Table of Contents

Izinhlangano zikahulumeni e-United States zisebenza phakathi kohlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi lomthetho-sisekelo oluklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukulandisa, ukuvikela amalungelo, nokugcina ukulinganisela kwamandla phakathi kwamagatsha ahlukene kahulumeni. Ukuqonda indlela izinhlangano zikahulumeni ezilandela ngayo uMthetho-sisekelo kubalulekile ezakhamuzini ezifuna ukwazi ukuthi umsebenzi wazo uhulumeni usebenza kanjani nokuthi amalungelo azo avikelwe kanjani. Lesiqondiso esibanzi sichaza izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo ezilawula imisebenzi yezinhlangano, izimiso eziqinisekisa ukuthotshelwa, nezimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngendima efanele yezinhlangano zokubusa eMelika edemo-democrali.

Ukuqonda Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo

UMthetho-sisekelo we-United States usebenza njengomthetho ophakeme wezwe, umisa uhlelo oluyisisekelo lwendlela uhulumeni osebenza ngayo kuwo wonke amazinga. Izazi zeFramers zazisa inkolelo yazo ukuthi ukugxilisa imibuso kahulumeni ehlukile entweni eyodwa kungenza abantu besizwe bathathe isinyathelo sikahulumeni esiwumthetho oweqisayo nocindezelayo. Lokhu kukhathazeka kwaholela ekusungulweni kwesimiso lapho uhulumeni uhlukanisa khona futhi ulinganisele kahle.

UMthetho - sisekelo uhlukanisa amandla kahulumeni phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu ngokufaka iMithetho yaseSiphakamiso kuKhongolo, uBusa Obuphethe kuMongameli, kanye noMbuso Wokwahlulela eNkantolo Ephakeme nanoma yiziphi izinkantolo eziphansi ezasungulwa yiSishaya - mthetho. Nakuba uMthetho - sisekelo ungakhulumi ngokuqondile ngezinhlangano zokuphatha, lezinhlangano ziye zaba izakhi ezibalulekile zokubusa kwanamuhla, ngokuyinhloko ezisebenza ngaphakathi kwegatsha eliphethe ukuze zisebenzise futhi ziphoqelele imithetho edluliswa yisiKhongolo.

Izinhlangano ezizimele kumelwe zisebenze phakathi kwemingcele emiswe uMthetho-sisekelo, ngisho nakuba zazingacatshangelwanga ngokuqondile amaFramers ngendlela yazo yamanje. Lokhu kudala ukucindezeleka okuqhubekayo nempikiswano ngokuthi izinhlangano kufanele zisebenze kanjani kuyilapho zihlala zithembekile ezimisweni zomthetho - sisekelo ezamiswa emakhulwini amabili eminyaka adlule.

Ukuhlukana Kwemfundiso Yamandla

Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kuyisibonelo esihlukanisa uhulumeni ube amagatsha ahlukene, ngalinye lawo elinamandla ahlukene nazimele, elisiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi alikho igatsha elinamandla kunelinye.

Igunya Legatsha Elingokomthetho

ISishaya-Mkhandlu, esakha i-Legislative Branch, sinomthwalo wokumisa imithetho. Uma kuziwa ezinhlanganweni zokuqondisa, ihlela imisebenzi eminingi ebucayi. Ikha izinhlangano ngomthetho, ichaza imisebenzi neziphathimandla, inikeza imali efanelekile yokuxhasa imisebenzi yazo, futhi yengamela ukuqinisekisa ukuthi zifeza izimvume zazo ezingokomthetho.

Ukuqondisa kunamandla asobala omthetho - sisekelo weSishaya - mthetho, nezinjongo ezingokomthetho ezihlanganisa ukwenza izinhlangano nezinhlelo eziqinisekile zisebenze ngendlela ezuzisayo nephumelelayo futhi zifeze umsebenzi wazo ongokomthetho, ziqinisekisa ukuthi iziphathimandla zihambisana nenhloso yokushaya umthetho, zihlola ukusebenza kwesimiso, zihlola ukulahlwa kwemfucumfucu, zikhwabanisa, futhi zixhaphaza, zihlola inqubo yokushaya imithetho yezinhlangano, futhi zithola ukwaziswa okuwusizo ekwenzeni inqubo yesikhathi esizayo.

INkantolo Ephakeme iye yamisa ngokuqinile ukuthi amandla okuqondisa ukumiswa kwenhlangano abaluleke kakhulu emsebenzini wokushaya umthetho kangangokuthi ashiwo ngokunikezwa kwemibuso engokomthetho eSigqeni I soMthetho - sisekelo. Lomsebenzi wokwengamela usebenza njengenhlolo - hlolo ebalulekile emandleni ezinhlangano, uqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlangano zihlala zinomthwalo wemfanelo kubameleli abakhethiwe babantu.

Ukulawula Igatsha Eliphethe Isigaba Esiphezulu

Igatsha eliphethe lakhiwa uMongameli, abaqondisi bakhe nabaqondisi beminyango nezinhlangano ezihlukahlukene, futhi linomthwalo wemfanelo wokumisa imithetho yezwe. Izinhlangano zikaFederal zisebenza ngokuyinhloko kuleligatsha, zisebenzisa izimiso nezinto eziza kuqala zikaMongameli kuyilapho zikhipha imithetho edluliswa yisiKhomishana.

UMthetho - sisekelo unikeza izikhulu ezingaphansi ukuba zisize uMongameli emisebenzini yokuphatha, futhi lapho zisebenzisa igunya lazo elivamile, lezi zikhulu zamagatsha zihlala zingaphansi kokuqondisa nokulawula okuqhubekayo kukaMongameli, kuyilapho uMongameli ekhethwa njalo futhi elandisa kubantu baseMelika.

Izenzo zamuva nje zezikhulu ziye zagcizelela ukulawula kwemisebenzi yezezinkampani. Yonke iminyango yezikhulu nezinhlangano, kuhlanganise nezibizwa ngokuthi amanxusa azimele, kumelwe zithotshelwe ukuze kubukezwe zonke izenzo ezihlongozwayo nezingokokugcina eziphawulekayo eziqondiswe eHhovisini le Ulwazi ne-Reguara (OIRA) eHhovisi Lezikhulu zikaMongameli ngaphambi kokuba likhishwe kuyiFederal Register. Lemfuneko iqinisekisa ukuthi izenzo zezinhlangano zivumelana nezamatamza omongameli futhi zibukeze ngokuvumelana nezinga eliphambili.

Ukubukeza Igatsha Lokwahlulela

Igatsha Lokwahlulela, elihlanganisa iNkantolo Ephakeme yaseUnited States nezinkantolo zikahulumeni eziphansi, lichaza imithetho edluliswa iGatya Lemithetho. Izinkantolo zinendima ebalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi lezozenzo zezinhlangano zivumelana nezimfuneko zomthetho - sisekelo nemithetho.

Izinkantolo zihlola kokubili igatsha eliphethe negatsha lemithetho ngokuhlola kokwahlulela, umqondo ongabhaliwe eMthethweni kodwa ocatshangelwa abaningi babaphathi boMthetho-sisekelo. Ngokuhlola kokwahlulela, izinkantolo zingaqeda izenzo zezinhlangano ezidlula igunya lomthetho-mthetho, eziphula amalungelo omthetho-mthetho, noma ezihlulekayo ukulandela izinqubo ezidingekayo.

INkantolo Ephakeme iye yanquma ukuthi amacala abalulekile omthetho wokuqondisa awela kulezi zigaba ezivamile: ukuhlelwa kwezinhlangano nokuthathwa komthetho - sisekelo, ukubekela inselele nezindawo okufanele ukuze kuthathwe izinhlangano, kanye negunya lezinhlangano nokusetshenziswa kwezinhlangano nokulinganisela.

Amasheke Nesimiso Sokulinganisela

Ukuhlukana kwemibuso eUnited States kuhlobene nesimiso samasheke namaBance, esinikeza igatsha ngalinye likahulumeni ngalinye elinamagunya ukuba lihlole amanye amagatsha futhi livimbele noma iliphi igatsha ukuba libe namandla kakhulu. Lesimiso sisebenza ngezindlela eziningi ukucindezela amandla ezinhlangano nokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho-sisekelo.

Intuthuko Yenhlangano

UKhomishane wenza ukuhlola okuningi ezinhlanganweni zokuphatha ngaphezu kwegunya layo elivamile. Igatsha lemithetho linamandla okuvumela ukumiswa kukaMongameli, ukulawula uhlelo lokusetshenziswa kwemali, futhi lingamkhipha uMongameli futhi limkhiphe esikhundleni. La mandla adlulela ezikhundleni zezinhlangano ngezindlela eziningi.

Ngenqubo yokuququzelela, iKhomishane ilawula ukuxhaswa kwezimali futhi ingasebenzisa leligunya ukukhuthaza noma ukuqeda imisebenzi ethile yezinhlangano. ISishaya-mthetho singamisa umthetho omusha ukuze sithathe izincazelo zezinhlangano zemithetho ekhona, silungise iziphathimandla zezinhlangano, noma ngisho siqede ngokuphelele izinhlangano. Igunya leSigele lokuqinisekisa abamiselwe umongameli liqinisekisa ukuthi abaholi bezinhlangano bahlolwe ngaphambi kokuba bathathe izikhundla zabo.

Amalungu e-Congress aye acela i-Hulumeni Accounting Office ukuba ihlole izindlela zokuthuthukisa ukuqondisa kwe-Congress ukubusa kwezinhlangano, kuhlanganise nokuthi i-Congress ingamisa amahhovisi amabili angaphakami: i-Congregational Office of Regugatory Review ne Office ye-Legal Council. Lezi ziphakamiso zibonisa imizamo eqhubekayo yokuqinisa amakhono okwengamela ubuphathi.

Umongameli Uhlola Izimo Eziphuthumayo

UMongameli ulawula izinhlangano ngezinqubo eziningana. UMongameli uvumela uMongameli ukuba akhethe abaholi bezinhlangano abanezinqumo ezihambisana nesimiso sokuqondisa. Igatsha eliphethe lingamemezela izimemezelo eziphethe, ezifana nezimemezelo ezinamandla omthetho, kodwa igatsha lokwahlulela lingazimemezela lezozenzo ezingavumelani nemithetho.

Abameli futhi balawula nge-Office of Management and Baccomplication, ebukeza izimiso zezinhlangano zezinhlangano kanye nezicelo zokuhlelwa kwemali. Lenqubo ehlangene iqinisekisa ukuthi izenzo zenhlangano zivumelana nezinto eziza kuqala kumongameli futhi zihlaziywa ngezindleko. UMongameli angahlela futhi izinhlangano, uma kuvunyelwa ukumiswa kwenhlangano, futhi angathonya izinto eziza kuqala ngokuhlela nokuqondisa izimiso.

Ukwahlulela Izinqumo

Igatsha lokwahlulela lingamisa imithetho engekho emthethweni, futhi lo mbuso uhlanganisa izenzo zezinhlangano zokuvumelana nomthetho - sisekelo.

Lapho izakhamuzi noma izinhlangano zikholelwa ukuthi inhlangano ethile iye yaphula uMthetho - sisekelo noma yeqisa igunya layo lokubusa, zingabekela izivumelwano zezinhlangano ezinkantolo zikahulumeni inselele.Izinkantolo zibukeza lezinselele ngaphansi kwezindinganiso ezihlukahlukene, zihlola ukuthi izinhlangano ziye zalandela yini izinqubo ezifanele, zasebenza ngaphansi kwegunya lazo elingokomthetho, futhi zawahlonipha amalungelo omthetho - sisekelo.

Ngokuthuthukisa ukuqondisa kokwahlulela kokubusa kwezinhlangano, izinqumo zamuva zeNkantolo Ephakeme zingalinganisela izenzo zokuqondisa zezinhlangano zikahulumeni ngaphandle kwemvume ecacile yokushaya umthetho. Lezi zenzakalo zibonisa ukumiswa okuqhubekayo kobuhlobo phakathi kwezinhlangano nezinkantolo ekuqinisekiseni ukugcinwa komthetho-mthetho.

Imisebenzi Elawula Izimiso Zomthetho - sisekelo

Imfundiso Engathembekile

Ngokwesimiso esivamile, imfundiso engagunyazi umthetho yenqabela iGatya lokunikeza isibopho sokwenza umthetho, nakuba uMkhandlu unganikeza izinhlangano iziqondiso zokuqondisa uma uzinikeza iziqondiso "ezingaqondakali" zokusekela izimiso zazo. Lemfundiso ikhuluma ngombuzo oyisisekelo womthetho-sisekelo: ukuthi lingakanani igunya iKhomishane elingaphathisa izinhlangano ngaphandle kokwephula isimiso sokuthi uMkhandlu unegunya lomthetho kuphela?

Indinganiso yezimiso eqondakalayo idinga ukuba lapho iKhomishane igunyaza inhlangano ukuba yenze imithetho, inikeze isiqondiso esanele ngemigomo yenqubo nemingcele yenhlangano. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi izinqumo eziyisisekelo zezimiso zihlala ngesishayamthetho esikhethiwe kunokuba zenziwe izikhulu zezinhlangano ezingagunyaziwe.

Ku-FCC v.Consumers’s Research, iNkantolo yasekela ukuthunywa kwegunya leKhomishane yeKhomishane yokuqondisa i-Federal Communications Universal Service Fund futhi yathola kungekho ukuphula umthetho okungekho ekusebenziseni kwe-FCC ekuchazeni kwabaphathi abazimele, iqinisekisa ubunjalo bomthetho wezakhiwo zokulawula futhi ingasebenzisi imfundiso engagunyazi njengegunyaza igunya lezezenkolo.

Izimfuneko Zohlelo

ISichibiyelo sesihlanu sinikeza ukuthi akekho umuntu ozothi "aphulwe ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho." lesi siqinisekiso somthetho-sisekelo sisebenza ezinyathelweni zezinhlangano ezithinta amalungelo abantu ngabanye. Izinkambiso kumelwe zinikeze izinqubo ezilungile ngaphambi kokuba zenze izenzo ezithinta abantu noma amabhizinisi.

Izimfuneko ezilindelekile zihlanganisa ukuqaphela isenzo senhlangano ehlongozwayo, ithuba lokuzwakala, isinqumo esisekelwe ebufakazini obunikezwayo, nencazelo yendlela inhlangano ecabanga ngayo. Izinqubo eziqondile ezidingekayo zixhomeke ekwakhekeni kwamalungelo asesigceni nasesimweni sezenzo zenhlangano ezihilelekile.

IAdministrative Procedure Act, eyamiswa yiKhongolose ngo-1946, imisa izimfuneko eziyisisekelo zokulawula nokufushanisa. Lezi zinqubo zisiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi izinhlangano ziwahloniphe amalungelo afanele enqubo kuyilapho zilondoloza ukuvumelana nezimo okudingekayo ukuze zifeze izinkonzo zazo ngokuphumelelayo.

Isivikelo Esilinganayo Namalungelo Abantu Ngabodwa

Izinhlangano kumelwe zihloniphe wonke amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo, kuhlanganise nalawo avikelwe yiBhili yamaLungelo kanye nokulungisa okulandelayo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa amalungelo okuQonda ISichibiyelo enkululeko yokukhuluma nenkolo, iSichibiyelo sesine sesivikelo ekuphenyeni okungacabangeli nokuquleka, kanye nesivikelo sokuzilungisa sesihlanu ekuzichaseni.

Lapho izinhlangano zihlola, zikhipha iziqondiso noma zithatha izinyathelo zokuqinisekisa ukuthi kulungile ukuwasebenzisa, kumelwe zikwenze ngendlela ehlobene nalamalungelo ayisisekelo.Izinkantolo zihlolisisa izenzo zezinhlangano ezithwesa umthwalo amalungelo omthetho - sisekelo, zifuna ukuba izinhlangano zibonise ukuthi izenzo zazo zifeza izithakazelo zikahulumeni ezibalulekile futhi zizimisele ukufinyelela lezo zifiso.

Ingxenye elinganayo yeSichibiyelo seSiphendulo se-Access yesihlanu ifuna ukuba izinhlangano ziphathe abantu abasendaweni efanayo ngokulinganayo. Izimo ze-Atmosfect azinakukhetha ngokusekelwe ohlangeni, enkolweni, ekudalweni kwesizwe, noma kwezinye izici ezivikelwe ngaphandle kokuba zingabonisa isithakazelo sikahulumeni esiphoqelelayo futhi zibonise ukuthi izenzo zazo zihloselwe ukufinyelela lesosithakazelo.

Umthetho Wokuqondisa Nokubambisana Komthetho - sisekelo

I-Administrative Procedure Act (APA) isebenza njengomthetho oyisisekelo olawula indlela izinhlangano zikahulumeni ezimisa futhi zikhiphe ngayo imithetho, zenze izinqumo, futhi ziqhube imisebenzi yazo. Nakuba kungewona umbhalo womthetho-sisekelo, i-APA isebenzisa izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo futhi inikeza izimiso zokuqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlangano zivumelana nezimfuneko zomthetho-sisekelo.

Imikhuba Yokubuswa Kwemibuso

Uma izinhlangano zisungula imithetho emisha, kumelwe zilandele izinqubo zokuqaphelisa nokushaya umthetho. Le nqubo idinga amanxusa ukuba akhiphe imithetho ehlongozwayo kuyiFederal Register, inikeze umphakathi ithuba lokunikeza izimpendulo, ukucabangela lawomazwi, futhi uchaze nezinqumo zazo zokugcina. Lezi zinqubo zikhuthaza ukuba sobala, ukuhlanganyela komphakathi, nokwenza izinqumo.

Inqubo yezaziso nemishini ifeza izindinganiso zomthetho-sisekelo ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi ukumiswa kwezinhlangano akukona ukujeziswa noma ukushwampula. Inikeza amaqembu athintekayo ithuba lokuzwiwa futhi adinge izinhlangano ukuba zingenele ekufakeni komphakathi phambi kwezimiso zokuphetha. Lesi simiso se-procedrometical sisiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi izinhlangano zisebenzisa igunya lazo ngokufanele nangokuvumelana nezimiso zomthetho-mthetho.

Imiphumela Yokukhipha Icala

Uma izinhlangano zenza izinqumo ezimweni ngazinye, njengokunquma ukuthi othile uyakufanelekela yini ukuzuza noma ukuthi inkampani iye yaphula imithetho, “‘ kumelwe ilandele izinqubo zokufihla ezihlonipha amalungelo afanele. Lezi zinqubo zihlanganisa ilungelo lokuqaphela, ithuba lokunikeza ubufakazi nempikiswano, ilungelo lokunqamule ofakazi abaneziqu zomlando, nesinqumo esisekelwe embhalweni.

Amajaji omthetho aphathayo ngokuvamile aqondisa izimemezelo ezingokomthetho, anikeze umenzi wezinqumo ozimele esimisweni senhlangano.

Izindinganiso Zokubukeza Kokwahlulela

I-APA imisa izindinganiso zokwahlulela izivumelwano zezenkantolo. Izinkantolo zibukeza izenzo zezinhlangano zokuhlola ukuthi ziwukukhetha okungenangqondo, ukusebenzisa kabi ukuhlakanipha, noma kungenjalo akuvumelani nomthetho. Izinkantolo zihlola futhi ukuthi izinhlangano ziye zawephula yini amacala azo angokomthetho noma zaphula izimfuneko zomthetho-mthetho.

Lezi zindinganiso zokubukeza zilinganisela isidingo sobubonisi bokwahlulela ngokuhlonipha ubuchwepheshe bezinhlangano nokulandisa ngentando yeningi kwegatsha eliphethe. Izinkantolo ngokuvamile zilalela izincazelo zezimiso ezicacile ezisezindaweni zazo zobuchwepheshe, kuyilapho zilondoloza indima yazo yokuzimela ekuchazeni izimfuneko zomthetho-sisekelo nokuqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlangano zihlala ngaphakathi kwemingcele engokomthetho.

Intuthuko Yamuva Ekwakhiweni Komthetho Olawulayo Nasekuhlelweni Komthetho - sisekelo

Izinguquko Ekulahleni Ukwahlulela

Umthetho wamuva uqinisekisa izinkantolo ukuba zilandele umthetho ofanayo omelene nokuthobela umthetho owenziwe ezinhlabeni zokuphatha incazelo engokomthetho yezikhulu zenkantolo emiswe muva nje iNkantolo Ephakeme enkantolo kahulumeni eLoper-Bright Enterps proves v. Raimondo. Lesi sinqumo esiphawulekayo sagumbuqela amashumi eminyaka ngendlela izinkantolo ezihlola ngayo izincazelo zemithetho.

Ngaphambili, ngaphansi kwemfundiso yokuhlehla kweChevron, izinkantolo zaziyolalela izincazelo ezinengqondo zemithetho edidayo. Ukuqedwa kwalemfundiso manje kusho izinkantolo zizosebenzisa isahlulelo esizimele ekuchazeni imithetho, okungase kunciphise ukuvumelana kwezinhlangano nokuqondisa okwandayo kwezenzo zokwahlulela zezinhlangano.

Lokhu kushintsha kunemiphumela ephawulekayo yendlela izinhlangano ezilandela ngayo uMthetho - sisekelo. Njengoba zingawuholi kakhulu umthetho, izinhlangano kumelwe ziqinisekise ukuthi izenzo zazo zigunyazwe ngokucacile futhi azinakuthembela olimini olucacile lwemithetho ukuze zithethelele izincazelo ezibanzi zegunya lazo.

Ukumisa UClaus Amampikiswano

Ngo-Kennedy no-Braidwood Management, Inc., iNkantolo Ephakeme yabamba amalungu e-Prevenveve Services Task Force yase-U.S. zingabaphathi abaphansi abangase bamiswe nguNobhala wezempilo nezinkonzo zabantu, basekele isimo sebutho ngaphansi kwe-Affordable Care Act nokusekela ukuqondisa komthetho-mthetho-mthethweni njengenhloli yezisebenzi zezezezikhungo.

ISivumelwano uClausse woMthetho-sisekelo sichaza indlela izikhulu zikahulumeni okumelwe zimiswe ngayo, zihlukanise phakathi kwezikhulu eziyinhloko okumelwe zimiswe uMongameli ngesiqinisekiso seSigele nangezikhulu eziphansi ezingase zimiswe abaholi beminyango. Izinkantolo ziye zahlola izakhiwo zezisekelo ngokuqhubekayo ukuze ziqinisekise ukuthi zivumelana nalezi zimfuneko zomthetho-sisekelo.

Imithetho yamuva iqinisekisa ukuthi oonobhala abahlukahlukene bezinhlangano eziphethe ze - United States banegunya elikhulu lokuqondisa izikhungo zesayensi, futhi bachaza ngokwengeziwe umehluko phakathi kwezikhulu eziphansi neziyinhloko.

Izimfuneko Eziqinile

Imithetho yamuva inikeza okunye ukukhanyiselwa ngendlela "ethinteke ngayo" ehunyushwe ngaphansi kwe-Administrative Procedure Act futhi ngenxa yalokho yiziphi izigigaba ezingase zifake izinselele nalapho ezinye izenzo zezinhlangano zikhona. Lezi zinqumo zithinta ukuthi ubani ongabekela inselele izivumelwano zezinhlangano enkantolo nokuthi iziphi lezo zinselele okumelwe zibekwe khona.

Ku-Ndebe Yokhuseleko lwe-Agency v. Calumet Shreveport Refining, LLC, iNkantolo yabamba izinselele ku-EPA nezindawo zesizwe kumelwe zibekwe e-D.C., isithiyo ezinkampanini ezikhetha izinkantolo ezilungile nokuhlola izenzo zokwahlulela zesizwe. Imithetho enjalo esemthethweni iqinisekisa ukuthi izinselele zezezenzo zezezimali zizwakala ngokufanele futhi zivimbele ukuthenga.

Iziyalezo Eziqondile Zomthetho - sisekelo Ezithatha Izenzo Ezimisiwe

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala Siyacatshangelwa

Izinhlangano kumelwe zihloniphe amalungelo eSichibiyelo sokuqala sokukhuluma, ukusebenzisa inkululeko yokukhulekela, nenkululeko yokuhlangana lapho kusungulwa futhi kumiswa imithetho. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izinhlangano azikwazi ukulinganisela inkulumo esekelwe ekuqukethe noma embonweni wayo ngaphandle kokuba zinganelisa ukuhlolisisa okuqinile okubonisa isithakazelo sikahulumeni esiphoqelelayo nokubonisa imingcele yazo ihlelwe ngokulinganiselwe.

Lapho izinhlangano zilawula inkulumo yezentengiselwano, zibhekana nezimfuneko eziqinile kodwa kusamelwe zibonise ukuthi izimiso zazo zithuthukisa ngokuqondile izithakazelo zikahulumeni ezingokoqobo futhi azizinkulu kakhulu kunalokho okudingekile.

ISichibiyelo Sesine Siyavikela

ISichibiyelo Sesine sivikela ekuphenyisweni okungenangqondo nasekuqulekeni, futhi lezi sivikelo zisebenza ekuhlolweni kwezinhlangano nasekuhlolweni.

Imithetho yokufuna yezomthetho ihlukile kwemithetho yokufuna ubugebengu kwezinye izici. Izinkantolo zinganikeza izivumelwano zokuphatha ezisekelwe ezindinganisweni ezinengqondo zemithetho noma zezobuphathi kunokuba zikholelwe ukuthi ukwephulwa kwemithetho kuye kwenzeka. Nokho, izinhlangano kusamelwe zibonise ukuthi ukuphenya kwazo kunengqondo futhi kuhambisana negunya elifanele.

Ukuthathwa KwesiHlanzo Sesihlanu

ISichibiyelo sesihlanu sinikeza ukuthi impahla yomuntu siqu akumelwe ithathwe ukuze isetshenziswe umphakathi, ngaphandle kwenkokhelo. Lokhu kubhekisela ezinqubweni ezifanele impahla yangasese noma kuvimbele ukusetshenziswa kwayo kakhulu kangangokuba kuthathelwe indawo.

Izinhlangano kumelwe ziqaphele ukuba imithetho yazo ingayi ekulinganiseleni amalungelo empahla ngaphandle kokunikeza isinxephezelo. Izinkantolo zihlola izici ezinjengemiphumela yezomnotho yomthetho, izinga eziphazamisa ngalo amathemba okutshala imali, kanye nesenzo sikahulumeni lapho kunqunywa ukuthi umthetho ukhona yini.

Imibuzo Ephuthumayo Neyomthetho - sisekelo

Izinhlangano ezizimele eziqondisayo − njenge-Secureties and Exchange Commission, Federal Trade Commission, ne-Federal Commissions , imelela imibuzo eyingqayizivele yomthetho-sisekelo. Lezi zinkampani ziklanyelwe ukuzivikela ekulawuleni umongameli ngokuqondile, ngokuvamile ziveza izikhomishane ezinezigaba eziningi ezinezinombolo ezishaqisayo nemithetho evimbela ukususwa kwamakhomisha.

Izenzo zamuva ze - Trump Administration, kuhlanganise ne - Adminitive Orders ehloselwe ukuba izinhlangano ezizimele nezikhundla ezithathwa uMnyango Wobulungisa ekuhlonishweni, zivuselela imibuzo ewumthetho - sisekelo ethatha isikhathi eside ngokuphathelene namandla okubusa nokuzibusa kwezinhlangano ezizimele, futhi eziningi zalezi zenzo kakade seziye zabhekana nezinselele zomthetho - sisekelo ezinkantolo, kodwa uma zisekelwa, lezi zinyathelo bezingaba nethonya elikhulu ekusebenzeni kwezinhlangano ezizimele.

Izikhulu zamuva nje zimise inkambiso yoBuphathi-Mnyango we-"Presidential umqondisi nokulawula lonke igatsha eliphethe" esabela embonweni oshiwo yi-preference ukuthi "abaphathi bangaphambili baye bavumela izinhlangano ezizimele ezizimele" ukuba zisebenze ngaphandle kokuqondisa okuncane. Le miphumela iphakamisa imibuzo eyisisekelo ngesimo somthetho-mthetho-mgadi wezinhlangano ezizimele kanye nobungako bokulawula komongameli emisebenzini yazo.

Impikiswano ngezinhlangano ezizimele ibonisa ukungezwani okukhulu komthetho wokuphatha phakathi kokulandisa nobuchwepheshe. Abasekeli bezinhlangano ezizimele baphikisa ngokuthi ukusekela ukucindezela kwezombangazwe kuvumela lezizinhlangano ukuba zithuthukise ubuchwepheshe futhi zenze izinqumo ezisekelwe ekucabangeleni ezobuchwepheshe kunokufuna ukuzuzisa kwezombangazwe. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukufakwa okunjalo kululaza ukulandisa kwentando yeningi futhi kuphula ukubekwa koMthetho-sisekelo amandla empathiswa kuMongameli.

Ukuqondisa Imishini Yomphakathi

Izishaya - mthetho zisebenzisa izindlela eziningi zokwengamela inhlangano evumelana nezimfuneko zomthetho - sisekelo nezomthetho.

Ukuqulwa Kwezindaba Nokuphenywa Kwekomiti

Amakomiti enhlangano yamaKhomishane avame ukuqulwa lapho izikhulu zezinhlangano zifakaza khona ngemisebenzi yazo, izimiso, nokuvumelana nezimfuneko ezingokomthetho.

Amandla eSishaya-mthetho ukuthola ukwaziswa egatsheni eliphethe noma emphakathini wonke avulekile kakhulu, futhi nakuba kungekho lungiselelo elicacile lomthetho-mthetho eligunyaza ukuqondisa noma ukuhlola, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqinisekisa ngokuqinile ukuthi amandla anjalo abaluleke kakhulu emsebenzini wemithetho kangangokuba ahlotshaniswa ngokubekwa kwemithetho ephethe iSishayamthetho esiGungwini I soMthetho-sisekelo.

Ukubukeza Kwehhovisi Elinecala Likahulumeni

I-Government Accouncial Office (GAO) isebenza njengengalo yophengululo yeSishaya-mthetho, ukuhlola nokuhlola izinhlelo zezinhlangano nemisebenzi. Imithetho iqondisa i-Ofisi yokuqulwa Kwamacala kahulumeni ukuba inikeze izicelo zokugunyazwa kwenhlangano eKhomishane phakathi nesikhathi esimisiwe. Lokhu kuhlola kunikeza i-Congress izinqueror izinqumo ezizimele zokusebenza kwenhlangano nokuvumelana nezimfuneko ezingokomthetho.

IMININGO yeGAO ivame ukuveza izinkinga ngezinhlangano, itusa intuthuko, futhi ihlaziya ukuthi izinhlangano ziwufinyelela ngokuphumelelayo yini umsebenzi wazo ongokomthetho.

Ukugada Okuvamile

Inhlangano kahulumeni enkulu ngayinye inesikhulu esizimele esiphethe ukuhlola nokuhlola imisebenzi yezinhlangano. I-Inspecter General ibika kokubili ubuholi bezinhlangano ne-Congress, sinikeza ukuhlola kwangaphakathi kwenhlangano evumelana nezimfuneko ezingokomthetho nezingokokuziphatha.

Abahloli be-General bahlola izinsolo zokukhwabanisa, ukuchithwa, nokuxhashazwa kwezinhlangano. Baphinde bahlole izinhlelo zezinhlangano ukuze bahlole ukuphumelela nokuvumelana kwazo nezimfuneko ezingokomthetho. Lesi simiso sokubika ezimbili sisiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi izinkinga ziyatholakala futhi zixazululwe kuyilapho ukulondoloza ukuzimela kubaphathi bezinhlangano.

Ukubonisa Imbonakalo Nokuhlanganyela Komphakathi

Ukuthobela uMthetho - sisekelo akudingi nje kuphela ukuba izinhlangano zilandele izimfuneko ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho kodwa futhi nokuba zisebenze ngokukhanyayo futhi zinikeze amathuba okuhlanganyela emphakathini.

Ukuthatha Isinyathelo Senkululeko Yokwaziswa

I-Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) idinga izinhlangano ukuze zidalule amarekhodi lapho zicela, ziwakhiphele ngaphandle. Lo mthetho ukhuthaza ukuba kube lula ngokuvumela izakhamuzi, izintatheli, nabacwaningi ukuba bafinyelele ulwazi lukahulumeni futhi bahlole imisebenzi yezinhlangano.

I-FOIA isebenzisa izindinganiso zomthetho-sisekelo ngokwenza ukuba izinhlelo zikahulumeni ziqondiswe umphakathi. Uma izakhamuzi zingathola ukwaziswa ngezinqumo zezinhlangano nemisebenzi, zingagcina izinhlangano zinecala futhi zihlanganyele ngokunenjongo ezimisweni zentando yeningi. Izinkantolo ziye zaqaphela ukuthi i-FOIA ithuthukisa isimiso somthetho-mthetho sokwaziswa kwezakhamuzi.

UMthetho Wekomiti Yomkhandlu Kahulumeni

UMthetho weKomiti yeSikhungo Sezokusebenza ubusa indlela izinhlangano ezisebenzisa ngayo amakomiti okuqondisa akhiwe ochwepheshe abangaphandle.

Lezi zimfuneko ziqinisekisa ukuthi lapho izinhlangano zifuna iseluleko esingaphandle, zenza kanjalo ngokukhanyayo futhi zicabangela imibono ehlukahlukene. UMthetho uvimbela izinhlangano ekusebenziseni amakomiti okuqondisa ukuvimbela izimfuneko zokuhlanganyela komphakathi noma ukunikeza izithakazelo ezikhethekile ithonya elingafanele ezinqumweni zezinhlangano.

Uhulumeni Uthatha Isinyathelo SaseSunshi

I-Government in the Sunshine Act ifuna ukuba amakhomishane anezingxenye eziningi aqhube ibhizinisi lawo emihlanganweni obala. Lo mthetho ukhuthaza ukuba kube lula ekwenzeni izinqumo zezenhlangano futhi uvumela izakhamuzi ukuba ziqaphele ukuthi izikhulu zezinhlangano zisebenza ngamabomu futhi zenze izinqumo.

Nakuba lo Mthetho uhlanganisa ukukhulula ezindabeni ezithile ezibucayi, uveza umbono wokungafihli lutho obonisa izindinganiso zomthetho - sisekelo zikahulumeni okhanyayo nonecala. Ukutholakala komphakathi ekuhlolweni kwezinhlangano kusiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi izinqumo zenziwe ngokucabangela okufanele nokuthi izikhulu zezinhlangano zihlala zinecala emphakathini.

Ukuphoqelelwa Kwezimfuneko Zomthetho - sisekelo

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela

Lapho abantu noma izinhlangano zikholelwa ukuthi inxusa elithile liye laphula uMthetho-sisekelo, zingafuna ukubukezwa kokwahlulela izenzo zezinhlangano. Lenqubo iqala ngamakhambi okulawula akhandlayo — ukukhipha zonke izikhalo ezikhona ezikhona ezisenkabeni ngaphambi kokuba siye enkantolo.

Kuyi - Williams v.Reed, iNkantolo yashaya indiva akumelwe iqede amakhambi okuqondisa kahulumeni ngaphambi kokuba ikhiphe iziqu zamalungelo omphakathi uma ukulibala ngokwako kuyingxenye yenselele engokomthetho, ilinganisele imingcele engokomthetho ekubukezweni kokwahlulela nasekutholeni imingcele eyandayo ezinkantolo emacaleni ahilela ukuphulwa kwamalungelo abantu yizinhlangano zikahulumeni.

Ngemva kwamakhambi okuqondisa akhandlayo, amaqembu angavumelana nenkantolo yesifunda kahulumeni noma, kwezinye izimo, enkantolo yezikhalo ngokuqondile. Izinkantolo zibukeza izenzo zezinhlangano ngaphansi kwezindinganiso ezimiswe yiAPA nezinye izimiso ezisebenzayo, zihlola ukuthi izinhlangano ziye zavumelana yini nezimfuneko zomthetho-mthetho nezomthetho.

Izindlela Zokwephula Umthetho

Lapho izinkantolo zithola ukuthi izinhlangano ziye zaphula izimfuneko zomthetho - sisekelo, zingayala ukuba kusetshenziswe amakhambi ahlukahlukene.

Kwezinye izimo, abantu abalimala ngenxa yezenzo zeze-asethi ezingavumelani nemithetho bangase bafune ukulimala. Nokho, ukuvikela uhulumeni kuvame ukuvikela uhulumeni esubeni lemali uma iSishaya-mthetho singaphazanyiswanga i-Congress. Izenzo ze-Federal Tort Intellities Act ne-Bivens zinikeza amathuba alinganiselwe okulimaza ezimweni ezithile.

Ukusabela Kwemikhandlu

Lapho izinhlangano ziphula izimfuneko zomthetho - sisekelo, iziKhomishana zingasabela ngomthetho.Izishaya - mthetho zingamisa imithetho ecacisa igunya lezinhlangano, inqubo yokulungisa izinqubo zezinhlangano, noma izincazelo zezinhlangano ezilawula imithetho.

ISishaya - mthetho singasebenzisa futhi amandla aso okuveza imibono ukuze siphendule ukuphulwa komthetho - sisekelo. Ngokuvimbela noma ukugunyaza izinhlangano ngokwezimali, uMkhandlu ungavimbela imisebenzi ethile yezinhlangano noma ufune ukuba izinhlangano zishintshe imikhuba yazo ukuze zivumelane nezimfuneko zomthetho - sisekelo.

Izinselele Nempikiswano Eqhubekayo

Umbuso Ophethe Nokulandisa Ngentando Yeningi

Abagxeki bombuso wanamuhla wokuphatha baphikisa ngokuthi ukukhula kwemibuso yezinhlangano kuye kwadala igatsha "lesine" likahulumeni elinegunya elikhulu ngaphandle kokuqondisa kobuningi bentando yeningi. Baphikisa ngokuthi izikhulu zezinhlangano ezingahleliwe zenza izinqumo zezimiso okufanele zenziwe ngabameleli abakhethiwe.

Abavikeli bezinhlangano zokuqondisa basabela ngokuthi izinhlangano zinikeza ubuchwepheshe obudingekile nokuvumelana nezimo ekuxazululeni izinkinga zanamuhla eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Lenkulumo - mpikiswano iphakamisa imibuzo eyisisekelo mayelana nendlela yokuvumelanisa isidingo sikahulumeni ophumelelayo nezimiso zomthetho - sisekelo zokuhlukana kwemibuso nokulandisa ngentando yeningi.

Ukulinganisela Ukwaneliseka Namalungelo

Izinhlangano zibhekene nokungezwani okungapheli phakathi kokusebenza kahle nokuvikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye. Izimfuneko ezinkulu zenqubo zinganciphisa ukwenza izinqumo zenhlangano futhi zisebenzise imithombo yemali, kodwa lezi zinqubo zisiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi izinhlangano ziwahloniphe amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo futhi zenze izinqumo ezinengqondo.

Ukuthola ukulinganisela okulungile kudinga ukucatshangelwa ngokucophelela kwezithakazelo ezihilelekile, isimo sezenzo zezinhlangano, kanye nezinzuzo zezinqubo ezihlukahlukene. Izinkantolo, iziKhomishane, nezinhlangano zona ngokwazo zilwa ngokuqhubekayo nalemibuzo njengoba zifuna ukuqinisekisa ukuvunyelwa komthetho - sisekelo kuyilapho zilondoloza imisebenzi kahulumeni ephumelelayo.

Ukushintsha Ubuchwepheshe Nezimiso Zomthetho - sisekelo

Ubuchwepheshe obusha buletha izinselele eziyinkimbinkimbi zokusebenzisa izimiso zomthetho - sisekelo emikhankasweni yezinhlangano.

Izinkampani kumelwe zivumelanise imikhuba yazo nokuhlonipha amalungelo omthetho - sisekelo enkathini engokwezinombolo kuyilapho zilondoloza ikhono lazo lokufeza imisebenzi yazo ngokuphumelelayo. Izinkantolo neziKhomishane zibhekene nenselele yokusebenzisa izimiso zomthetho ezisungulwe ezikhathini zangaphambili kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe nemikhuba amaFramers ayengenakuyicabanga.

Imikhuba Emihle Kakhulu Yokubambisana Nomthetho - sisekelo

Ukuqeqeshwa Kwama - agency Nesiko

Izinkampani zikhuthaza ukuvunyelwa komthetho - sisekelo ngokuqeqesha izisebenzi zazo ngezimfuneko ezingokomthetho nangokuthuthukisa isiko lokuhlonipha amalungelo omthetho - sisekelo. Ukuqeqeshwa njalo kusiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi izisebenzi zezinhlangano ziyaziqonda izibopho zazo futhi zingabona izimpikiswano ezingase zibe izinkinga ezibangelwa umthetho - sisekelo.

Lapho abaholi bezinhlangano begcizelela ukubaluleka kokuhlonipha amalungelo nokulandela izinqubo ezifanele, izisebenzi zithambekele kakhulu ekuwafakeni ngaphakathi futhi ziwasebenzise emsebenzini wansuku zonke.

Inqubo Yokubukeza Okungokomthetho

Izinhlangano zinezikhungo zezeluleko ezihlongoza izenzo ezihlongozwayo zokuthobela umthetho, kuhlanganise nezimfuneko zomthetho-sisekelo. La mahhovisi anikeza iseluleko esingokomthetho kubenzi bezinqumo, abukeze imithetho nezincwadi zesiqondiso, futhi amele amanxusa achaza izinqumo.

I-Divince of Justice of Legal Counser yeluleka uMongameli nezinhlangano zikahulumeni ngezindaba eziyinkimbinkimbi zomthetho-mthetho ongokomthetho nomthetho wokulawula, futhi ihlola umthetho kahulumeni ohlongozwayo. Lokhu kubukezwa okungokomthetho kusiza ekuqinisekiseni ukungaguquguquki kwegatsha eliphethe futhi kunikeze isiqondiso esinegunya ngemibuzo engokomthetho-mthetho.

Ukuhlanganyela Komphakathi Nokudla

Izinkampani ezihlanganyela ngenkuthalo nomphakathi futhi zicele ukuzwana ngezenzo zazo zisesimweni esingcono sokubona nokusingatha izinto ezikhathaza umthetho-sisekelo. Ukuhlanganyela komphakathi ekubuseni, amakomiti okuqondisa, nezinye izikhungo zempi kunikeza izinhlangano ezinemibono ehlukahlukene futhi kusiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi izenzo zezinhlangano zibonakalisa izindinganiso zomphakathi nenhlonipho ngamalungelo omuntu siqu.

Ukusabela ezimpendulweni zomphakathi nasezinkathazweni kubonisa inhlonipho ngezimiso zentando yeningi futhi kungasiza izinhlangano ukuba zigweme izinkinga zomthetho - sisekelo.

Indima Yezakhamuzi Ekusekeleni Ukuncintisana Komthetho - sisekelo

Ngokuhlala zinolwazi ngezenzo zezinhlangano, ngokuhlanganyela ezinqubweni zokuphendula zomphakathi, nangokugcina izinhlangano zilandisa ngezindlela zezombangazwe nezingokomthetho, izakhamuzi zisiza ekulondolozeni ukubusa komthetho - sisekelo.

Ukuhlanganyela Ekwenzeni Umbuso

Lapho izinhlangano zinikeza imithetho emisha, kumelwe zinikeze amathuba okukhuluma nomphakathi. Izakhamuzi zinganikeza izimpendulo eziphakamisa ukukhathazeka komthetho - sisekelo, zinikeze ukwaziswa ngendlela imithetho ehlongozwayo engazithinta ngayo, futhi zisikisele ezinye izinto ezingawahlonipha kangcono amalungelo omthetho - sisekelo.

Izinkulumo zomphakathi eziphumelelayo zingathonya izinqumo zezinhlangano futhi zisize ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi imithetho yokugcina ivumelana nezimfuneko zomthetho - sisekelo. Izinkampani kumelwe zicabangele futhi ziphendule ezitadingweni ezibalulekile, futhi izinkantolo zingase ziyigumbuqele imithetho uma izinhlangano zihluleka ukusingatha kahle izinto ezibalulekile eziye zavezwa phakathi nale nkathi yokukhulumela.

Ukusebenzisa Inkululeko Yokwaziswa Izicelo

Izakhamuzi zingasebenzisa iFOIA ukuze zithole ukwaziswa ngemisebenzi yezinhlangano nezindlela zokwenza izinqumo. Lokhu kwaziswa kungaveza ukuthi amanxusa avumelana yini nezimfuneko zomthetho-sisekelo futhi angasekela imizamo yokulawula noma izinselele zomthetho uma kutholakala izinkinga.

Izicelo zeFAIA ziye zaveza izimo eziningi zokuziphatha okubi kwezinhlangano nokwephulwa komthetho - sisekelo phakathi neminyaka. ngokwenza ukwaziswa kukahulumeni kutholakale emphakathini, iFOIA inika izakhamuzi amandla okusebenza njengezinja eziqaphe izinhlangano.

Ukuhlanganyela Nabameleli Abaqanjiwe

Izakhamuzi zingathintana nabameleli bazo eMkhandlwini ukuze ziphakamise ukukhathazeka ngezenzo zezinhlangano nokuvumelana komthetho - sisekelo.

Ukuqasha okuphumelelayo kungaholela ekuqulweni kwezindaba, ekuhlolweni, nasekuhlelweni kwemithetho okuthuthukisa izinhlangano ezivumelana nezimfuneko zomthetho - sisekelo. Ngokuhlanganyela nabameleli bazo abakhethiwe, izakhamuzi zisiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi izinhlangano zihlala zinesibopho sokubusa ngentando yeningi.

Ukubheka Phambili: Ikusasa Lomthetho Olawulayo Nenhlangano Yomthetho - sisekelo

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwezinhlangano zikahulumeni nezimfuneko zomthetho - sisekelo buyaqhubeka buguquka njengoba izinkantolo zikhipha izinqumo ezintsha, iziKhomishane zikhipha umthetho omusha, futhi izinhlangano zivumelanisa nezimo ezishintshayo.

Ukuhlolwa okwengeziwe kokwahlulela kwezenzo zezinhlangano, kulandela izinqumo zamuva zeNkantolo Ephakeme ezivimbela ukuvunyelwa kwezinhlangano zokwahlulela, cishe kuyodinga izinhlangano ukuba zibhale igunya lazo elingokomthetho ngokucophelela ngokwengeziwe nokucabanga kwazo. Lokhu kungaholela ezincazelweni eziningi ngokwengeziwe emithethweni nasezinqumweni, futhi ngokunokwenzeka zikhiphe izincazelo eziningi ngezenzo zezinhlangano.

Imizamo yenhlangano yokuthuthukisa ukuqondisa ukumiswa kwezinhlangano ingaphumela ekumisweni kwezinhlangano ezintsha nezinqubo zokubukeza izenzo zezinhlangano.

Izimpikiswano eziphathelene nobukhulu obufanele bokulawula komongameli ezinhlanganweni ezizimele zizoqhubeka ziphakamisa imibuzo eyisisekelo engokomthetho - sisekelo.

Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buqhubeka, izinhlangano nezinkantolo ziyoshikashikana nendlela yokusebenzisa izimiso zomthetho - sisekelo ezimweni ezintsha. Amalungelo abantu, izivikelo zokukhuluma, nezimfuneko ezifanele kuyodingeka zivumelaniswe nokubhekisa ukunakekela kobuchwepheshe, ukuhlakanipha kokuzenzela, nezinye izinto ezisavela.

Kuzo zonke lezi zinguquko, isimiso esiyisisekelo asiguquguquki: Izinhlangano zikahulumeni kumelwe zisebenze ngaphakathi komthetho - sisekelo owamiswa amaFramers futhi zithuthukiswe ngezinguquko ezilandelayo nezincazelo zokwahlulela ezilandelanayo. Ukuqinisekisa ukuthobela umthetho kudinga ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kuwo womabili amagatsha ohulumeni nezakhamuzi ngokwazo.

Isiphetho

Izinhlangano zikahulumeni zifeza izindima ezibalulekile ekubuseni kwaseMelika yanamuhla, zisebenzisa imithetho nezimiso ezithinta cishe zonke izici zokuphila kwansuku zonke.

Izindlela eziningi ziqinisekisa izinhlangano ukuthi zivumelana nezimfuneko zomthetho-sisekelo. Umqondisi we-Congress, umongameli, nokuhlola ukwahlulela ngakunye kunikeza iziphetho ezibalulekile emfundweni we-atho yezinhlangano. Izimfuneko zenqubo njengezaziso nezokushaya umthetho ukuthuthukisa ukubonakala nokuhlanganyela komphakathi. Izinqubo zemithetho njenge-Administrative Procedure Act zisebenzisa izimiso zomthetho-mthethweni emongweni wokuqondisa.

Intuthuko yamuva yomthetho wokuqondisa, kuhlanganise nezinguquko ekubekeni imingcele yokwahlulela ezinhlanganweni nasezimpikiswaneni zokulawula umongameli wezinhlangano ezizimele, zibonisa imizamo eqhubekayo yokuqinisekisa ukuthi umbuso ophethe usebenza ngokungaguquki ngezimiso zomthetho - sisekelo.

Izakhamuzi zifeza indima ebalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukulawulwa umthetho - sisekelo ngokuhlanganyela ezinqubweni zezinhlangano, zisebenzisa imithetho yokubona izinto ukuze zihlole izenzo zezinhlangano, futhi zihlanganyele nabameleli abakhethiwe. Ukumiswa kwezakhamuzi ngolwazi nangokuthembisana ukumiswa kwazo kusebalulekile ukuze kulondolozwe ukubusa komthetho - sisekelo enkathini kahulumeni wokuqondisa oyinkimbinkimbi.

Njengoba umbuso ophethe uqhubeka ushintsha, ukulondoloza ukwethembeka ezimisweni ezingokomthetho kuyilapho usingatha izinselele zanamuhla kuyodinga ukunakekelwa okuqhubekayo yizinhlangano, izinkantolo, iziKhomishane, nabantu baseMelika.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngohlelo nemisebenzi kahulumeni kahulumeni, vakashela .Gov, isiqondiso esingokomthetho ekwazini ulwazi nomsebenzi kahulumeni. Ukufunda ngendlela uKhomishane oqondisa ngayo izinhlangano zikahulumeni, uhlola imithombo yezomthetho [[FLT:]. Labo abathakazelayo enqubweni yomthetho womthetho.