Umklamo Wobubusi BaseMelika

Uhulumeni wase-United States ungenye yamarepublic akhona amadala kakhulu emhlabeni asebenza ngokuqhubekayo engokomthetho, aklanyelwe ukulinganisela igunya ezikhungweni eziningi zegunya kuyilapho evikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Isimiso salo, esamiswa ngo-1787, siveza amakhulu eminyaka efilosofi yezombangazwe, ukuyekelelwa okuwusizo, nokungaqiniseki okujulile kwegunya elimisiwe. Izakhamuzi zonke zizuza ngokuqonda hhayi nje kuphela izakhiwo ezingokomthetho − amagatsha amathathu, iBhill of Rights, isimiso sentela, kodwa futhi nendima ebanzi ephakathi kwamalungelo nemithwalo esekela ukuphila kwentando yeningi. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlolwa okuphelele kwemisebenzi kahulumeni, amalungelo ayisisekelo ayifunayo kuphela, imisebenzi yezakhamuzi zayo, nendima yazo ekhuliswa emphakathini wanamuhla.

Amagatsha Amathathu Nesimiso Sezokuhlola Nokulinganisela

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. uhlukanisa uhulumeni kahulumeni ube amagatsha amathathu alinganayo: i-Legislative, i-Butho, ne- Judicial. Igatsha ngalinye linemibuso ehlukene, kodwa igunya elihambisanayo liqinisekisa ukuthi alikho igatsha elingabusa. Lomklamo − owaziwa njengokuhlolwa nokulinganisela ($__requress) ukubambisana nokuhlehla ukuze libuse ngokuphumelelayo.

Igatsha Elingokomthetho: Ukwenza Imithetho

ISishaya-mthetho, iGatya i-Legislative Branch, inomthwalo wemfanelo wokuhlela nokudlulisa umthetho kahulumeni. Yi-bamaral, ehlanganisa iSigele neNdlu yabameleli. ISigele sihlanganisa amalungu ayikhulu, amabili avela esifundazweni ngasinye, asebenzisa amagama athatha iminyaka eyisithupha. Indlu inamanxusa okuvota, ahlukaniswa abantu, abasebenza iminyaka emibili. Zombili izikweletu kumelwe zivumele izikweletu ezifanayo ngaphambi kokuba zithunyelwe kuMongameli.

Ngaphandle kokwenza umthetho, iSishaya - mthetho siphethe amandla abalulekile okuqondisa: siqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli, sigunyaza izivumelwano, simemezela impi, futhi silawula ukusetshenziswa kwemali kahulumeni ngokusebenzisa amandla esikhwama semali.

  • I-senate: iqinisekisa onobhala bekhabethe, amajaji eNkantolo ePhakeme, namanxusa ngeningi elivamile; ihlanganisa izivumelwano ngevoti emibili-ntathu.
  • Indlu yabameleli: iqala zonke izikweletu zemali, iqala imicimbi yokuhlela, futhi ikhetha uMongameli endabeni ye-Electoral College deving.
  • Committees:[ Zombili izindlu zithembele esimisweni sekomiti("ukuma, ukukhetha, nokuhlanganisa amakomiti) umthetho we-vet, ukuphatha ukuqulwa kwecala, kanye nokwengamela izinhlangano eziphethe.

Uma ufunda okwengeziwe ngenqubo yomthetho, vakashela isikhulu .gov webhusayithi, enikeza izikweleti zamanje, izimiso zamakomiti, nezincwadi zomlando.

Igatsha Eliphethe: Lishaya Imithetho

Umongameli uphethe iGaza eliphethe, elisekelwa nguMongameli onguMongameli, iKhabhinethi, nenhlangano kahulumeni ebanzi. UMongameli ukhonza kokubili njengenhloko kahulumeni nomphathi kahulumeni, uyala amabutho ahlomile, akhiphe umthetho kahulumeni, aqhube umthetho wezwe langaphandle, futhi akhiphe umthetho wesishayamthetho, futhi akhiphe izintambo ze-veto Congress (iSishaya-Phosamente) ezingasehlela i-veto neningi eliyisithathu kuzo zombili izigodi.

Igatsha Eliphethe lihlanganisa iminyango engu-15 yamakhabethe (i-Association) esuka eSifundeni kuya e-Veterans Affairs(*) kanye namakhulu ezinhlangano ezizimele ezinjenge-Evironmental Protection Agency (EPA) ne-Federal Communications Commission (FCC). Lezi zinkampani zibhala imithetho ephethe umthetho, ichaza izinhloso zobungane, futhi zihambisa izinhlelo ezisukela ekulondekeni kwezenhlalo ukuya emapaki esizwe.

  • : Icubungula njalo eminyakeni emine nge-Electoral College ngesilinganiso sama-name amabili.
  • Umongameli weVit: Uqondisa iSigele nezinyathelo uma uMongameli engakwazi ukwenza lutho.
  • [ Cabinet:[ Abaqondisi abaphethe iminyango yesikhulu, idinga ukuqinisekiswa kweSigele.

Iwebhusayithi yendlu emhlophe inikeza ukwaziswa okufike kusuku lweziyalezo zezikhulu, ukuphatha okuza kuqala, nezinkulumo zikamongameli.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela: Ukuchaza Imithetho

IGatya lokwahlulela, eliholwa iNkantolo Ephakeme, lichaza umthetho kahulumeni noMthetho-sisekelo, liqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho nezenzo zobuphathi zivumelana nezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo. ISiphakamiso III soMthetho-sisekelo simisa amandla okwahlulela, kodwa iSishaya - mthetho simisa ubukhulu beNkantolo Ephakeme futhi sidala izinkantolo eziphansi. Okwamanje, iNkantolo Ephakeme ihlanganisa ahlulelo engu-9, emiswe ukuba iphile kahle, ithobele ukuziphatha okuhle, okungalawulwa yikho kanye nokucindezelwa kwezombangazwe.

Izinkantolo eziphansi zihlanganisa izinkantolo zesifunda ezingu- 94, lapho kuqulwa khona amacala, ne 13 yamaNkantolo Amacala, ezwa izikhalo ezivela ezinkantolo zesigodi. Iqembu lingase linxuse iNkantolo Ephakeme, ezwa cishe cishe ipesenti elilodwa lezicelo minyaka yonke. Ngokuhlola kokwahlulela okubekwe Marbury v. Madison [18])] Inkantolo ingawisa imithetho nezenzo zezikhulu ezitholakele.

  • [[INkantolo:0] Inkantolo yezenyusi: i-opera umkhandi wemibuzo yomthetho-sisekelo; ikhetha amacala okulalela nge-chertiorari.
  • Izinkantolo zesifunda:[ Isinqumo sezicelo ezivimbela (inkantolo egcwele) noma eziphawini zokwahlulela ezintathu.
  • Izinkantolo zesifunda:[ Zisingatha ukuqulwa kwecala kukahulumeni nokuqulwa kwecala.]

Imibono engokomthetho nokwaziswa kwecala kuyatholakala Ukuphakamisa.gov.

Ama - vicket Nokulinganisela Okusebenzayo

Ikhono lesimiso sase-U.S. lisekuxoxisaneni okungapheli kwegunya. UMongameli angakhipha izindleko, kodwa uMkhandlu unganqoba izivumelwano ezinkulu. UMongameli umisa amajaji, kodwa iSishaya - mthetho siyawaqinisekisa. Izimali zeSishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni, kodwa uMongameli angazenqaba ukuzisebenzisa noma azisebenzisele ukubekela inselele enkantolo. Igatsha lezenkantolo ingakwazi ukushaya imithetho, kodwa iSishaya - mthetho singaveza ukunqanda ukumiswa kwemithetho ukuze kubhuculwe izibopho. Le ngxabano iphoqelela ukuba kuthathwe ngamabomu, iphoqelele ukuba noma yiliphi igatsha lithathe noma isiphi isenzo esiwujuqu.

Amalungelo Ezakhamuzi: UMthetho - sisekelo Uqinisekisa

IBill of Rights − izivumelwano zokuqala eziyishumi zokulungisa uMthetho-sisekelo − ziveza inkululeko uhulumeni okumelwe ayihloniphe. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukulungisa okwengeziwe, izinqumo zenkantolo, nomthetho kuye kwanwebeka futhi kwacacisa lezisivikelo. Ngezansi amalungelo avelele kakhulu izakhamuzi zonke okufanele zazi.

Inkululeko Yokuchithwa Kokuqala

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sivikela inkolo, inkulumo, imithombo yezindaba, ingqungquthela, nelungelo lokunxusa uhulumeni. Sinqabela iSishayamthetho ukuba simise inkolo noma sinqande ukuyisebenzisa kwayo mahhala, futhi sivikela ukuphikisana okukhulu kwezombangazwe, phela sivikela inkulumo abaningi abayithola icasula (hhayi ukucushwa kukahulumeni). INkantolo Ephakeme iye yachaza lokhu kulungiswa ukuze inciphise zonke izinyathelo zikahulumeni.

Inqubo Efanele Neselelesi

ISichibiyelo sesihlanu, seSihlanu, seSisithupha, nesesi-8h sivikela abantu esimisweni sobulungisa bomthetho. I-migodi Yesine yokusesha okungenangqondo nokuquleka; amaphoyisa ngokuvamile adinga isiqinisekiso esisekelwa yisizathu okungenzeka. Eyesihlanu ivimbela ukuzibeka engozini, izingozi eziphindwe kabili, futhi iqinisekisa inqubo efanele ngaphambi kokuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla. I-Sixtandath iqinisekisa ukuqulwa kwecala elisheshayo nelasobala yijaji elingakhethi, ilungelo lokunikeza iseluleko, kanye nelungelo lokubhekana nofakazi.

Ukusakaza Amalungelo

Amalungelo okuvota ayisisekelo kodwa aye aqala ukuvuleka ngenxa yokulungisa nokushaya umthetho. ISichibiyelo seshumi elinesihlanu (1870) senqabela ukucwaswa kohlanga ekuvoteni; i-1920 yanwetshwa yanwetshwa ngabesifazane; iAmashumi amabili namashumi amabili anesithathu (1964) yaqeda ukuvota izintela zokuvota; futhi i-Amakumi amabili namashumi amabili nanhlanu (1971) yehlisa iminyaka yokuvota yaba ngumthetho wezwe womthetho wezwe owaqeda imikhuba eminingi yokulahla izigebengu, nakuba izingxenye zayo ziye zancishwa yizinqumo yeNkantolo Ephakeme yamuva.

Ngalé Kwamalungelo

Kamuva ukulungisa kuye kwanwetshwa futhi kwadingidwa izimpikiswano zokwakha. I-Heller yeshumi nane yaqeda ubugqila; eyeshumi nane yaqinisekisa ukuvikelwa okulinganayo nenqubo efaneleyo kohulumeni bombuso; eyeshumi elinesihlanu, njengoba kuphawuliwe, yathola ukuvota kwamadoda amaBlack. ISichibiyelo Sesibini, esichazwe ku- Diquality of Columbia v. Heller [2008], ivikela ilungelo lomuntu lokuba nezikhali zokuzivikela yena ngokwakhe. Izinkantolo ziyaqhubeka zicwenga izibophozo zomthetho, ziwahlobisa ngokumelene nokuphepha komphakathi nezithakazeko zikahulumeni.

Uhlu olubanzi lwezinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo lukhona e USA.gov’s processor .

Imithwalo Yemfanelo Yezakhamuzi: Imisebenzi Esekela Umbuso Wentando Yeningi

Irepublic esebenza ixhomeke ezakhamuzini ezihlanganyela ngenkuthalo ekuphileni komphakathi. Ngezansi kunemithwalo yemfanelo eyisisekelo eqinisekisa uhulumeni ukuba uhlale unesibopho sokulandisa, uphumelela futhi unobulungisa.

Ukuncoma Nokuhlanganyela Ekukhetheni

Indlela eqondile izakhamuzi ezithonya ngayo uhulumeni ngokuvota kuhulumeni, esifundazweni, nakukhetho lwendawo. I-Frinote eUnited States iye yasekela ngokomlando ngemva kwezinye idemokrasi, kodwa ngisho nevoti elilodwa linganquma izinhlanga eziseduze − ikakhulukazi emincintiswaneni yendawo. Ukuvota okunolwazi kudinga ukucwaninga, izimpikiswano eziqondanayo, nokuqinisekisa imibandela yokubhalisa.

Ukulalela Imithetho Nokukhokha Intela

Imithetho idala uhlelo oluqinisekile emphakathini. Izakhamuzi kulindeleke ukuba ziwulalele, kusukela emithethweni yezimoto kuya kwemithetho kahulumeni. Ukudelela ngokuthanda kululaza uhlelo lomphakathi. Ngokufanayo, ukukhokha izintela (inkokhelo), ukuthengisa, impahla − kunika izakhamuzi izinkonzo ezincike kuzo: imigwaqo, izikole, izikole, isivikelo sobuzwe, ukugcinwa komthetho, namanetha okuphepha. Intengiso ayivunyelwe ngokomthetho futhi inciphisa amandla emphakathi okufeza okuhle.

Ukukhonza EJuries

Inkonzo kaJury ingumsebenzi womthetho-sisekelo. Uma ibizwa, izakhamuzi kumelwe zibike i-voir esabekayo futhi engenzeka zikhonze ejajini. IziNguqulo zeSithandathu nezesikhombisa ziqinisekisa ilungelo kumajaji ezigebengwini nasemacala amaningi omphakathi. Ngaphandle kokuhlanganyela esabelweni somthetho-mthetho, isimiso sokwahlulela asinakusebenza. Izinkantolo ngokuvamile zinikeza imbuyiselo encane, kodwa inkonzo iyitshe lesisekelo lokwahlulela kwentando yeningi.

Ukuhileleka Eceleni Kwale Ndawo

Intando yeningi iyachuma uma izakhamuzi zidlula ukuvota. Ukuya emihlanganweni yehholo ledolobha, ukubhalela izikhulu ezikhethiwe, ukuvolontiwa, ukuvolontiswa ngenkani, ukujamela amahhovisi endawo, nokukhonza emabhodini omphakathi, zonke izindlela zokuhlela isimiso somthetho. Izinhlangano ze-CCOPIC][ .] . . . . Izinkampani zabafundisi, imikhandlu yomphakathi, izinkampani ezingafaki nzuzo."

Inkonzo Yesizwe Nenkonzo Yezempi

Nakuba inkonzo yezempi ingeyokuzithandela, i-Selective Service System idinga ukuba amadoda aneminyaka engu-18-25 abhalise. Phakathi nesimo esiphuthumayo sesizwe, uMkhandlu ungabuyisela ukubuthwa kwebutho. Ngalé kwezinhlelo zempi, izinhlelo zesizwe ezinjengo AmariCorps no-Peace Corps zinikeza abantu bezwe lonke izindlela zokunikela ezidingweni zomkhaya nezezizwe. Le zinhlelo zithuthukisa umuzwa wokuba nenjongo efanayo nomthwalo wemfanelo womphakathi.

Ukuhlonipha Amalungelo Abanye

Izakhamuzi kumelwe ziwahloniphe amalungelo omakhelwane bazo, ngisho noma zingavumelani. ISichibiyelo sokuqala sivikela inkulumo enenzondo, kodwa futhi sivikela ikhono labanye lokukhulekela, ukukhuluma, nokuhlangana ngaphandle kokuhlukunyezwa. Umphakathi nokubekezelelana akuzona izibopho ezingokomthetho ezingokomomo, kodwa kubalulekile emphakathini ophilile wobuningi.

Indima Eyandisiwe Kahulumeni Emkhayeni Wanamuhla

Indima kahulumeni wase-U.S. iye yakhula kakhulu ngaphezu kwesifundazwe esincane esiqapheka ebusuku. Namuhla, uhulumeni kahulumeni ``i-alongde kwicala lombuso' nohulumeni bendawo'." yenza imisebenzi eminingi ethinta cishe zonke izici zokuphila kwansuku zonke. Ukuqonda lendima kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zihlole ukuthutha kwesimiso futhi zigcine izikhulu zilandisa.

Ukuphepha Komphakathi Nezokuzivikela Zesizwe

Ukunikeza ukuzivikela okuvamile kuyisisusa esiyinhloko somthetho-sisekelo. UMnyango Wezokuvikela ulawula ibutho lempi elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni, namabutho abekwe embulungeni yonke. Ukugcinwa komthetho wasekhaya kuhilela izinhlangano zikahulumeni eziningi ze-(FBI, DEA, ATF, US Marshals . okuhlola ubugebengu bokuvinjelwa okunganqamuki. Amaphoyisa oMbuso kanye nabameli bendawo basingatha izindaba eziningi zokuphepha zosuku nosuku. Ohulumeni bafaka nezimali eminyangweni yomlilo, izinkonzo zokwelapha eziphuthumayo, kanye nezinga lokusabela nge-FEMA.

Izakhiwo Nezokuhamba

Umbuso, uhulumeni, nohulumeni bendawo bakha futhi balondoloze imigwaqo emikhulu, amabhuloho, izikhumulo zezindiza, izikhumulo zemikhumbi, izimiso zokuthutha zomphakathi, nezimiso ezibanzi ezivalekile. I- Interstate Highway System, yaqalwa ngo-1956, isayina elisungulwe uhulumeni. Umthetho wamuva wezemisebenzi uye waqondisa amakhulu ezigidi ekulungiseni izimiso zokuguga, ukwandisa iziteshi zikagesi ezifuna imoto, nokuthuthukisa isitimela. Ngaphandle kokutshala izimali zikahulumeni, ukuphuma komnyakazo wezentengiselwano nohambo lwansuku zonke, bekungeke kube khona.

Imfundo Nentuthuko Esebenzayo

Imfundo ngokuyinhloko iwumthwalo wemfanelo kahulumeni nowendawo, kodwa uhulumeni unikeza izimali ngezinhlelo ezinjengesihloko I (zezikole ezithola imali encane) ne-Pell Grants (kubafundi basekholiji). Wonke amakholiji ahamba phambili ezimisweni zawo eziyisisekelo, eziseceleni, eziphezulu, ezimisa izindinganiso, izifundo zesikole, nezidingwano zokuthweswa kwemisebenzi. Uhulumeni unikeza nezimali zezinhlelo zokuqeqesha umsebenzi ngoMnyango wezisebenzi, izikole zokufundisa, kanye nezinhlanganisela zomphakathi ukusiza izisebenzi ukuba zivumelane nokushintsha izomnotho.

Ukunakekela Impilo Nezinkonzo Zomphakathi

Uhulumeni unendima enkulu ekunakekeleni impilo. IMedare inikeza abagugile nabantu abathile abakhubazekile umshuwalense wezempilo; iMedicaid imboza abantu abahola imali encane nemikhaya; i-Affordhable Care Act (ACA) ukwandisa umshuwalense ngezintengo nangezimali. I-Veterans Health Administration iphethe inqubo yayo siqu yesibhedlela. Izinhlangano zezempilo zomphakathi zezempilo CDC, FDA, NIH, i-AGP, ivumela ukuqubuka kwezifo ngemikhondo, futhi zibeka izindinganiso zokuphepha. Ngaphandle kwalezi zinhlelo, izigidi zabantu baseMelika bezingeke zikwazi ukufinyelela izinkonzo zokwelapha.

Izinkonzo zenhlalayenza zihlanganisa ukuthatha umhlalaphansi weNhlala- kahle nezinzuzo zokukhubazeka, i-Social Nutrition Application Program (SNAP), izimali zokuxhasa izindlu, i-Acey Families (TTANF), kanye nomshuwalense wokungasebenzi. Le zinhlelo zikha umshuwalense wokuphepha onciphisa ubumpofu futhi uqinise umnotho phakathi nokuwohloka.

Ukulungisa Izomnotho Nesivikelo Sethengiselwano

Uhulumeni ulawula amabhizinisi ukuze avikele abathengi, izisebenzi, kanye nendawo ezungezile. I-EPA imisa izimakethe zezezimali; iFederal Reserve imisa izinqubo zemali futhi iqondise amabhange; iFederal Trade Commission imisa imithetho enqabela ukugcinwa kwentsebe yezezimali futhi ivimbela ukukhangisa okukhohlisayo; uMnyango wezisebenzi ufaka iholo elilinganiselwe nokuphepha emsebenzini; i-EPA ilinganisela imingcele emoyeni nakungcoliswa kwamanzi; futhi i-Consuer Product Safety Commission ikhumbula imikhiqizo eyingozi. Inhloso yokulungisa ukuhluleka kwezentengiso, izikhangiso ezingaphandle njengokungcola, kanye nokwaziswa okungalimaza umphakathi.

Ubuphathi Bendawo Ezungezile Nomthetho Wamandla

Izinhlangano ze-Federal njenge-EPA, i-Department of Energy, ne-National Park Service zilawula amazwe omphakathi, zilawula ukukhishwa kwegesi, zikhuthaza amandla avuselelekayo, futhi zivikela imithombo yemvelo. Imithetho ehlanzekile yomoya namanzi, isivikelo sezilwane ezisengozini, nezindawo ezihlanzekile kakhulu zikahulumeni ziyizingenela eziqondile. Isimiso sogesi sihlanganisa izisusa zelanga, umoya, amandla enuzi; izinga lezezomnotho; kanye nosigcini se-oyile. Ngokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, indima kahulumeni yendawo ezungezile iye yabhebhebhetheka futhi yashuka kakhulu.

Ubumbano: Ukwehlukana Kwamandla

Isimiso sase-U.S. asisona nje kuphela irepublic kahulumeni; izwe lapho imibuso ilondoloza khona inkululeko ekhethekile. ISichibiyelo seTenth Amandla agciniwe aphathiswe uhulumeni kahulumeni noma abantu. Lokhu kuvumela izigaba ukuba zisebenze njengezindawo zokuhlola idemokrasi(izici zentando yeningi), ezisebenzisa izimiso zokunakekela impilo, imfundo, ukwahlulela kobugebengu, nentela. Izikhulu zendawo `amazwe, amadolobha, izifunda zesikole, i-chweba, indle, amapaki, nezincwadi. Izakhamuzi ngokuvamile zinethonya eliqondile kula mazinga aphansi, lapho izikhulu ezikhethiwe zisondelene futhi zifaka khona imibandela esobala.

Ukuze kungene ububanzi obukhulu kuhulumeni kanye nokucindezeleka kwamanje kwezwe, i-USA.gov imithombo kahulumeni kahulumeni inikeza amaxhumene kuleyo ngxenye engokomthetho yombuso.

Isiphetho: Ukuhlanganyela nalesimiso

Ukuqonda indlela uhulumeni wase-U.S. osebenza ngayo — amagatsha, iziqinisekiso zawo zamalungelo, imithwalo yawo yemfanelo yobuhlalo, kanye nobubanzi bendima yawo yanamuhla . "Isimiso asiphelele, ngokuvamile siyahlanekezela, futhi sihambisana njalo ngokhetho, izinqumo zenkantolo, umthetho, nezenzo zezakhamuzi. Kodwa sisalokhu siqinile ngenxa yokuthi saklanyelwe ukusingatha ushintsho. Ukuvikelwa okungcono kakhulu ekulweni nentando yeningi kungokuncishwa kolwazi nokwethunyelwa kwezakhamuzi. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngokusebenza enkantolo, ukukhokha intela, ukukhokha ibhodi lesikole, noma ukuhlala nje kungazi, zonke izakhamuzi zinekhono lokuhlela ukuqondisa ukuqondisa kwesizwe. Uhulumeni awusona isicindezekeli esibumbene.