Izisekelo Zikahulumeni Wendawo E - United States

Uhulumeni wendawo uyizinga lokubusa eliseduze kakhulu nabantu, futhi izinqumo zawo zinethonya elisheshayo elibonakalayo ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Ukuqonda isakhiwo sikahulumeni wendawo kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela imithombo yomphakathi eklanywe ngayo. E-United States, ohulumeni bendawo bahlukaniswe ngezinhlobo eziningana: omasipala (izifunda, amalokishi, izifunda, izifundazwe ezikhethekile (njengamanzi, umlilo, noma iziphathimandla zokuthutha). Uhlobo ngalunye lunemithwalo nemithetho ehlukene, ezithathwe emithethweni yemithetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho.

Izifunda zesikole zisebenza ngokwazo ukuphatha izimali nezifundo zemfundo, kuyilapho izifunda zikhuluma ngezidingo ezikhethekile ezinjengokusetshenziswa kwamanzi angcolile noma ukuthunyelwa kwabantu. [[FLT: 0] INhlangano yesizwe yamadolobha [i-Nationalation of Cities [[FLT: 1] inikeza umbono ocacile walezi zakhiwo kanye nemisebenzi yazo ehlukahlukene].

Isimiso esiyinhloko somthetho esilawula igunya likahulumeni wendawo siwumehluko phakathi "kombuso wekhaya" no"Butho luka-Dillon". Ukubusa kwasekhaya kunikeza ohulumeni bendawo inkululeko ebanzi yokuthatha isinyathelo ezindabeni zokukhathazeka kwendawo ngaphandle kokuba banqatshelwe ngokuqondile ngumbuso. U-Dillon’s Lave, ngokungafani, ulinganisela ohulumeni bendawo kuleyomibuso enikwe ngokuqondile yisishaya-mthetho. Ukuqonda lolu hlelo kubucayi ngoba luchaza ukuthi uhulumeni wendawo uyakwazi kangakanani ukunikezela imithombo yengcebo, intela ye-levy, noma ukudala izinhlelo ezintsha. Inqubo engaphezulu kwengxenye ye-Dillon's, engathi ilinganisela inxanxanxanxathela nesabela.

Umtapo womtholalwazi neMvulo

Ohulumeni bendawo banomthwalo wemfanelo wokulungiselela izinkonzo eziningi ezidingekayo ezithinta ngokuqondile inhlalakahle yomphakathi. Nakuba isihloko sokuqala siqokomisa izinkonzo ezinjengokuphatha amanzi, ukuphatha udoti, nokuphepha komphakathi, ubukhulu bazo bubanzi kakhulu. Imisebenzi engundoqo ihlanganisa:

  • Ukuphepha kwe-Public:[ Amaphoyisa, iminyango yomlilo, izinkonzo zokwelapha eziphuthumayo, nokulungiselela inhlekelele.
  • Izakhiwo: Imigwaqo, amabhuloho, imigwaqwe, imizila, izibani zomgwaqo, amanzi, izimiso zendle, namapaki.
  • Izinkonzo zempilo zomphakathi, imitholampilo, izinkonzo zakudala, nezinhlelo zosizo.
  • Imfundo:[ Ukuxhasa izikole zomphakathi ze K-ne-12 futhi ngezinye izikhathi amakholiji omphakathi, kanye nemitapo yezincwadi nezinhlelo zangemva kwesikole.
  • Ukuthuthuka kwezomnotho:[ izisusa zamabhizinisi, ukuqeqesha izisebenzi, izinhlelo zezindlu ezibizayo, kanye nokuvuselelwa kwezindawo zedolobha.
  • Izindawo zomphakathi, iminyuziyamu, nezinhlelo zobuciko.

Inqubo yokwabiwa kwemali elinganiselwe encishisiwe yentela, izimali, nemali yomsebenzisi. Inqubo ekhulayo ilawulwa yimigomo yaminyaka yonke yemali ehlelwa umphathi wedolobha noma umphathi wedolobha noma umphathi-meya futhi ivunyelwe umkhandlu wedolobha noma ibhodi lesifunda. Ukugcinwa kwemali ngokuvamile kuba yizindawo ezilwayo lapho izakhamuzi zifuna ukuxhaswa kakhulu ngezimali zezinkonzo zazo ezithandwayo. Ukuthambekela okukhulayo ukuhlelwa kwemali ehlelelwe ukusebenza, okusekela imiphumela ekhona kunezindlela zokuchitha umlando. Lendlela ingathuthukisa ukuqoqwa kwemininingwane eqinile kanye nokuhlaziywa kolwazi, okuntuleka ohulumeni abaningi abancane.

Ukuqonda indlela imithombo esetshenziswa ngayo kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zibone ukuthi kungani ezinye izinkonzo ziphumelela lapho ezinye zilwa.

Indlela Izinqumo Zikahulumeni Wendawo Ezenziwa Ngayo

Inqubo yokwenza isinqumo kuhulumeni wendawo inamandla futhi ihilela izingqimba eziningi zofakelwa nenqubo engokomthetho. Ngokuvamile, umphathi wemeya noma wedolobha usikisela inkambiso noma uhlelo lokusebenzisa imali, ehamba ngokuhlola kwekomiti, ukuqulwa kwamacala omphakathi, futhi ekugcineni ivoti ye-all noma ibhodi ekhethiwe. Isihloko sokuqala sibala kahle imihlangano yasobala kanye nezimenywa, ukufakwa komphakathi, nokuhlelwa kohlelo lokuhlela, kodwa le nqubo ifanele ukuhlolwa ngokujula okwengeziwe.

Inqubo Yomthetho Emikhandlwini Yendawo

Ohulumeni abaningi bakamasipala basebenza ngaphansi kwesimiso semeya-council noma umkhandlu-mantshi-makhani. Esimisweni semeya-council, umphathi-maya unamandla okulawula futhi angakhipha izinqumo; esimisweni somkhandlu-kamamampane, umkhandlu wedolobha uqasha umphathi onguchwepheshe ukuba anakekele imisebenzi yansuku zonke kuyilapho umkhandlu uhlela umthetho. Kuzo zombili lezi zimo, izinto zifakwa njengemithetho noma izinqumo. Ngokuvamile zifunda izincwadi eziningi, futhi kudingeka ukuzwa kwasobala ngaphambi kokuvunyelwa kokugcina kwezindaba ezinkulu njengokushintsha kwentela.

AmaKomiti afeza indima ebalulekile ekulungiseni iziphakamiso. Ngokwesibonelo, ikomiti yezimali ingase ihlole indlela yokusetshenziswa kwemali nge-oda, kuyilapho ikomiti yamapaki ingase ibukeze isiphakamiso sesikhungo esisha sokuzijabulisa. Izakhamuzi zingaba khona kule mihlangano futhi zinikeze ubufakazi. Izimiso zemihlangano nezihlongozo zemali zifakwa kuyi - Internet ukuze kutholakale ukuthi kuthandwe umphakathi.

Ukuhlelwa Kohlelo Lokusetshenziswa Kwemali Nokuhlelwa Kwezimali

Imali iwumbhalo owodwa obaluleke kakhulu okhiqizwa uhulumeni wendawo ngoba uguqula izinto eziza kuqala ekusebenziseni imali. Umjikelezo uqala ngezicelo zomnyango ngamunye ezinikeza imali. Umnyango wezimali uhlanganisa uhlelo lwemali oluhlongozwayo, olubukezwa umphathi-mfuno we-meya noma umphathi bese lunikezwa umkhandlu. Izindlebe zomphakathi zigcinwa ukuze kutholakale impendulo, ngokuvamile zikhuthaza ukulungisa. Ngemva kokutholwa, uhlelo lwemali luyahlelwa phakathi nonyaka, ngokulungisa uma inzuzo ihluleka noma iphuthuma.

Amapulani ayinhloko okuthuthukisa (amaCIP) ayingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu. Lamacebo athatha iminyaka eminingi ahlela ukutshala imali emisebenzini eyisisekelo njengezikole, imigwaqo, nezindawo zokwelapha amanzi. ICIP iboshelwe emalini yokusebenza ngoba inkonzo yezimali (izikweletu ezihlangene) kumelwe ihlanganiswe ekukhokheleni imali ngonyaka. Ukuqonda umjikelezo wemali kunika izakhamuzi amandla okusekela ukuxhasa imali ngaphambi kokuba iboshelwe endaweni yayo.

Indima Yecala Lomphakathi Nezokwaziswa Komphakathi

Ukuzwa izindaba zomphakathi kuyimfuneko ngokomthetho ezinqumweni eziningi zendawo, kodwa ngokuvamile kuyadingeka. Ukuze kwakhiwe ukuthembisana okuqotho, ohulumeni abaningi manje basebenzisa izivivinyo ze-inthanethi, amathuluzi okusebenzisa imali, kanye nezokuxhumana ukuze bafinyelele izibukeli ezibanzi. Isihloko sokuqala esishiwo ukuhlolwa, imihlangano yedolobha, izinqola zemisebenzi, ne-i-inthanethi yomphakathi. Ithuluzi eliphambili liyi- ukuhlelwa kwemali ebhajekile [, lapho izakhamuzi zinquma khona ngokuqondile ukusebenzisa ingxenye yemali yemali yomphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, idolobha laseVallejo, eCalifornia, liye lasebenzisa i-partumstion yezigidi zemali engcono yezokulungisa amapaki nezinhlelo zomphakathi. [[FLD]

Enye indlela isetshenziswa amabhodi anezinqumo. Lamaqembu ezakhamuzi, angase agxile ekuhleleni, emapakini, noma ekusekeleni, ngamabomu futhi atusa umkhandlu. Ukukhonza ebhodini elinjalo kuyindlela eqondile yezakhamuzi zokuthonya izinqumo zendawo. Abantu abaningi abawaqapheli lamathuba, okuyisizathu esenza imfundo yomphakathi ibaluleke.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo: Imiphumela Yomhlaba Yangempela Yezinqumo Zendawo

Isihloko sokuqala sanikeza ukuhlola okufushane kwezehlakalo.

  • Dorobat A – Public Transit Expandment: Idolobha elinamaphakathi libhekene nokuminyana kanye nezinga lokuphakama komoya linqume ukutshala imishini yesitimela esilula. Isinqumo salandela iminyaka eminingi yokungavumelani komphakathi namaqoqo endawo ezungezile nezindawo eziphansi ezingenazo ezokuhamba ezithembekile. Umkhandlu wedolobha wavumela ukuthengwa kwentela ukuze kuxhaswe umsebenzi, naphezu kokuphikisa kwezakhamuzi ezithanda ukwanda komgwaqo. Isimiso esisha sokuthutha kamuva sanciphisa izikhathi ezingu-30% zezokuthuthukisa izindlu ezithengwayo eziseduze neziteshi. Lokhu kubonisa indlela isinqumo esisodwa sokuhamba esikhona esingabuyisela ngayo ukufinyelela emsebenzini, ukunakekelwa kwezempilo, nokufundiswa kwezemfundo amashumi eminyaka.
  • i-Linuty B – School Renovation and Equity: Isifunda esinezakhiwo zesikole esesakhula sabhekana necala lokungalingani ngokwezimali phakathi kwezifunda ezicebile nezimpofu. Ibhodi yesifunda, ngaphansi kokucindezeleka kwenkantolo, yagunyaza isilinganiso sokulungisa izikole endaweni egciniwe. Lo msebenzi wahlanganisa izimboni ezintsha zesayensi, ezobuchwepheshe ezithuthukisiwe, nezindawo zezemidlalo ezingcono. Ngaphezu kweminyaka emihlanu, amanani okuthweswa iziqu eziko ezivuselelwe andalisweni ezivusene nge-15%, kanye nezindinganiso zempahla ezindaweni ezizungezile zanyuka. Lesi sibonelo siqokomisa ukuhlobana phakathi kokusetshenziswa kwemali yenhloko yezemfundo nezempilo ebanzi.
  • Isinqumo saqhutshwa ukuhlolwa kwempilo yomphakathi kanye nokubambisana nezibhedlela zendawo njenge-Public Health Investicement: Idolobha elincane elinezinga eliphakeme lokukhuluphala nesifo sikashukela lanquma ukwakha i-paki ehlangene nokuhamba nokushaya ibhula. Isinqumo saqhutshwa yi-C – Community Parks kanye nezibhedlela zendawo. Umkhandlu wedolobha wahlela imali entela yokuzilibazisa ekhungweni olunikezelweyo futhi wanikezwa imvume yombuso. Eminyakeni emibili, izakhamuzi zabika umsebenzi ongokomzimba owengeziwe, futhi isikhungo sezokwelapha sendawo saphawula ukwehla kwendlela yokuphila ehlobene nokuhambelana kwezindawo zomphakathi eziphuthumayo. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi ukutshala izimali zikahulumeni zendawo ezimbonini zezokuzinkonzo yokuzijabulisa kungaba nomphumela ongcono kakhulu kwempilo.
  • iDolobha D – Controversial Zoning Change: Idolobha elikhula ngokushesha lihlela indawo yokuhlala ukuze livumele ukuthuthuka kwesitolo esikhulu, ukuthembisa imisebenzi nentela. Nokho, izakhamuzi zesikhathi eside zamelana nayo ngenxa yokukhathalela izimoto, umsindo, nomphakathi. Ngemva kokuzwa ngokuphikisana nesicelo, umkhandlu wahlela ukuhlanganisa isilinganiso esikhulu esiluhlaza kanye nesezimoto. Ukwamukelwa kokugcina kwakuwukuhlehla kokukhula okusesilinganisweni kwezomnotho ngomphakathi. Lendaba ibonisa ukushukuma kwentuthuko nokubaluleka kwezokuxhumana kwezokubusa kwendawo.

Izinselele Eziqhubekayo Nezixazululo Eziwusizo

Ohulumeni bendawo babhekene nezinselele ezinkulu ezingaphazamisa ikhono labo lokulawula imithombo yomphakathi ngokuphumelelayo. Imingcele ephezulu: izindawo eziningi zithembele kakhulu ezintelani zempahla, ezithatha kancane ukubuya ngemva kokuwohloka kwezomnotho. Izikhokhwa zentela ezigunyazwe uhulumeni noma izimemezelo ezingagunyaziwe zingasibhebhethekisa isimo. Ukuhlahlela kwezombangazwe futhi kuhlupha imikhandlu yendawo, ngezinye izikhathi kuholele ekuvoteni okunzima. Okwamanje, ukwanda kwenani labantu kanye nokuhlelwa kwamadolobha kudala ukucindezela kwemisebenzi nezakhiwo ezandisiwe, kuyilapho abantu asebekhulile befuna ukunakekelwa okukhudlwana.

Ukuze kunqotshwe lezi zithiyo, kuye kwavela izindlela ezintsha:

  • Izinkonzo ezihlanganyelweyo nokubambisana kwesifunda: amadolobha angomakhelwane angahlanganisa imishini yokuthenga, athumele izinkonzo eziphuthumayo, noma asebenzise isitshalo esisodwa sokubuyisela izindleko ukuze unciphise izindleko. I-International City/Compliality Management Association (ICMA) iye yafaka izibonelo eziningi eziphumelelayo zokubambisana okunjalo.
  • Izenhlanganisela zemisebenzi: Izimiso zokwaziswa ze-GOCT (GIS) zisiza ekuhleleni kahle ukuthunyelwa kwamageja eqhwa namaloli emfucumfucu. Izindawo zokuvula ama-data zivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zilandele izicelo zenkonzo, izindleko, kanye nemisebenzi. Ohulumeni abaningi manje banikeza amatheku e-inthanethi e-inthanethi ukuze bafake i-medio yomphakathi, ukunciphisa imingcele yokuhlanganyela. Igentementment Technology [ ihlanganisa imikhiqizo yamuva emisha kulendawo.
  • Ubungani bobuPublic (o-P3): emikhankasweni emikhulu njengezindawo zokwelapha amanzi noma izikhungo zomhlangano, ohulumeni bendawo bangasebenzelana nezinkampani ezizimele ezixhasa imali, ezakhayo, futhi zisebenzise lesi sakhiwo. Lokhu kusakaza izingozi kanye nobuchwepheshe bokusebenza ngasese, nakuba kudinga ukuqondisa kobunono.
  • Abafaki bemidanti abahlukene phambili: ukungenela okuqhubekayo emiphakathini ekhohlisiwe kuqinisekisa ukuthi izinqumo aziwushalazeleli umphakathi ongavikelekile. Amanye amadolobha manje asebenzisa izikhulu eziphethe ngokulinganayo ezibukeza izimiso zokuhlukanisa imingcele.

Indima Ebalulekile Yemfundo Yesibalo

Isihloko sokuqala saphetha ngempoqo kuthisha nabafundi. Kubalulekile ukuba kuqoshelwe ukuthi kungani ukuqonda uhulumeni wendawo kubucayi ezakhamuzini ezisencane. Izinqumo zendawo zithinta abafundi ngokuqondile − ngezimali zesikole, izindlela ezilondekile zokuya esikoleni, amahora omtapo, nangemva kwesimiso sesikole. Nokho izifunda zemfundo zivame ukugcizelela uhulumeni kahulumeni wezwe, zishiye ukubuswa kwendawo. Lokhu kusho ukukhishwa kwabafundi abaningi abathweswe iziqu ngaphandle kokwazi ukuthi bangaya kanjani emhlanganweni wesigungu sedolobha noma bamelele ipaki lendawo.

Izikole zingavala leligebe ngokuhlanganisa imfundo esekelwe ekusebenzeni. Ngokwesibonelo, abafundi bangacwaninga ngendaba yendawo, babe khona emhlanganweni webhodi, futhi banikeze izikhulu lokho abakutholile. Ezinye izifundane zinezithunywa zabafundi emabhodini esikole, zinikeza abafundi isihlalo etafuleni. Imikhumbi yempi neminyango yedolobha kungenye indlela enamandla yokwakha amakhono omphakathi nokuzimisela komsebenzi. inhlangano yeCibios [[ inikeza izifundo zesihle eziqondiswe kuhulumeni wendawo, kuhlanganise nemidlalo yokuhlobisa efaka abafundi ekuhleleni imali ehambisana nokuhlela indawo.

Izinhlangano zomphakathi nazo zinendima. Inzuzo enjengeNhlangano yaMavoters eqhuba ama-produm futhi ivoti iqhubela phambili ubusha. Ngokuxhumanisa izifundo zasekilasini nokuhlanganyela komphakathi wangempela, izikole zingakhuthaza isizukulwane sezakhamuzi ezithembisene, ezinolwazi eziqonda ukuthi izinqumo zikahulumeni wendawo zimisa imithombo yomphakathi nsuku zonke.

Isiphetho

Izinqumo zikahulumeni wendawo azizona izinqubo ezingekho ngqiqweni; zinquma izinga lemigwaqo, ukuphepha kwezindawo, ukuxhaswa kwezikole, nokutholakala kwamapaki nezinkonzo zezempilo. Kusukela enqubweni yokushaya umthetho nasekuhleleni uhlelo lwemali kuya ekubekeni izimali zomphakathi kanye nokutshala izimali, zonke izici zokubusa zendawo zihlobene ngokuqondile nemithombo yomphakathi. Izinselele zikhona ngempela . Izinselele zikhona . . . .ukuhlukana kwezombangazwe, nokucindezela kwenani labantu, kodwa kunezinkonzo ezihlangane kanye nobuchwepheshe, kuya ngokuhlelwa kwezezimali nemfundo yomphakathi.

Kubafundisi, abafundi, nezakhamuzi eziboshelwe ukugadwa, ukuqaphela izakhamuzi kucacile: ukunakekela kuhulumeni wendawo akuwona umsebenzi womphakathi ukuba ubekelwe isikhathi kuze kube yiminyaka yobudala; kuyithuba eliqhubekayo ukulolonga izindawo esihlala kuzo, umsebenzi, nokufunda. Ngokuqonda indlela izinqumo ezenziwa ngayo, ngokuhlanganyela ezinqubweni zomphakathi, nokugcina izikhulu zinombuzo, imiphakathi ingaqinisekisa ukuthi ingcebo yazo inikezwe ngokuhlakanipha nangokulinganayo. Amandla okubumba umphakathi asemandleni ezakhamuzi zayo.