Isithunzi sikaMbusi: Isisekelo esingabhaliwe

Umthetho-sisekelo waseBrithani uhlukanisa kalula. Ngokungafani neningi lemibuso yentando yeningi yanamuhla, ayikho ndawo encwadini eyodwa, ebumbene. Kunalokho, iyisidalwa esiphilayo, esiphefumulayo esibunjwe umthetho womthetho, umthetho ovamile, igunya lobukhosi, nesimiso esikhulu semihlangano engabhalwanga. Kuyo kanye inhliziyo yalesimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi ihlala iMbuso. Indaba yomthetho-sisekelo waseBrithani ayiyona nje indaba yemithetho nemithetho ehleliwe; iyindaba yeminyaka engu-800 ehlobana amandla phakathi kwenkosi, izikhulu zesonto, isonto, futhi ekugcineni, abantu. Kusukela enkabeni yale mibuso enzima yenkathi ephakathi kwenkathi ephakathi yenkathi engaphansi kwesigaba esilawulwa ngokucophelela, ukuziphendukela kwesimiso sombuso we-struthomome; ukwakhiwa kwe-stromestromement nohambo oluvelele yezombangazwe lwezombangazwe lwezombangazwe oluyingqayizivele.

Lesi sihloko silandelela lesosimo, sihlola izindawo ezinkulu zokushintsha - shintsha — kusukela emabaron aphoqelela umthetho - sisekelo eRunnymede kuya ekuhloleni kwe - digital yenkantolo yanamuhla — eyachaza ubuhlobo phakathi koMnumzane nombuso.

Anglo-Saxon noNorman Seeds (Pre-1215)

Phambi kweNorman Conquest ngo- 1066, amakhosi amaNgisi-Saxon aseNgilandi awazange abuse ngegunya elingalawuliwe. Witan (izazi]), umkhandlu wezikhulu nabefundisi abaholayo, wasebenza njengomkhandlu wezikhulu eziphethe. Yayala inkosi ezindabeni zomthetho, izwe liyaphana, futhi ngisho nokukhethwa kwabavukeli. Nakuba inkosi yayingumholi omkhulu, iWitan yamelela ukulindele kwangaphambili okwakudingeka ukuba kuthintane nesinqumo esikhulu.

UWilliam uMnqobi waletha inqubo ephakathi kakhulu eNgilandi. Wayenezwe, ekhipha ubulungisa, futhi efuna ukwethembeka okuphelele. Nokho, wamisa i-Curtia Regis (INkantolo yeNkosi), indikimba yabaqashi nezikhulu zabefundisi abamelulekayo. Ngekhulu elilandelayo, ngaphansi kwamakhosi njengoHenry I noHenry II, iCuria Regis yaqala ukwenza umthetho. Izinguquko ezingokomthetho zikaHenry II zakha izisekelo zoMthetho . [iFLT]] .[a .[a ngokomthetho owasebenzisa wonke umhlaba wonke.[izimiso zesimiso, zaziyizimiso zesimiso, ezazibusa umthetho, ezazibusa umthetho, futhi zisungula umthetho olawula umthetho, futhi zisebenzisa izigebengu ezikade.

Ishadi Elikhulu: IMagna Carta (1215)

Ukubusa kweNkosi uJohn okunenhlekelele − okwaphawulwa ukukhokha intela enzima, ukwehluleka kwezempi eFrance, nokuxabana ngonya noPapa `intekotha yamaNgisi yawaqeda amabhande. Ngo-1215, bahlubuka, babamba iLondon futhi baphoqelela iNkosi ukuba ixoxisane. Umphumela waba yiMagna Carta (iSiphakamiso esikhulu). Nakuba ibhukwana elikhulu lalikhuluma ngezikhalo eziqondile zengxabano, lalinezimiso ezimbili ezazinanela emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka.

Okokuqala, inkosi yayingenakukhokha izintela ngaphandle "kokuvumelana ngokomthetho ngendawo." Lokhu kwatshala imbewu yokulawula iphalamende. Okwesibili, u-Claus 39 wathi akukho muntu okhululekile ongazibopha, aphucwe, noma athunjwe "ngaphandle kokwahlulelwa okungokomthetho kwabalingana naye noma ngomthetho wezwe." Lesi simiso senqubo engaphambili [ nomthetho wasebenza ngisho nasenkosini.

UMagna Carta wavuselelwa futhi waqinisekiswa izikhathi eziningi amakhosi amuva, ikakhulukazi uHenry III noEdward I, ababedinga ukusekelwa okungokombangazwe yizikhulu. Ngekhulu le - 17 leminyaka, base bewuphawu olunamandla lwenkululeko yasendulo, eyayicashunwa kaningi abaphathi bePhalamende ekulweni kwabo noStuartus absolutism.

Ukuzalwa KwePhalamende (1265-1485)

Ngokulandela uMagna Carta, isimiso sokuxoxa sakhula. Ngo-1265, uSimon de Montfort, owayehola ukuvukela uHenry III, wabiza iphalamende elalingahlanganisi nje kuphela abefundisi kodwa nabaphathi bempi abavela emadolobheni. Lokhu kwakuwukwanda okuvukelayo kokumelelwa.

U-Edward I, isazi sokulawula, saqaphela ukuthi i-palamende yaziwa kakhulu ngokuvumela ukukhokhwa kwentela okunzima okudingwa izimpi zakhe. " iPhalamende Lendawo yeSimende [ ka1295] laba yisilinganisi sesilinganisi sesikhathi esizayo. Ngekhulu le-14 leminyaka, iPhalamente lahlukaniswa zaba izindlu ezimbili ezihlukene: iNdlu yeNkosi [[FLT] [[FLT] [indlu] [indlu yabefundisi] nezikhulu eziphakeme] nendlu yePhalamesbekazi [[FLT] yangabelwanga izimali, futhi ingenakuzilawula kalula izimali zeNkampatho, ngaphandle kokubiza izimali ze-Treast.[FLD] [Ft:5] [orgn .[orst].'isimiso: "izwizwiswe bonke kufanele ukuba kuvulwe izikhulu."

I - Tudor Monarchy: Isupremacy NePhalamende

Uhlanga lwamakhosi lwaseTudor lwabulungisa ngokuphawulekayo ubuhlobo bombuso wombuso nomthetho-sisekelo. Isifiso sikaHenry VIII sokuqeda umshado wakhe noCatherine wase-Aragon sambeka enkambweni yokungqubuzana noPapa. Ikhambi lakhe kwakuwukugqashula eRoma futhi azimemezele njengoMhlophe weSonto laseSheshi [[[FLT] [ngeSivume] ngo-Act of Supremacy ngo-1534.

Lokhu kwakuwukugomela okukhulu kakhulu kokubusa kobukhosi. Nokho, ukuze afeze lokho, uHenry VIII kwadingeka asebenzise iPhalamende. Wayedinga imithetho ukuze agunyaze ukunqanyulwa, anciphe izigodlo, futhi enze uMbuso ube yigunya eliphelele kokubili ezindabeni ezingokomoya nezesikhashana. Lokhu kuphakamisa isimo sePhalamende: inkosi yayingeke ifeze izinjongo zayo zokuvukela ngaphandle kwegunya lePhalamente. Ekupheleni kwenkathini yeTudor, uHulumeni wayenamandla kakhulu, kodwa wawubusa ngomthetho, futhi umthetho wawudinga iPhalamende.

Isimo Esibucayi SeStuart: Impi Yombango Nezwe Elihlangene

Ukumiswa kohlanga lwamakhosi uStuart ngo-1603 kwaletha inselele eqondile kulokhu kulingana komthetho-sisekelo okwakuvelayo. UJames I nendodana yakhe uCharles I bakholelwa elungelweni laphezulu lamakhosi. Umqondo wokuthi inkosi yayiyokwahlulelwa kuphela kuNkulunkulu, hhayi iPhalamende. UCharles I uzama ukubusa ngaphandle kwePhalamende (Umthetho Kazwelonke) kusukela ngo-1629 kuya ku-1662) kanye nokubekwa kwayo intela enjenge-"mali yomkhumbi"ingakhokhwakwa.

Lapho ekugcineni ephoqelelwa ukuba akhumbule iPhalamende, kwaqubuka inkinga yomthetho-sisekelo. IPhalamende lamnikeza iSiphakamiso sokuThipha i-FLT iSipho sokuQala ngo-1628], ifuna ukuba ayeke ukuboshwa nokukhokha intela okungenazimiso. Isivumelwano sikaCharles sokugcina nokungasinaki saphela. Impi yakhula yaba yimpi ye-Commun Commun yeMpi yase-Manganity [[FLT] [1661651], umzabalazo ononya phakathi kweBhohohohoholi nePhalame. Ukubulawa kuka-Charles I ngo-1649] kwaba ukulahlwa kokwe ngokuphelele kwemithetho engokomthetho ngaphansi kuka-Corthromian, yayiyinciphile futhi ingaziwa ngokuphelele, kodwa yayibonisa unobugqiwe ngokuphelele ukuthi "odededede" isigaba sesifunda senkosi, isigaba esilinganiselwe.

INguquko Ekhazimulayo Nesiqinisekiso Samalungelo (1688 - 1689)

Umfowabo, uJames II, ongumKatolika, waphishekela ngentshiseko izimiso ezawethusa amaProthestani, kuhlanganise nokumiswa kwemithetho eyayidluliswa iPhalamende.

Iqembu lezikhulu elihamba phambili lamema uWilliam wase-Orange ongumProthestani kanye nomkakhe uMary (indodakazi kaJacob engumProthestani) ukuba bahlasele futhi bathathe isihlalo sobukhosi. UJames II wabaleka, futhi "Inguquko Ekhazimulayo" yayingenagazi eNgilandi. Nokho, ngaphambi kokuba uWilliam noMary babethweswe umqhele ngokomthetho, iPhalamende labanikeza izibhelu zamalungelo [ ngo-1689. Lencwadi iyisisekelo esisodwa esibaluleke kakhulu somthetho-mthetho-mthetho-sisekelo wanamuhla.

I - Bill of Rights yamemezela ukuthi inkosi yayingenakukwazi:

  • Ukumisa imithetho eyenziwa iPhalamende.
  • Intela yeLevy ngaphandle kwemvume yePhalamende.
  • Ugcine ibutho elimile ngesikhathi sokuthula ngaphandle kwemvume yePhalamende.

Yaqinisekisa futhi ilungelo lezikhonzi lokunxusa inkosi, inkululeko yokukhuluma ePhalamende (amadivosi kwakungamelwe aphenywe kunoma iyiphi inkantolo), kanye nesidingo sephalamende elivamile. I-Tolervation Act ka 1689[ yalandelwa, inikeza inkululeko engokwenkolo kumaProthestani (nakuba ayengamaKatolika). ISiphakamiso sokuThiliswa kwemithetho yePhalamende ka 1701[FLT esiqhubekayo ngokuqinisekisa umbusi ongumProthestani, emisa isimiso semithetho yePhalamende, hhayi sokulunga, esinqunyiweyo, esinqunyiweyo. [[FLT]

Ikhulu Le - 18: Uhulumeni Ophakeme Nowezikhungo Zokuphatha

Ngekhulu le-18 kwaba nokushintshwa kancane kancane kodwa okuwujuqu embusweni wezombangazwe ukusuka enkosini kuya ePhalamendeni nabefundisi bayo. Inkosi yokuqala yaseHanover, uGeorge I (1714-171727), yayikhuluma isiNgisi esincane futhi ingasithandi kakhulu i-minuutiae yombuso waseBrithani. Wathembela kakhulu kubefundisi bakhe ukuba baqondise izwe, bayeke ukuya emihlanganweni yeKhabhinethi. Lokhu kwabeka isisekelo sesimiso [[FLT: 0] nendima ye-[FLT:] Prim] nomphathi wenkonzo [[FLT:]]

USir Robert Walpole, ngokuvamile owayebhekwa njengoNdunankulu wokuqala (172-1742), owayebuswa yiningi lezisebenzi ezivamile. Wenza kanjalo egameni leNkosi, kodwa igunya lakhe lavela ePhalamende. Omamonarch abalandelayo, njengoGeorge III, bazama ukuphinde balawule, kodwa ukulahlekelwa amakoloni aseMelika phakathi nokubusa kwakhe kwabekwa kakhulu icala lokuhluleka kwesikhundla sobukhosi, ukumelana kwenkosi okuqhubekayo kwezombangazwe. Ekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka, isimiso samiswa ngokuqinile ukuthi inkosi kumelwe ihlale ngaphezu kweqembu lezombangazwe futhi ibusa ngabefundisi abayaleza iningi lephalamende.

Izindawo Zokuhlala EziyiVictoria: Izindawo Ezihloniphekile Nezinhle

Ikhulu le-19 laqeda ukushintshela embusweni womthetho-sisekelo ogcwele. Uchungechunge lwezenzo (1832, 1867, 1884) lwandisa ngokuphawulekayo ukuvota, lususa umthombo oyinhloko wegunya lezombangazwe kuHulumeni nakubantu abaphethe eGandani.

Umfundi ocwebe kakhulu walohlelo olusha kwakunguWalter Bagehot. Emsebenzini wakhe wesazulu, uMthetho-sisekelo weNgilandi (1857], uBagehot wahlukanisa umthetho-sisekelo ngokudume kakhulu ube izingxenye ezimbili: [[" izingxenye [ izingxenye [indlu yobukhosi neNdlu Yamakhosi], okuthi kugcine ubunye besizwe, kuhloniswe futhi kugcinwe ubunye, futhi kukhuliswe ["''''''''''''' izingxenye [indlu ka-Commony no-Kitten], ezenza umsebenzi wokubusa. Inkosi yayisebenza indima yokuba isibonakaliso sesizwe, futhi ixwayise i-"kukhuthaza i-pardedmistrial.[Ft:"[Ft:][Flth:] izingxenye ze-premestristlistmes]

Ukuhoxa kwakhe ekuphileni kwezombangazwe ngemva kokufa kweNkosana u - Albert kwagcizelela umqondo wokuthi inkosi ingumuntu ovelele kunokuba ibe umdlali wezokuzijabulisa wezombangazwe.

Ikhulu Lama - 20 Liyahlasela: Impicabadala Nokuvumelana

Ikhulu lama-20 lahlola umbuso wobukhomanisi ngobunzima obungakaze bube khona. UMthetho ka1911 wawanciphisa kakhulu amandla endlu yoLords, wasusa ikhono layo lokuvala izikweletu zemali futhi wabeka imingcele yayo phezu komunye umthetho, uqinisa igumbi labameleli.

Izwe eliphethe iWestminster ngo1931 yachaza kabusha indima yoMnumzane eMbusweni, iqaphela ukubusa (i-Canada, i-Australia, i-South Africa, njl.) njengemibuso ezimele, ehlangene kuphela ngokusekela kwayo ubukhosi obubodwa kuMbuso. Lokhu kwaguqula ubukhosi baba uphawu lwenhlangano yokuzithandela yezizwe ezikhululekile . [[FLT:]] [[FLT]]

Inkinga enkulu kakhulu yomthetho-sisekelo kulelikhulu leminyaka kwakuyinkinga ye-Act:0 ye-Acticism ka- 1936. Ukuzimisela kweNkosi uEdward VIII ukushada noWallis Simpson ophindiwe kabili kwamenza walwa ngokuqondile nekhathena, iSonto laseNgilandi, kanye nezinye iziNkululo. Umhlangano othi inkosi isebenzisa iseluleko sezikhonzi zayo wavivinywa futhi watholakala uphelele. U-Edward VIII waphoqelelwa ukuba ashiye, futhi umfowabo walandela njengoGeorge VII. Inhlekelele yabonisa ngokunamandla ukuthi izifiso zomuntu siqu zenkosi yaseNgilandi azisoze zavunyelwa ukuba zifake intethelelo yomthetho.

UMthetho - sisekelo Ongagunyaziwe: Izinsika Zesimiso Sanamuhla

Umthetho - sisekelo waseBrithani uhlala ungagunyaziwe, kodwa ukusebenza kwawo kulawulwa imithombo eminingana ehlukile yegunya elicindezela umbuso. Ukuqonda lezinsika kuyisihluthulelo sokuqonda isimiso somthetho - sisekelo sanamuhla.

Umthetho Ophathelene Nemithetho

Imisebenzi yePhalamende iwuhlobo oluphakeme lomthetho. Umbuso ukhona ngokuphelele phakathi kohlelo lomthetho. Izenzo eziyinhloko zihlanganisa i-Brill yamaLungelo (1689), i- [ i-Act of Pacement [[701], , [[FLT]] i-Parliament Act [[11:5] [[FLT], [[FLT] i-actscrition ku-C, [[FLT] , [indlela], eyaqeda isimiso se-pritmonurect. Lezimiso ezilandelanayo, imingcele ye-Ghost, ne-Active, Act 2011).

Imihlangano Yomthetho - sisekelo

Lemithetho engabhalwanga ayiphoqelelwa ngokomthetho kodwa ibhekwa njengebophayo kwezombangazwe.

  • [ I-Royal Asssect: Inkosi izakunika iRoyal Asspect epase intendeni. Ukwenqaba kokugcina kwaba ngo-1708 (Queen Anne).
  • Ukumiswa koNdunankulu: Inkosi imisa umholi weqembu elingayala iningi endluni yamaPhostoli.
  • iLascelles Principles (1950): Iqoqo lemihlangano ngokuphathelene namandla enkosi ukwenqaba isicelo soNdunankulu sesicelo sokuchithwa kwePhalamende.
  • Ukungathathi-hlangothi okungathathi hlangothi: Inkosi kumelwe ingathathi hlangothi ngokuphelele ezindabeni zezombangazwe futhi yenze ngokuvumelana neseluleko sezikhonzi.

Ukuzikhukhumeza Kwamakhosi

Lena imibuso encishisiwe yeSidlo, esetshenziswa ezikhathini zanamuhla nguNdunankulu nohulumeni. Ihlanganisa amandla okumemezela impi, izivumelwano zezandla, ukuthumela amabutho ahlomile, ukulawula inkonzo kahulumeni, nokukhipha amaphasishi okungena embusweni wezwe. Nakuba kucatshangelwa ukuthi imibuso yenkosi, lemibuso isetshenziswa ngokuphelele ngokweseluleko sezikhonzi. Izinga lokugunya lisezinkantolo ngokuqhubekayo ukubukeza kokwahlulela.

Inkosi Ebusa Ngekhulu Lama - 21

Namuhla, indima yomthetho ngokomthetho wenkosi yaseBrithani ichazwe ngokucacile. INkosi uCharles III, njengonina phambi kwakhe, isebenza njengenhloko kazwelonke engeyoyo engokombangazwe. Imisebenzi yenkosi ishoshone kakhulu futhi ihlanganisa: i- State Yokuqala yePhalamente [, ukunikezelwa kwe-Speech yeNkosi [ [[FLT]] [[FLT]] (yabhalwa nguhulumeni), ukunikezwa kwenhlonipho, futhi imelela isizwe ekuhambeleni kwezwe noma ekugubheleni kwesizwe.

I- Nkosi enguMbusi uGrant (igcwele inzuzo yenzuzo yeSiphakamiso) ukuxhasa imali yemisebenzi engokomthetho yombuso wombuso, isimiso esihloselwe ukususa uMbuso ekuncikeni ngqo kuMnyango wezezimali. Ukusekela komphakathi kombuso wombuso kuhlala kubalulekile, kodwa isikhungo sibhekene nokuhlolwa okungapheli kwemithombo yezindaba neqembu elincane elihlala njalo. I-profektha ye-20st Kumelwe ithethelele izindleko nokubaluleka kwayo emphakathini wanamuhla, wentando yentando yeningi, nowesizwe.

Isiphetho: Ukuziphendukela Kwemvelo Okuhlala Njalo

Umlando womthetho - sisekelo wombuso waseBrithani uyindaba ephawulekayo yokuzivumelanisa. Uhambo olusuka egunyeni eliphelele, elimiswe ngokwaphezulu luye egunyeni eliphoqelelwe ngokucophelela, elingokomfanekiso. Umbuso wamakhosi awuzange umane udedele amandla awo; wakhucululwa kancane kancane yizenzakalo, imithetho yomthetho, izinguquko, nezEnzo zePhalamende cishe iminyaka eyinkulungwane. Okusalokhu kuyimpicabadala engokomthetho: iNhloni yoMbuso ayinawo amandla angempela ezombangazwe, kodwa ibaluleke kakhulu ekusebenzeni kwezwe laseBrithani. ISikhundla sihlanganisa ukuqhubekela phambili kwesizwe, futhi sisebenza njengokuhlolwa kwegunya lezombangazwe eliwumthetho womthetho womthetho ngokusebenza njengomgcini womthetho owezwe.

UMthetho - sisekelo waseBrithani awukabhalwa, kodwa indima yoMbuso icace kunanini ngaphambili: ukubusa, hhayi ukubusa.