcele ebekwayo kumajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme, iqinisa imithetho yezimali yezezimali, nokucacisa imingcele yegunya eliphethe ekulondekeni kwesizwe nasemibusoni ephuthumayo.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iziphakamiso ezithile zihlakaniphile noma azihlakaniphile, iphuzu elibanzi liwukuthi isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela asikho esikhona. Sivela ngokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo, ngezinguquko ezingokomthetho, ukuchaza ukwahlulela, nezimiso eziguquguqukayo zezombangazwe. Izakhamuzi kufanele zicabangisise ngezihlongozo zenguquko, zilinganisele izinzuzo ezingase zivele ezingozini ezingalindelekile.

Isidingo Esihlala Njalo Sikahulumeni Olinganiselwe

Amasheke nama-aspect wokulinganisa akuwona umqondo ohlukanisayo. Ayisidingo sokwakha noma yimuphi uhulumeni ofisa ukuba aphumelele futhi akhululeke. Isimiso sivikela ekubusweni kobushiqela begunya kuyilapho silondoloza amandla okwenza izinqumo zentando yeningi. Idumisa ukuqonda ukuthi abantu badinga iziphakamiso ezingokomthetho ukuze bavimbele ukusetshenziswa kabi kwegunya, ngisho nanjengoba bethemba izakhamuzi ukuba zizibuse ngezinhlangano zabameleli.

Ukulondolozwa kwalesi simiso kudinga ukuqapha, ulwazi, nezakhamuzi ezikhuthele. isizukulwane ngasinye kumelwe sifunde izimiso zikahulumeni womthetho-sisekelo futhi sizisebenzise ezinkingeni zesikhathi saso. Iziphetho nezilinganiso ezilinganiselayo ezilinganisela iziphathimandla zikahulumeni azizona izithiyo zokuthuthuka kodwa zivikela inkululeko. Ngokuqonda, ukuvikela, nokuthuthukisa lezi zimiso, izakhamuzi ziqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni uhlala eyinceku yabantu kunokuba ube yinkosi yazo.