Isingeniso

Amandla alawulayo ahlela isisekelo sendlela izizwe eziphatha ngayo amalungelo amaminerali nemithombo engokwemvelo. Imithetho nezimiso ezimiswe ohulumeni zinquma ubunikazi, ukulinganisela, ukuvikela indawo ezungezile, kanye nokusakaza izinzuzo zezomnotho. Lobu buhlobo phakathi kwegunya elingokomthetho nokuphathwa kwempahla bunemiphumela emikhulu yokuthuthuka kwezomnotho, ukulondolozwa kwendawo ezungezile, nokuzinza kwezenhlalo. Ukuqonda indlela umthetho othinta ngayo amalungelo amaminerali nokuxhashazwa kwempahla kunikeza ukuqonda okubucayi ngamandla amakhulu empulaza, ukutshala, ukutshala izimali, nokubambisana kwezizwe ngezizwe.

Isidingo sembulunga yonke samaminerali, izinsimbi, nezinto zokuphehla amandla ziyaqhubeka zinyuka, ziqhutshwa ukukhuphuka kwezimboni, ukwanda kwenani labantu, nokushintshela ekuvuselelweni kobuchwepheshe bamandla. Kulomongo, amapulani alawula ukusetshenziswa kwemishini aphinde abe yi-propati. Angasiza ukuthuthukisa noma ukungalingani okungokomthetho, ukuwohloka kwendawo ezungezile, nengxabano. Lesi sihloko sihlola isilinganiso esiyinhloko samandla omthetho ekwakheni amalungelo aweminerali kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemisebe yemvelo, ukuhlola izimpawu zokusetshenziswa kwempahla, ukuhlanganisa izimiso zokusetshenziswa kwempahla, iziqondiso, izinselele zendawo ezungezile, izinselele, nokusetshenziswa kwezimiso zesikhathi esizayo.

Isisekelo Esingokomthetho: Ubukhosi Nokuba Umnikazi

Izimvume zangasese. Ukuba Umnikazi kaHulumeni

Izisekelo zomthetho ziqala ngombuzo oyisisekelo wokuthi ubani onengcebo yamaminerali ngaphansi kwendawo. Izimo ezimbili eziyinhloko zingabanikazi bomuntu siqu, ezivame emazweni anjenge-United States, lapho amalungelo amaminerali engahlukaniswa khona namalungelo angaphandle futhi abe nezinhlangano, kanye nobunikazi bezwe, lapho uhulumeni elawula khona ingcebo engaphansi kwemithombo yamafutha. Amazwe amaningi alandela khona ifashoni yezwe, ngokuvamile elandela ubuni bezwe ngokwemithetho yawo yemithetho yemithetho yemithetho noma imithetho yezimayini. Ngokwesibonelo, eLatin America, amazwe amaningi amemezela yonke iminerali efaka impahla kahulumeni, evumela ukuba izinhlangano ezizimele ngezivumelwano ezingokomthetho.

Ukukhetha phakathi kwalezi zifekethiso kuthinta kakhulu izisusa zokutshala imali, inzuzo kahulumeni, kanye nezinzuzo zomphakathi wendawo. Izimiso zikahulumeni zivumela ohulumeni ukuba bamise amagama okuhlola nokukhipha, kuyilapho ukuba umuntu siqu kungakhuthaza ukuthuthuka ngokushesha kodwa kungaholela ekulawuleni okuhlukene. Umthetho uveza isisekelo esingokomthetho sokuba nazo, amalungelo abanikazi bezimpahla, kanye nezinqubo zokuthola amalungelo amagugu kuhulumeni noma kubanikazi.

Indima Yemithetho - sisekelo Neziqu

Imithetho-mthetho kazwelonke ivame ukumisa isimiso sokubusa kwezwe phezu kwemithombo yemvelo, inikeza isisekelo esingokomthetho sawo wonke umthetho wezimayini namandla alandelanayo. Eminye imithetho-mthetho iyala ngokucacile ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwempahla kumelwe kunikeze isithakazelo somphakathi futhi kuvikele indawo ezungezile. Izivumelwano zezizwe zonke nomthetho wezizwe zonke nazo zinendima. INhlangano yeZizwe Ezihlangene eMthethweni woLwandle (UNCOS), ngokwesibonelo, ibusa amalungelo amaminerali ezindaweni ezikude nogu, kuhlanganise nezwekazi elizimele lezomnotho kanye nebhuloho lamazwekazi. Izivumelwano ezinjalo zidinga umthetho wesizwe ukuze kusebenze amalungiselelo azo, zimise indawo ezungezile engokomthetho.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izivumelwano zamalungelo abantu nezindinganiso zomhlaba wonke, njengeNhlangano yeZizwe Ezihlangene eMalungelweni Abantu Abavamile (UNDRIP), ithonya izindlela zokulawula imvume yangaphambi kokwaziswa (FPIC). Amazwe aye agunyaza lamathuluzi kumelwe avumelane nemithetho yawo yezimayini ngokuhambelana, isivikelo esiqinile emiphakathini yomdabu kanye nabafaki-mthetho wesizwe. Ukufakwa kwemithetho yasekhaya nezibopho zomhlaba wonke kuyisici esibucayi samalungelo anamuhla akhiwe ngeminerali.

Izindawo Zokuthutha Imali Ezisemthethweni Zokuthutha Amalungelo Ezinto Ezimbi

Isimiso Sokuphonsa Nokuphoqelela

Umthetho umisa izinqubo lapho izinkampani zithola khona ilungelo lokuhlola nokukhipha amaminerali. Izimiso ezivamile zihlanganisa izivumelwano zemvume, amalayisense, imvume, kanye nokuhlanganisa izivumelwano zokukhiqiza. Izimiso zekhontension zinikeza umnikazi amalungelo aphelele enkathi emisiwe, ngokuvamile asebenza izibopho nezikhokhelo zasebukhosini. Izimiso zokukhokha zivame kakhulu emazweni anemisebenzi emincane. Izimiso ezingokomthetho kumelwe zichaze ngokucacile inqubo yokusebenza, isilinganiso, isikhathi, isilinganiso, imibandela yokulungisa, imibandela, kanye nesisekelo se-interrome.

Isilinganiso esihlelwe kahle sesimiso somthetho sokulinganisela kwezemali ezikhonziswayo ngokulawulwa uhulumeni. Inikeza ukubonakala kwamalungelo anika umklomelo, inciphisa ukuqondisisa, futhi inciphisa amathuba enkohlakalo. Amazwe amaningi aye athatha imithetho yezimayini elawula lezi zinqubo, ngokuvamile elandelwa inqubo engcono kakhulu evela emajikelezweni anjenge-Canada, i-Australia, noma iChile. Ngokwesibonelo, ukubukezwa kabusha kwe-Democratic Republic ye-Congo ekhodial codecratic codecraticism kuqinisa ukuhlanganyela nokukhushulwa kwemithetho yasebukhosini, ebonisa indlela umthetho ongazibuyisela ngayo izinga lokulinganisela phakathi kwenzuzo yomphakathi.

Imibuso, Intela Nezentengiselwano Zemali

Amandla agunyaza umthetho anquma ngokuqondile ukuthi zisakazwa kanjani izinzuzo zezimali zokukhipha izimali. Izakhiwo zivame ukubalwa njengenani lenani noma isilinganiso samaminerali akhiqizwayo. Intela ihlanganisa intela yenkampani, intela yenzuzo, nentela ekhokhwayo efakwa emazimbuyeni. Ohulumeni abaningi bafaka intela ezikhokhisweni ezithile eziqondile, njengentela yendawo ezungezile noma izimali zokuthuthukisa umphakathi. Umthetho wezomthetho kumelwe uchaze izindlela zokubala, izinqubo zokukhokha, kanye nezimfuneko zokulinganisela.

Ukuhlanganyela inzuzo phakathi kohulumeni abaphakathi nesifunda sinye isici esibucayi somthetho. Ezimisweni zikahulumeni, ohulumeni besifundazwe noma bafunda izifundazwe bavame ukugcina ingxenye yenzuzo yezimayini. Ngokwesibonelo, eCanada, izifundakazi zinamalungelo amaningi amaminerali futhi ziqoqa izikhundla zobukhosi, kanti uhulumeni ulawula izici zendawo ezungezile nezenhlalo. Ngokungafani, imibuso ehlangeneyo ingahlela ukuqoqwa kwemali kodwa inikeze imali ngokudluliswa kwezimali. Umklamo wamalungiselelo okusekela inzuzo ungavimbela ukuhlukana kwezindawo ezithile kanye nezingxabano zemali, kodwa idinga ukubunganisa ngokucophelela ukugcinwa kwemithetho yemithetho esemthethweni kanye nemithwalo yemfanelo.

Amalungelo Omdabu Nemvume Yawo Ngaphambi Kokuba Kube Khona

Umthetho uyawaqaphela amalungelo abantu bomdabu nemiphakathi yendawo uma kuqhathaniswa nokuthuthukiswa kwamaminerali. Isimiso sokuvunyelwa ngaphambi kokuba ube nolwazi sihlanganisiwe emithethweni yezimayini yamazwe amaningana, kuhlanganise nePeru, iPhilippines, neCanada. Lemithetho idinga ukuhlolwa nemiphakathi ethintekile ngaphambi kokunikeza imvume yokuhlola noma ukukhipha, futhi kwezinye izimo, ukuvunyelwa komphakathi kungabophana ngokomthetho. Nokho, ukumiswa kwemithetho kuyahlukahluka kakhulu, futhi ngokuvamile kuyalwa ekulinganiseni i-FPIC nesidingo sezidingo zokutshala izimali ezilindelekile.

Amalungiselelo emithetho aphumelelayo amalungelo abomdabu ahlanganisa izincazelo ezicacile zemiphakathi ethintekile, izinqubo ezingokomthetho zokuhlola impikiswano, izinqubo zokulungisa izivumelwano, kanye nenzuzo ekhona. Ngaphandle kwezivikelo eziqinile ezingokomthetho, ukukhishwa kwemithombo kungaholela ezingxabanweni zomphakathi, izinselele zomthetho, kanye nokulimala kwedumela elibi kwabatshali. Ukuvumelana okukhulayo kwe-FPIC ezweni kushukumisela izishaya-mthetho zomthetho wokulungisa amalungelo amasayensi anamuhla ukuba ziqinise le mithetho.

Ukubuyiselwa Kwendawo Ezungezile Nezenhlalo

Imiphumela Yokuhlaselwa Nokuvunyelwa Kwendawo Ezungezile

Izinqubo zokuhlela i-EIA zidinga ukuhlolwa kwemiphumela yendawo ezungezile (EIA) ngaphambi kokuba kuqhubeke noma yimuphi umsebenzi obalulekile wokumba noma wamandla. Inqubo ye-EIA ihlola imiphumela engase ibe khona emvelweni yemvelo, emithombo yamanzi, izinga lomoya, kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, kanye nemiphumela engokwenhlalo emiphakathini yendawo. Imithetho isho okuqukethwe yimibiko ye-EIA, ukubukezwa nokukhulumela umphakathi, kanye nezimiso zokuvunyelwa noma ukwenqatshwa. Izimfuneko ze-EIA zingalibazisela imisebenzi kodwa zibalulekile ekuvimbeleni ukulimala okungalungiseki.

Izimiso zokuvumela izivumelwano zezimo zendawo ezungezile zihlanganise amalayisensi asebenzayo. Ukugunyaza umthetho kungagunyaza ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe obungcono kakhulu obukhona, izinyathelo zokulawula ukungcola, nezinhlelo zokuhlola. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Mining Waste Directive ye-European Union imisa izindinganiso ezibophayo zokuqondisa isila nokuvala izimayini. Nokho, emazweni amaningi asathuthuka, umthetho wendawo ezungezile unenkinga yokugcinwa kwemithetho elinganiselwe nokungatholi mvume eqinile, okuholela ekusakazekeni kokungahlangani kwemithetho. Ukuqinisa lemithetho nokuqinisekisa ukumiswa kwayo kuyinselele eqhubekayo kumthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho omisiwe emhlabeni wonke.

Ukuvuselelwa Nezimfuneko Zokuvala

Amandla okulawula anwetshwa kuze kube sekupheleni kokuphila kwemayini. Imithetho eminingi yanamuhla yezimayini ifuna ukuba izinkampani zilungise amasu okuvala, zibeke izimali eziqinisekisiwe ngokubuyiselwa, futhi zibuyisele le ndawo esimweni esinciphisa izingozi zesikhathi eside zendawo ezungezile nezokuphepha. Lezi zimfuneko zihloselwe ukuvimbela izimayini ezishiywe ukuba zingabi yizikwe ezitheni ezingapheli zabakhokhi bentela. Imithetho isho izindinganiso zobuchwepheshe zokuvuselela, kuhlanganise nokuvuselela inhlabathi, ukuvuselelwa kwenhlabathi, nokubuyisela inhlabathi, kanye nokwelapha amanzi.

Izinqubo zokuqinisekisa ngokwezimali − njengezibopho, izimali ezikhokhwayo, noma izincwadi zokuthenga ngesikweleti − kumelwe ziqiniswe ngokomthetho futhi zanele ukukhokha izindleko ezigcwele zokuvala, ngisho noma inkampani ingancibilika. Amanye amazwe, njengaseNingizimu Afrika, aye alungisa kabusha umthetho - sisekelo wawo wokusebenza ukuze ahlanganise amasu aqinile ezenhlalo kanye nemisebenzi njengengxenye yezibopho zokuvala. Amalungiselelo okukhipha izimali adinga ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukukhishwa kwempahla akushiyilishiyeli ifa lokuwohloka kwendawo ezungezile futhi ukuthi izinhlangano zithwala izindleko zeqiniso zemisebenzi yazo.

Izinselele Ekuphoqeleleni Kwemithetho

Ukonakala Nokubusa Okubuthakathaka

Ngisho nomthetho owenziwe kahle ungahluleka uma ukuphoqelelwa kwemithetho esemthethweni kubuthakathaka noma konakele. Emazweni amaningi acebile izimali, izinqubo ezifiphele, ukufumbathisa, nokuphazamisa kwezombangazwe kunciphisa umthetho. Izikhala ezisemthethweni zingavumela izinkampani ukuba zigweme ukukhokha imali yamakhosi, zigweme izindinganiso zendawo ezungezile, noma zisebenze ngaphandle kwemvume efanele. iziqalekiso[ [] [] [apho kulapho amazwe acebile emithonjeni yemvelo ebone ukukhuphuka kancane kwezomnotho nezinhlangano zentando yeningi ezihlangene yentando yeningi] ngokuvamile zihlangene nokulawula ukuhluleka kwenani elikhulu lemali ngokwayo.

Ukuze kuxazululwe le zinselele, izishaya-mthetho zingathatha izinyathelo zokubonana ezithi zibophelele ukuvulelwa kwezivumelwano, izimemo ezizuzisayo zokubhalisa, kanye neziqu zomphakathi eziqondisa umphakathi. I-Piffered Instriction Irenative (EITI) iyindinganiso yomhlaba wonke amazwe amaningi aye ayisebenzisa ngomthetho wezwe. Nokho, intando yezombangazwe kanye nekhono lokuhlela kusemqoka kusemqoka ukuze kuqikelwe umthetho. Ngaphandle kwezinhlangano ezizimele ezizimele nezokuqondisa umthetho, imithetho imane nje ingamagama ephepheni.

Imithombo Yezinto Ezimbi Nezifo ZamaDashi

Izisekelo zomthetho zinganciphisa noma zilungise ukuhlanekezelwa kwezomnotho okuhlobene nokukhipha inzuzo. Isenzakalo esaziwa ngokuthi isifo seDutch [ kwenzeka lapho inzuzo iholela ekwandiseni kwemali, ilimaza eminye imikhakha ethunyelwa kwamanye amazwe njengokukhiqiza nokulima. Izimali zezentengo zingangenisa imali eshisiwe eshisiwe futhi ichithe isikhathi eside. I-Government’s Pension Fund Global, emiswe umthetho, iyisibonelo sokulawula ingcebo yezethusi. Ngokufanayo, ukusetshenziswa kwethusi eChile kusiza igele ekulondolozeni imali encikelweni kwemali entengolweni.

Umthetho ungathuthukisa futhi izimfuneko zendawo ezikhona, uphoqelele izinkampani zezimayini ukuba zisebenzise abathelisi basekhaya futhi ziqashe izisebenzi zendawo. Nakuba izinqubo ezinjalo zingakha amandla ezezimboni, kumelwe ziklanyelwe ngokucophelela ukugwema ukunethezeka nenkohlakalo. Inselele yabashaya imithetho ukuba benze imithetho ethatha izinzuzo ezinkulu zezomnotho ngokukhishwa kwezimpahla kuyilapho zigwema ukuhlanekezelwa okuye kwamazwe amaningi afuna imithombo yemali.

Isidingo Sembulunga Yonke Nokucindezeleka Kwesikhashana

Isidingo esikhulayo samaminerali abucayi − njengalithium, cobalt, nezakhi zomhlaba eziyivelakancane − sicindezela ohulumeni ukuba benze imisebenzi esheshayo. Emncintiswaneni wokuvikela amaketanga ezimoto zikagesi namandla avuselelwayo, izivikelo zomthetho zinganciphiswa. Amanye amazwe ahlela ukuvumela noma ukuqondisa indawo ezungezile okungakhalisa. Lokhu kuthatha isikhathi esifushane kungaholela ekubekelweni kwezindleko zezindawo ezizungezile nezenhlalo ezinde.

Ukulinganisa ukuphuthuma koshintsho lwamandla nokulawula okunomthwalo wemfanelo kudinga ukusungulwa kwemithetho. Imithetho kufanele ihlanganise amalungiselelo okulawula, ivumele ukubukezwa nokulungiswa kwezikhathi ezithile njengoba kuvela ukwaziswa okusha kwesayensi. Ukubambisana kwezizwe zonke, njenge Intergovernmental Foring, Minerals, Metals and Sustatency Development, kungasiza ekusakazeni izindlela ezingcono kakhulu zokuhlela izindinganiso zomthetho ezisemingceleni.

Ukuhlola Icala: Ukuqhathanisa Imithetho Ehlukahlukene

ICanada – Amandla Ezifunda Acwengiwe

ICanada inikeza isibonelo samalungelo amaminerali ahloniphekile abusayo. Ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo, izifunda-funda zinemithombo eminingi yamaminerali futhi zinegunya eliyinhloko lokumisa ukuhlola, ukukhipha, nezindawo zobukhosi. Uhulumeni uyaqhubeka ulawula ukuhlola indawo ezungezile yemisebenzi emikhulu, amandla enuzi, kanye nokudlulisa izindobo zokumbiwa kwamaminerali. Lengxenye yenza isimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi kodwa esiphumelelayo lapho izimayini zesifunda zimisa khona imithetho eningi yokuvumela nokubusa, kuyilapho imithetho engokomthetho isekela izindinganiso zendawo yendawo ezungezile. Isimiso siye sakhuthaza imboni yezemba eqinile, kodwa imishini yokusebenza eqinile ingabangela ukubambeka nokuxabana okungokomthetho.

Ukulawula Umbuso WaseChile Okunamandla Nethusi

IChile inikeza isibonelo esingafani nesimiso esinamandla semithombo yamaminerali. Umthetho-sisekelo ugcina yonke iminerali esele kumbuso, futhi umthetho wezimayini ohlukene uvumela izinkampani ezizimele. I-Codec yenkampani kazwelonke, eyakhiwa umthetho ngo-1955, ilawula ukukhiqizwa kwethusi. Isimiso semithetho ye-Chile semithetho ye-criptic siye sashintsha ukuze sihlanganise isimiso sobukhosi kanye ne-levy, kanye nezihlongozo zokuguqula inhloso zamuva zinikeza imvume yokuhlanganyela phambili. Impumelelo yezwe ekukhangeni izimali zakwamanye amazwe kuyilapho kugcinwa ukulawula kwezwe okubalulekile kubonisa ukuthi ukuphathwa kwemithetho ye-Romscracleat kuhlala ndawonye nengxenye ephakeme.

IGhana – Ukulinganisela Ukubona Ikusasa Nokutshala Imali

IMinerals and Mining Act yaseGhana, ebukeziwe ngo-2019, ibonisa izinselele zokulinganisela izisusa zokulinganisela ngokubonana kanye nezinzuzo zendawo. Umthetho udinga amalayisensi ezimayini, imvume yendawo ezungezile, nezivumelwano zokuthuthukisa umphakathi. Igunya futhi ligunyaza okuqukethwe yindawo kanye nokuhlanganyela kwendawo. Nokho, ukuphoqelela akulingani, futhi ukumba okungekho emthethweni . . Kwaziwa ngokuthi i-galamsey . Izibukelo ze-glams" ziyaqhubeka zisabalele. Izibalo zezenyuse futhi zandisa izijeziso zezezezelelwe. Okuhlangenwe nakho kweGhana kubonisa ukuthi umthetho wodwa awunele ngaphandle kwegunyazwa nokuhlanganiswa kwenhlangano nomphakathi.

Umthetho Wezizwe Zonke Nemithombo Eshintshile

Ama-minerali amaningi adlula imingcele yezwe, adinga izisekelo zomthetho zamazwe ngamazwe ukuze alawule izindawo ezidiliziwe. Ngokwesibonelo, amasimu kawoyela negesi ahamba ezindaweni ezisemkhawulweni wamanzi, ngokuvamile alawulwa ngezivumelwano ezi-binameotel ezithi zibe yizikhundla futhi amise imithetho yokuxhaphaza. I-International Seabed Authority, eyasungulwa ngaphansi kwe-UNCLOS, ilawula ukumbiwa kwemigodi ekujuleni kolwandle ngaphezu kwezwe. Izimiso zokumbiwa kwezindawo ezizungezile, izinhlelo zasebukhosini, kanye nenzuzo yezimiso “zefa elivamile lesintu.”

Ezweni, izivumelwano ezifana ne Isivumelwano soMvumelwano woMhlaba neNguquko nezivumelwano zezifunda eNtshona Afrika nase-Southern Africa Development Community zikhuthaza umthetho ovumelanayo ngokumbiwa kwezimayini nangendawo ezungezile. Nokho, umthetho wezizwe zonke uxhomeke ekusebenzeni kwasekhaya. Izivumelwano kumelwe zidlulisele izibopho zesivumelwano kumthetho wesizwe ukuze ziqiniswe. Isivumelwano phakathi komthetho wasekhaya nowezizwe zonke siyindawo esebenzayo, ikakhulukazi njengokuncintisana kweminerali ebucayi.

Izinga Lesikhathi Esizayo EMthethweni Wamalungelo Enuzi

Iminenga Ejulile

Intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe ivula imingcele emisha yokumbiwa kwamaminerali, kuhlanganise namanzi angaphansi kolwandle. I-International Seabed Authority imisa imithetho yezimayini ezisekujuleni kolwandle, ezodinga ukumiswa kwemithetho egunyazwe ngokuxhasa izifundazwe. Lemithetho kumelwe ibheke izivikelo zendawo ezungezile, umthwalo, ukuhlanganyela kwemali, namalungelo amazwe asathuthuka. Izimpikiswano ngesimiso esiqaphile esilawulayo esimelene nesidingo samaminerali abucayi ziyomisa ukukhetha kwezemithetho esemthethweni ezindaweni ezikhona eshumini leminyaka elizayo.

Amabhomu Agqitshwayo Ayingozi Nokulondeka Kwesizwe

Ohulumeni babheka amaminerali ngokuqhubekayo njengezindaba zokuvikela kwesizwe. Umthetho e-United States, e-European Union, nase-Australia uye wasungula izindlela zokusheshisa ukumbiwa kwe-lithium yasekhaya, umhlaba oyivelakancane, nezinye izinto eziwusizo. Lemithetho ingayehlisa izindinganiso zendawo ezungezile, ivumele, noma inikeze izisusa ezingokwezimali. Ubunzima phakathi kokuxoshwa kwezokulondeka nokugcinwa isikhathi eside buzoba yinselele yemithetho yezomthetho.

Ukushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu Nokushintsha Kwamandla

Ushintsho lwamandla lulungisa ukuma kwezindawo ezisemthethweni ukuze kutholakale amalungelo amaminerali. Umthetho kumelwe manje ucabangele ukuhlelwa kwe-carbon transmittery yemisebenzi yokumba, ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezivuselelwayo ezisezintweni ezisezingeni eliphansi, futhi ekugcineni kudinge ukuvuselelwa kwensimbi ezisuswe emabhethrini okugcina ukuphila kanye namagesi. Ezinye izakhiwo zihlanganisa izimpawu zesimo sezulu ezivumela futhi zifune izinkampani ukuba zidalule ukukhishwa kwemisebe. Imithetho yesikhathi esizayo iyokwenza ukuba izimiso zezomnotho ezizungezekayo, zihlanganise amalungelo ahlangene nemithombo yemali egcwele. Imithetho elindele ukuthi lemiklamo engcono izakuqondiswa ukuthuthuka okuthuthukisa imithombo yemali ezweni elishisayo.

Isiphetho

Amandla okulawula ayisisekelo samalungelo amaminerali nokulawula kwemvelo. Inquma ukuthi ubani onomcebo ongaphansi komhlaba, ukuthi ungakhishwa kanjani, nokuthi ubani ozuzayo. Umthetho osebenzayo ulinganisela ithuba lezomnotho ngokuphatha indawo ezungezile, ukuphatha i-equity, nokugcinwa kwesikhathi eside. Nokho, ukukhangisa nokumisa imithetho enjalo kuwumsebenzi oyinkimbinkimbi, ongaphansi kokucindezela kwezombangazwe, ubuthakathaka, nokwezentengiselwano zembulunga yonke. Njengoba isidingo samaminerali sikhula ($drivedn) ngobuchwepheshe, amandla, nokusetshenziswa kwemisebenzi engokwenhlalo, nokunyuka kwezimiso zomthetho eziqinile (*) kuzokukhula kuphela.

Izibonelo zeCanada, iChile, neGhana zibonisa ukuthi ayikho indlela elinganayo. Izwe ngalinye kumelwe livumelanise imithetho yalo nomongo walo womthetho-mthetho, isisekelo sempahla, nezinto eziza kuqala emphakathini. Izindinganiso zezizwe zonke nokubambisana kunikeza isiqondiso, kodwa izishaya-mthetho zasekhaya zinegunya eliphelele. Ngokufunda ngokuphumelela nangokuhluleka, nangokuhlanganyela nababambi abafaka iziphakamiso emphakathini, ohulumeni bangamisa umthetho wezemvelo owenza injini eqinile yokuthuthukisa intuthuko.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, bheka Imithombo yezembuyiselo elawulayo ye- ukuze uhlaziywe imithetho yezimayini, ETITI[ yezindinganiso zokubona bhaku-phandle, kanye ne [[FLT] International Seabed Ague Authority[ yezimiso zokumba ezijulile zasolwandle.