Isisekelo Samandla Kahulumeni

ISichibiyelo seshumi kuMpatho-sisekelo we-United States simisa itshe elingokomthetho eligunyaza umbuso, simemezela ukuthi amandla angaphathiswanga uhulumeni kahulumeni noma enqatshelwe emibuso agcinelwe izifundazwe noma abantu. Lesi simiso esilula kodwa esijulile siye senza ukuba kube nezindlela zokubusa ezihlukahlukene nezimiso ezifinyelela ezizweni ezingamashumi amahlanu. Ukuhlukahluka okubangelwa yikona okungakho kungathi yiphutha esimisweni kodwa isici sombuso waseMelika, esiklanyelwe ukuvumela amazwe ukuba asebenze njengezindawo zokuhlola idemokhrasi lapho amakhambi ahlukene ezinkinga ezivamile angavivinywa futhi athuthukiswe khona.

Imibuso yoMbuso ihlanganisa imisebenzi eminingi kahulumeni ethinta ngokuqondile ukuphila kwezakhamuzi zansuku zonke. Le zihlanganisa ukubekwa kwezentengiselwano ze-intrastate, ukumiswa nokwenganyelwa kohulumeni bendawo, ukuqondisa kokhetho, ukuqondisa izimiso zemfundo yomphakathi, kanye nokuvikela impilo yomphakathi nokulondeka. Umbuso ngamunye usebenzisa lemibuso ngomthetho - sisekelo wawo, ongase unikeze igunya elibanzi noma elilinganiselwe emagatsheni ohulumeni abahlukene. Umphumela uwumsebenzi ocebene yezindlela zokubusa ezibonisa indlela engokomlando, amasiko, nezomnotho zezwe ngalinye.

Ukuziphendukela kwemibuso kahulumeni kuye kwalolongwa ngezinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme evelele, ukushintsha kombono womphakathi, kanye nezimfuno ezishintshayo zomphakathi wanamuhla. Inkathi ye-New Deal, inhlangano yamalungelo e-Civil, ne-Afford Care Act konke kumelela izikhathi ezimcabange lapho ukulinganisela kwamandla phakathi kwemibuso nohulumeni kuncintiswana futhi kuchazwe kabusha. Ukuqonda lomongo ongokomlando kubalulekile ukuze siqonde isimo sombuso sanamuhla esibusayo.

Amagatsha Amathathu Kahulumeni Kahulumeni Ayasetshenziswa

Uhulumeni ngamunye uhlelwe ngokuzungeza isakhiwo esineziqu ezintathu njengohulumeni kahulumeni, kodwa amandla akhethekile, izinhlolo, nezilinganiso ziyahluka kakhulu. Lokhu kungafani kokwakha kunemiphumela yangempela yendlela imithetho enziwa ngayo, efakwa ngayo, futhi ichazwe.

Igunya Eliphethe Ngaphesheya Kwe - United States

Umbusi usebenza njengesikhulu esiyinhloko sombuso ngamunye, kodwa ubukhulu bamandla ombuso buyehluka kakhulu. Abanye ababusi basebenzisa igunya elinamandla nge-veto eqinile, kuhlanganise nohlu oluthi i-foitem transport olubavumela ukuba bashaye amalungiselelo athile ezikweletini zezicelo ngaphandle kokwenqaba yonke ingxenye yomthetho. Lombuso ukhona ezindaweni ezingamashumi amane anesithathu futhi unika ababusi ithonya elikhulu ngenqubo yohlelo lokuhlela imali. Abaphathi ezifundazweni njenge New York neCalifornia nabo banamandla abalulekile okumisa, abawavumela ukuba akhe izinhlangano zikahulumeni kanye nezingalo zonke zemithetho ngemigomo yabo.

Ngokuphambene, ababusi basezindaweni ezinjengeTexas neNyakatho Carolina bahlanganyela igunya lokubusa nezikhulu ezikhethelwe ngokwazo. Isimiso sokubusa esiphethe iTexas ebuningini sikhetha umbusi omkhulu, ummeli, ummeli, umphathi wehhovisi eliphethe izwe, nomphathi wezolimo ohlukile kumbusi. Lesi sakhiwo sikhipha igunya eliphethe futhi sidinga ukubambisana kwezikhulu ezingase zibe yizimpikiswano zezombangazwe. Umphumela uyindlela ehlukile yokulawula isikhulu esilawulayo esigcizelela ukuhlola nokulinganisa phakathi kwegatsha lesikhulu ngokwaso.

Ubude begama elibizwa ngokuthi i-gubernerator buyehluka futhi, kanti amazwe amaningi asebenzisa amagama athatha iminyaka emine, kuyilapho amaqoqo, kuhlanganise ne-New Hampshire ne-Vermont, egcina amagama amabili eminyaka. Imingcele yamagama ikhona ngezifundazwe ezingamashumi amathathu nayisikhombisa, nemingcele esukela kumabizo amabili alandelanayo kuya kulokhu kuvinjelwa okulandela inombolo ecacile yegama. Lokhu kungafani kokwakha kuthinta ikhono lombusi lokuphishekela inqubo yesikhathi eside futhi akhe ithonya eliqhubekayo kwezombangazwe.

Izimiso Zomthetho Nemiphumela Yazo

Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zibonisa ukuhlukahluka okuphawulekayo kokwakha. I-Nebraska iyodwa nendlu yayo yomthetho ehamba nge-uncameral, indikimba eyodwa engekho futhi esemthethweni. Izifundazwe ezisele ezingamashumi amane nane zisebenzisa izishaya-mthetho ezinezindlwana ezimbili, ezibizwa ngokuthi indlu neSishaya-Mnyango. Isibonelo somthetho esine-uncameral siqinisa inqubo ngokususa isidingo samakomiti engqungquthela futhi sinciphise inani lama-veto amaphuzu lapho umthetho ungagcinwa khona.

Ubukhulu bezindlu zomthetho zikahulumeni buhluka kakhulu, kusukela ku-Alaska's sishaya umthetho wamashumi ayisithupha kuya ku-New Hampshire's House of the Firecters. Lokhu kuhlukahluka kuthinta isilinganiso, ukusebenza kahle kwemithetho, kanye nethonya lezesithakazelo. Izishaya-mthetho ezinkulu zithambekele ekubeni namakomiti akhethekile ngokwengeziwe namandla amakhulu okwengamela, kuyilapho izindikimba ezincane zingasebenza ngokwethukela nangempumelelo enkulu.

Ubude besikhathi bungokunye ukuhluka okuphawulekayo. Ezinye izifundazwe, kuhlanganise iCalifornia, i-Illinois, ne-New York, zihlangana isikhathi esigcwele phakathi nonyaka, kuyilapho ezinye, njengeTexas, Nevada, neMontana, zihlangana ngokulinganayo kuphela esimisweni sasikhathi sonke. Izishaya-mthetho zesikhathi esigcwele ngokuvamile zinezisebenzi eziqeqeshiwe, imbuyiselo ephakeme yamalungu, nekhono elikhulu lokusingatha izindaba eziyinkimbinkimbi. Izishaya-mthetho zesikhathi zithembele kakhulu kakhulu kubaphathi bezakhamuzi abalondoloza imisebenzi ngaphandle kukahulumeni, abangaletha imibono ehlukahlukene ekuhleleni umthetho kodwa bangalinganisela isikhathi esikhona sokuhlola okujulile.

Imingcele emisiwe yabaphathi bemithetho kahulumeni ikhona ezifundazweni eziyishumi nanhlanu, ezinemingcele esukela eminyakeni eyisithupha kuya kweyishumi nambili kwezinye eziningi. Ukucwaninga ngemiphumela yemingcele yegama kuye kwaveza imiphumela exubile, kanye nokunye ukuhlola okusikisela ukuguquka nokwehla kobuchwepheshe bemithetho kuyilapho abanye bekhomba ukuthuthukisa ukusabela nokunciphisa. Ingqungquthela yesizwe yeSizwe yeSizwe [ inikeza ukwaziswa okubanzi ngalokhu kwakhiwa nokushintshashintsha kwezakhiwo kanye nezici zazo zokubusa.

Ukukhetha Kokwahlulela Nezimiso Zenkantolo

Izimiso zenkantolo yoMbuso zibonisa mhlawumbe ukuhlukahluka okukhulu kokwakha phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu. Izindlela zokukhetha ukwahlulela zehlela ngezigaba eziningana: ukhetho olulandelanayo, ukhetho olungenasiphartisan, ukumisa ngesiqinisekiso somthetho, ukufanele ukukhethwa ngemishini yokwahlulela egunyaza, nokumiswa kwemithetho. Ezinye izifundazwe zisebenzisa izindlela ezihlukene ezingezinye zezinkantolo ezihlukahlukene, zidala izimiso ezixubanisa ukumiswa nokhetho ezisezigabani ezihlukahlukene zomsebenzi wamajaji.

Izwe lisebenzisa ukhetho oluvela kuma-create, njengo-Alabama noTexas, lifuna amajaji ukuba asebenze njengeqembu elihlangene namaqembu ezombangazwe, aphakamisa ukukhathazeka mayelana nokuzimela kokwahlulela nethonya lezezimali. Izigodlo zokhetho njengo-Michigan no-Oregon zisusa amalebula eqembu kodwa zifuna amajaji ukuba abhikishe futhi aphakamise izimali. Izimiso zokukhetha ama-Merit, ezisetshenziswa eColorado naseMissouri, zisebenzisa amakhomishani ahlola abazo abazocela ukumiswa okunikezwa imvume enkosi, namajaji abhekene esikhathi esithile lapho uvotisi enquma ukuthi uyabagcine yini ehhovisi.

Isimo sezimiso zenkantolo zikahulumeni siyahlukahluka futhi, ezinye izifundazwe zigcina izimiso zenkantolo ezihlangene nezinye zisebenza izinkantolo eziningi ezikhethekile. Izinkantolo ezikhethekile zecala lezidakamizwa, izindaba zempilo yengqondo, izindaba zomkhaya, nochwepheshe bezezimali ziye zanda emashumini eminyaka amuva, zibonisa ukuqaphela okukhulu ukuthi izinqubo zenkantolo ezingokwesiko zingase zingazixazululi ngokwanele izinkinga ezibangela ezinye izikhalo. Lezi zinkantolo ezikhethekile zimelela uhlobo oluthile lwenqubo ezingase zivumelane nezidingo nezimo zendawo.

Izindawo Ezinkulu Zokuhlawulisa Amandla Ombuso

Lokhu kushintsha kunikeza ukuhlola okungokwemvelo abacwaningi nabenzi bezimiso abahlola ukuqonda ukuthi yini esebenza kangcono kakhulu emongweni ohlukile.

Ukuxhasa Imfundo Nezindinganiso

Isimiso semfundo siveza imiphumela yokusebenzisa uhulumeni. Ukusekela ukukhokha imali kuyahlukahluka kakhulu, amanye amazwe athembele kakhulu ezintela zendawo kuyilapho amanye esebenzisa izindlela zezimali eziklanyelwe ukuhlanganisa imithombo yezindawo ezihlukene ezisezweni. Izwe elithembele kakhulu ekukhokheni impahla, njenge-Illinois ne-New Hampshire, livame ukuveza umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwezifunda ezicebile nezimpofu. Amazwe asebenzisa imishini exhasa izimali eziningi, kuhlanganise neVermont neHawaii, afinyelele impumelelo enkulu kodwa angabhekana nokumelana nezindawo ezifuna ukulawulwa kwemfundo yendawo.

Izindinganiso ze-ascademic zihluke kakhulu futhi. Ukusetshenziswa kwezindinganiso zikahulumeni ovamile kwadala impikiswano enkulu, ezinye izifundazwe zisebenzisa izindinganiso, ezinye zizenze zishintshe, futhi ezinye zizenqabe ngokuphelele. Umphumela uba indawo lapho abafundi abavela ezifundeni ezihlukahlukene bafunda khona okuhlukile ngamazinga ahlukene amabanga amabanga ahlukene, ukudayisa izindaba zokuhamba kwezesizwe kanye nokungena emakolishi. Izwe liyahluka futhi ezindleleni zabo zokuhlela izikole, izinhlelo zokukhetha isikole, imithetho yesikole, izikole, nezimfuneko zothisha.

Isimiso semfundo ephakeme sibonisa ukuhluka okufanayo, njengoba izifunda zezindawo zihlukahluka ekuxhaseni kwazo amayunivesithi omphakathi, izinhlelo zosizo, nezimiso zomphakathi zasekholiji. Amanye amazwe aye athatha izigebengu ezisekela ukusebenza ezisekela ukuphumelela kwemisebenzi ezihlanganisa izilinganiso zokuphothula nokunye imiphumela, kuyilapho amanye elondoloza ukuxhaswa kwemali okusekelwe ekubhaliseni ngokwesiko. Lokhu kunqunywa kwezimiso kuthinta ukufinyelela emakolishi, ukukhokha, kanye nokuhleleka phakathi kwemfundo ephakeme nemisebenzi edingekayo.

Ukutholakala Kwendlela Yokunakekela Impilo Nokwanda Kwe - Medicaid

Ilungiselelo lokwandiswa kwe-Medicaid lakha esinye sezibonelo ezicacile zokungavumelani kwenqubo kahulumeni emlandweni wanamuhla waseMelika. Ngaphansi komthetho wokuqala, kwadingeka ukuba iMidicaid ikwazi ukwandisa iMedicaid kubantu abadala abaholayo abafinyelela ku-888% yezinga lobumpofu obuphakathi, kodwa isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme ka 2012 kuNational Federation of Independent Business v. USebelius senze ukwanda okungahleleki. Ngenxa yalokho, amazwe amashumi amane nesifundazwe saseColumbia aye andisa uMidid kanti amazwe ayishumi awazange andise isilinganiso sezentengo yempilo ebangela imiphumela ephawulekayo yezakhamuzi ezingenisa imali ephansi.

Ukucwaninga okuqhubekayo kubonisa ukuthi amazwe aye athola ukwehla okukhulu emazingeni angenayo, intuthuko ekulondekeni kwezimali emakhayeni athola imali ephansi, kanye nokufinyelela kakhulu ekunakekeleni okungangeni ezimo eziphezulu. Izifunda-enoni ezingozikhuphiswano zinamazinga aphakeme futhi zibhekene nezinselele ekunikezeni izingcezu ezisebenzayo ezikhokhela imali eningi kakhulu ngokwesiko iMedicaid kodwa ezinganele ukufanelekela umshuwalense wezezimali ezizimele. I-Kaisersesber Family Foundation [ ibhale phansi lezizinto ezihlukene kakhulu, ibonisa indlela ukuphumelela kwezimiso zesimiso sombuso okuthinta ngayo imiphumela yempilo nezomnotho.

Ngalé kwe-Medicaid, isho okuhlukile ekuqondiseni kwazo izimakethe zomshuwalense, izinzuzo ezigunyaziwe, kanye nezinqubo zempilo yomphakathi. Ezinye izifundazwe zisebenzisa imishuwalense yazo yezempilo kuyilapho ezinye zithembele epulatifomu kahulumeni. Iminyango yezempilo kahulumeni iyahluka ngokwekhono, ngezimali, nangegunya, njengoba umqedazwe we-COVID ka-19 uboniswe ngokuphawulekayo. Amazwe anezinkonzo zempilo eziqinile kanye negunya elinamandla lempilo ezimweni eziphuthumayo asabela ngokwehlukile kunasezikhundleni ezilinganiselwe kakhulu noma ngemingcele yezombangazwe ezindinganisweni zempilo zomphakathi.

Ukushintsha Kwendawo Ezungezile Nomthetho Wesimo Sezulu

Isimiso sendawo ezungezile siveza ukuhleleka okugcwele kokuhlakanipha kukahulumeni, kusukela emizweni eholela ekuthatheni isinyathelo sesimo sezulu kulabo abamisa ukuthuthuka kwezomnotho esikhundleni sokuvikelwa kwendawo ezungezile. ICalifornia ivelele njengomdlali wezomdlalo onethonya elikhulu, onegunya ngaphansi kwe-Cease Air Act ukumisa izindinganiso zayo siqu zokukhipha izimoto eziqinile kunezimfuneko zikahulumeni. Ezinye izifundazwe zingakhetha ukulandela izindinganiso zikahulumeni eziqinile noma izindinganiso ze-California, zidala isibindi lapho iCalifornia imisa khona isimiso esinethonya elikhulu semakethekishi yezimoto eMelika.

Izindinganiso zikahulumeni ezivuselelwayo zidinga amakhemikhali asebenzayo ukuze kukhiqizwe amaphesenti akhethekile kagesi emithonjeni evuselelwe, nezisulu ezisukela emigomweni elinganiselwe kuya kumandla afuna inhloso. Isisulu sika California sogesi ohlanzekile ongamaphesenti ayikhulu ngo-2045 simelela enye yezimiso zesimo sezulu esinamandla kakhulu, kuyilapho ezinye izifunda ezingenazo izimfuneko ezivuselelwayo. Umbuso uyakwazi ukuvuselela izinga le-carbon crinigation, futhi usebenzise imithetho yezwe yenezela izinhlobonhlobo zenqubo eveza imiphumela ehlukene kakhulu yendawo ezungezile.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwegunya phakathi kwemibuso nohulumeni kahulumeni ngemithombo engokwemvelo, kuhlanganise namalungelo amanzi, amazwe omphakathi, kanye nokukhishwa kwamaminerali, kudala izingxabano eziqhubekayo. Izifunda zaseNtshonalanga nendawo enkulu kahulumeni zivame ukuphikisana nezinhlangano zesizwe ezilawulayo eziza kuqala, kuyilapho imithombo yamandla ephawulekayo iqondisa ubuhlobo obuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwegunya lombuso elilawulayo nokuphathwa kwezindawo ezithengisa amandla kagesi.

Ubulungisa Nommangalelwa Wobugebengu

Isimiso somthetho womthetho wembule ukungalingani okukhulu kwezwe ekufinyeleleni ukuphepha komphakathi, isijeziso, nokuvuselelwa. Izakhiwo zokugweba ziyahluka kusukela ezimisweni eziqinile zokugweba ezineziphatho eziqinile kuya ezimisweni eziqinile ezincike ekuqondiseni isigaba somthetho. Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zasiqeda isigwebo sokufa, kuyilapho ezinye zigcina izimiso zokubulala eziqinile. Ukubhaliswa kwensangu esemthethweni kwezokwelapha noma zokuzilibazisa ezizweni eziningi, naphezu kokuvinjelwa kwayo okuqhubekayo ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni, kumelela enye yezimpicaba ezibaluleke kakhulu kuhulumeni ezisemthethweni yomthetho wokwahlulela.

Amazwe ayahluka futhi ezindleleni zawo zokuthola ibheyili, ukuboshwa kwangaphambi kwesigwebo, nezinhlelo zokuzilungisa ejele. Amanye amazwe aye aphendukela emamathuluzini okuhlola asekelwe engozini kanye nasemandleni emali, kuyilapho amanye eqhubeka ethembele ezimisweni ezingokwesiko zebheyili ezithi abagxeki baphikise ubumpofu. Izinga lokuboshwa liyahluka kakhulu, kanti iLouisiana ne Oklahoma ekwakheniwa ezindaweni ezikhona ezinamazinga aphakeme kakhulu okuboshwa ezweni kuyilapho amazwe anjengeMassachusetts neVermont elondoloza amazinga aphansi kakhulu. Lokhu kungavumelani kwezimiso ezihlukene mayelana nobugebengu, ukugweba, nokuthenga izimali ezingekho emthethweni ezingekho emthethweni ezikhokhwayo.

Ukukhokha Intela Nomthetho Ophathelene Nemali

Izimiso zentela zikahulumeni zibonisa ukuhlukahluka okungavamile kwezindawo ezikhona. Izifunda zomhlaba azikho intela eholwayo eholweni, kanti ezinye zifaka amazinga asukela ku-delaware kuya phezulu. Izinga lentela liyahlukahluka kusuka ku-0 ngokwezifundazwe ezifana ne-Delaware, Montana, ne-Oregon kuya kumaphesenti angaphezu kwangu-9 kwezinye izindawo lapho kuhlanganiswa izintela zendawo. Izimiso zentela zendawo, izakhiwo zentela yenkampani, nemithetho yentela yokukhokha amafa konke kuyahluka kakhulu, kwenza izimo ezihlukene ezingoko ngendawo yezebhizinisi, izindlela zokuthutha abantu, nentuthuko kwezomnotho.

Isimiso sikahulumeni sokushaya izimali sihlanganisa nokukhetha ukuchitha izinto eziza kuqala, ukuphatha izikweletu, nokusebenzisa imali ehlelekile. Ezinye izifundazwe zilondoloza izimali ezisezingeni eliphezulu zemvula ezinikeza ukuhleleka kwezomnotho, kuyilapho ezinye zinemali encane futhi zibhekene nokukhetha okunzima kwemali phakathi nokwehla kwemali. Izimfuneko ezilinganiselayo zemali zikhona ezizweni eziningi kodwa zihlukahluka ezimisweni eziqinile neziqinile, ezithinta amandla ombuso enqubo yokumelana nokwehla kwezomnotho.

Ukuqamba Amalungelo Nokuphathwa Kokhetho

Ukulawula uhulumeni ekuqondiseni ukhetho kuveza umehluko ophawulekayo endleleni amaMelika asebenzisa ngayo ilungelo lawo lokuvota. Izimfuneko zokuhlukanisa zisukela kumthetho we-ID eqinile ezifundazweni njenge-Georgia ne-Indiana kuya kungabikho izimfuneko zokuthola imvume ezisezifundeni njenge California ne-New York. Izinkathi zokuvota zakuqala, ukutholakala kweposi, nokuvota, nezinqubo zokuvota zihluka kakhulu, kuthinta umvoti kanye nokusiza kwenqubo yokuvota.

Amazwe ayahluka futhi ezindleleni zawo zokulungisa izimo, ezinye zisebenzisa izimemezelo ezizimele ukuze zidwebe izigodi zemithetho kuyilapho ezinye zishiya le nqubo kumaqembu ahlukene. Lokhu kukhetha kunemiphumela emikhulu yokumelelwa kwezombangazwe kanye nomncintiswano wokhetho. Ukuqondisa kokhetho, kuhlanganise nokugcinwa kwemivoti, ukukhethwa kwemishini yokuvota, kanye nokukhishwa kwemiphumela, ngokuyinhloko kuwumsebenzi kahulumeni oveza okuhlangenwe nakho okuhlukile kwezwe lonke.

Ubuhlobo Besifunda Nesimiso Sokusebenzelana Nezwe

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwezifundazwe naphakathi kukahulumeni kahulumeni budala ukuxhumana okuyinkimbinkimbi okubumba ukubusa kweMelika. Ukuqonda lezi zindlela ezinamandla kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela amandla ombuso asebenza ngayo.

Ubudlelwane Obuthe Ngqo: Indlela Okuhlangana Ngayo Nezizwe

I-Prevention’s Exper Faith and Clausle, Amalungelo kanye ne-Interstate Communitys zakha uhlelo lobuhlobo obuthe tyaba phakathi kwezifundazwe. Izwe kumelwe liqaphele ukuqulwa kwemithetho komunye nomunye, kuhlanganise imishado, isehlukaniso, nezahlulelo zenkantolo, nakuba ingeyomthetho ohlukile enqubeni efana nomshado wesilisa obulili oye wachazwa ngokomthetho-mthetho.

Izilinganiso zesifundazwe zimelela izivumelwano ezingokomthetho phakathi kwezifundazwe zokusingatha izinkinga ezahlukene, ezinamaqoqo angaphezu kwamakhulu amabili ahlanganisa izindawo ezinamalungelo amanzi, ezokuhamba, zokulawula ubugebengu, kanye nokuphathwa kwendawo ezungezile. IPort Authority of New York ne-New Jersey ne-Delaware River Commission iveza indlela amazwe angabambisana ngayo ekulawuleni imithombo ehlukene nesisekelo. Lemibutho inamandla omthetho futhi yakha izibopho ezibophayo phakathi kwemibuso ehlanganyelayo.

Izwe lincintisana futhi nentuthuko yezomnotho, liheha amabhizinisi ngezisusa zentela, izimo ezilawulayo, nezici ezisezingeni eliphezulu zokuphila. Lo mncintiswano ungaveza umjaho ophansi ekusebenzeni nasendinganisweni yendawo ezungezile, kodwa futhi ungathuthukisa uhlelo lwezimiso zomthetho njengoba amazwe efuna izinzuzo zokuncintisana. i-Institution [ inyathelise ukucwaninga okukhulu ngamandla omncintiswano wezezomnotho nemiphumelo yawo emiphumeleni yezemikhankambi.

IFederalism Ethe nkqo: Ukucindezeleka Kukahulumeni Nabezentengiselwano

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwezifundazwe nohulumeni kahulumeni buhilela kokubili ukubambisana nengxabano. Izinhlelo zemali ezinika izimali ezinikelayo zinikeza imali enele yemisebenzi kahulumeni ezindaweni ezinjengokunakekelwa kwempilo, ezokuthutha, ezokufundisa, nokuphepha komphakathi, kodwa lemali ngokuvamile ifika nezimo ezikhethwa yizimiso zikahulumeni ezimisayo. Ukungezwani phakathi kwezimfuneko zikahulumeni ne-othoristism kuyisici esiqhubekayo sombuso waseMelika.

Izingxabano ezingokomthetho phakathi kwezifundazwe nohulumeni kahulumeni ziphakama ngokugcinwa kwalemithetho yokufuduka, imithetho yendawo ezungezile, isimiso sokunakekela impilo, nezinye izindaba eziningi. Amazwe aye abekela inselele izimiso zikahulumeni enkantolo, futhi uhulumeni wezwe uye wamangalela imibuso ebekwe icala lokwephulwa komthetho kahulumeni. INkantolo Ephakeme ngokuvamile isebenza njengomthuthukisi walezingxabano, ichaza imingcele engokomthetho kahulumeni negunya likahulumeni.

Imfundiso yokuhlengwa iveza ukuthi umthetho kahulumeni uthatha indawo yomthetho kahulumeni ophikisanayo lapho u-Congress efuna ukuthatha insimu noma lapho umthetho kahulumeni uphikisana ngokuqondile nezimfuneko zikahulumeni. Nokho, izinga lokuhlengwa livame ukuphikiswa, futhi izizwe zinegunya elibalulekile lokulawula ezindaweni lapho umthetho kahulumeni ungenawo umlomo noma ulondoloza ngokuqondile ukuhluzeka kombuso. Ukulinganisela kwamandla kushintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi njengeSishayamthetho, izinkantolo, namagatsha ezombangazwe kuxoxa ngemingcele yezwe negunya lombuso.

Ukusebenza Kwezisebenzi Zombuso Wentando Yeningi

Umbono odumile kaJustice Louis Brandeis wokuthi umbuso ungasebenza njengendawo yokuhlola izenhlalo nezomnotho uthatha enye yezimpikiswano eziyinhloko zobuzwe. Uma amazwe amukela izindlela ezingafani zezinkinga ezifanayo, aveza ubufakazi mayelana nokuthi yiziphi izinto ezisebenzayo nalezo ezingazenzanga, ukwaziswa okungazisa inkambiso kwezinye izifunda nakwezingaleso sigaba.

Izibonelo ezingokomlando zoshintsho olushukunyiswe uhulumeni zihlanganisa umsebenzi wokuphayona kaWisconsin kumshuwalense wezisebenzi nenhlalayenza, inguquko yezempilo yaseMassachusetts eyasebenza njengesibonelo se-Affordal Care Act, nezindinganiso ze-computer ye-California ezathonya isimiso sikahulumeni. Muva nje, izifundazwe ziye zahola ekuvuselweni kwemithetho yomthetho, kanye nemifelandawo eTexas, eGeorgia, kanye namanye amazwe amisa izinguquko zomthetho kanye nezinhlelo zokuguqula indleko eziye zanciphisa ukugcinwa kwemithetho ye-octiveration eziye zanciphisa ukugcinwa kwemithetho kahulumeni kuyilapho zilondoloza ukuphepha komphakathi.

Nokho, isingathekiso sasemgodweni wezokucwaninga sinokwehluleka. I-policiee asebenza kahle kwesinye isifundazwe ingase ingashintsheli kalula kwesinye esinenani elihlukene labantu, izimo zezomnotho, noma isiko lezombangazwe. Ukubhekwa kwemiphumela yesimiso ngokuvamile kuyaphikiswa, futhi okubalulekile njengokuyimpumelelo kuxhomeke ezindinganisweni nasezintweni eziza kuqala zomhloli. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimpawu zokucwaninga zicabanga ukuthi zinamandla okufunda komunye nomunye, okudinga izinqubo zokuhlanganyela ulwazi nezimiso.

Izinselele Zesikhathi Esizayo Ezibhekene Nohulumeni Bombuso

Ohulumeni bombuso namuhla babhekene nezinselele eziningi ezivivinya amandla abo okumisa kanye nesimiso. Ukucindezela kwezezimali ezibangelwa izindleko ezikhuphukayo zokwelapha, izibopho zempesheni, nezezezisekelo kudinga izindleko zikahulumeni ezicindezelayo futhi kuphoqelele izintengo ezinzima phakathi kwezinto eziphikisanayo. Izinguquko zezibalo, kuhlanganise nokuguga nokufuduka okuguquguqukayo, kudala izimfuno ezintsha zezinkonzo futhi kubangele ukuba kuxazululwe isikhathi eside.

Ushintsho lwezobuchwepheshe lunikeza kokubili amathuba nezinselele zokubusa kwezwe. Amazwe kumelwe alawule izimboni ezisavelayo, avikele izindaba zomuntu siqu, futhi ahlele izimiso zokulawula ngokwezimo zenkathi yobuchwepheshe. Ukuphakama komsebenzi oweqayo, i-ecommerce, namabhizinisi asekelwe esiteji abekela izinselele izimiso zentela ezingokwesiko kanye nezinqubo zokulungisa izomnotho eziklanyelwe inkathi ehlukile.

Ukuhlukana kwezombangazwe kuye kwaqinisa impi phakathi kwezifundazwe naphakathi kohulumeni nohulumeni kahulumeni. Ukuhlanganiswa kwezwe kwezombangazwe zikahulumeni kusho ukuthi ukhetho lwezinga eliphakeme likahulumeni luvame ukuphendukela ezindabeni zesizwe kunokuba luphendukele izinkathazo zendawo, futhi ukuncintisana kwemibuso nohulumeni kahulumeni wombuso kuye kwaba yingxabano enkulu. Lokhu kubangela ukuba ukuqonda okungokwesiko kobuzwe kube yisimiso esivumelanisa izindinganiso nezindinganiso ezihlukene ezihlukene eziqesebeni.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Kukhona Kokwehluka KukaHulumeni

Ukuhluka kwemibuso yombuso, izakhiwo, nezimiso kubonisa isimiso esiyisisekelo sokuthi ukubusa kwaseMelika kufanele kusabelele ezimweni nasezinkonzweni zendawo. Isabelo somthetho-sisekelo semibuso ekhona sasingesona ukuqondisa kodwa ukukhetha ngamabomu okuqhubeka kubumba isimo sedemokrasi yaseMelika. Ukuhlukahluka kwezwe ekufundeni, ekunakekeleni impilo, ekwahluleleni komthetho, intela, nezinye izinhlangano ezingenakubalwa zinikeza umthombo ocebile wobufakazi ngalokho okusebenza emongweni ehlukene futhi kwakha amathuba okusungula nokufunda.

Ukwanda kwemibuso kahulumeni kanye nokuziphendukela kwemvelo okuqhubekayo kohulumeni bezwe kubonisa ukuthi uhulumeni awusona isimiso esiqinile kodwa uhlaka olunamandla oluvumelana nezimo ezishintshayo. Ukungezwani phakathi kokuzibusa kwezwe nokuhlangana kwesizwe, phakathi kokuncintisana nokubambisana, naphakathi kokusungulwa nokubambisana kunezici ezihlala njalo zokubusa kwaseMelika. Ukuqonda lokhu kucindezeleka kanye nezindlela ezidlala ngazo ezindaweni ezihlukene nezimiso kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda ukuyinkimbinkimbi okugcwele kwesimiso sezombangazwe saseMelika.

Kubacwaningi, abakhi bemithetho, nababambisi bezindawo, ukuhlola ukuhlukahluka kukahulumeni kunikeza ukuqonda okuwusizo ngokuphathelene nokusetshenziswa kwentando yeningi, izinselele zokubusa, kanye nezindlela zokuguqula inguquko. Izindawo zokucwaninga zentando yeningi ziyaqhubeka zisebenza, zibangela ulwazi nokuhlangenwe nakho okungazisa isimiso kuzo zonke izinga lohulumeni.