INhlangano Yomthetho - sisekelo Yegunya Elingokomthetho

I-United States Congress ithola igunya layo lomthetho eMthethweni womthetho wase-U.S., ikakhulukazi [[FLT: 0] Iphiniphithi I, evala wonke amandla omthetho esigungwini somthetho. Leligunya alilinganiselwe; lichazwa futhi liqiniswe ngokucophelela ngombhalo womthetho-mthetho, ukulungisa, namakhulu eminyaka okuchaza. Ukuqonda ukuthi iSishayamthetho sidingani ukuhlola amandla abekweyo, amandla aqondene, kanye nesakhiwo okuhlola isenzo somthetho-mthetho.

Abahleli boMthetho-sisekelo bafuna ukwakha isishaya-mthetho esinamandla ngokwanele ukuba silawule isizwe esikhulayo kodwa singenamandla kakhulu okunyathela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye noma amalungelo emibuso. Bafinyelela lokhu kulinganisela ngohlu oluningiliziwe lwamandla I-Attucle I, Isiqephu 8[, futhi ngecala [[FLT:] [[FLT]]] i-Nacesary ne Holy Claus [[FLT:] [[FLT]], elinikeza i-acesssss acreated is productedsss.[12], ngokudlula kwesikhathi, iNkantolo ehlele izakhiwo ezingokomthetho [[FLT].[7] [3]

Ukuze ubheke ngokujule kakhulu umbhalo womthetho-sisekelo, vakashela i- Conrer.gov uphawu lwe-Action I.

Amandla Anamandla: Igunya Lenhlangano Elinamandla

Amagunya akhankanyiwe yiziphathimandla ezithile ezinikezwa uMkhandlu. Lezi zihlanganisa amandla entela , , iqolo lemali [, [, [[FLT]] amahhovisi eposi [[FLT:], [[FLT]], [[FLT]] [FLT] [FLT]] impi [[FLT: 11], [FLT], [FFFFF] ibuye isekele amabutho [[1],[14] futhi i-FT] isebenzisa uhulumeni ngamunye.[FLT] futhi i-octivessssss.[od Result, futhi isebenzisa i-ose.[irlective]

Ibhizinisi LikaClaus

I-Choomer Claus (Umkhandlu I, Ingxenye 8, u-Classic 3) unikeza uKhongolo "lokulawula intengiselwano nezizwe zangaphandle, kanye namaZwe amaningana, kanye namaNdiya amaNdiya." Lo mbhalo uye waba isisekelo somthetho omkhulu kahulumeni, kusukela ku- uMthetho wezentengiselwano we-Intermatics ka-1887[]] [umthetho wezentengiselwano zombuso [FL:]] [FFLT]].[FFLT]].[5]]. [FFFFF:] [5] [5]]

Ukukhokha Intela Nokusebenzisa Imali

Umbuso ugunyaza ukukhokha intela futhi usebenzisele "inhlalakahle yezentengiselwano" (Ingxenye I, u-Classia (1) ulunye uhlobo oluyinhloko lwezinqubo zikahulumeni. Lolu mbuso uvumela iKhomishane ukuba ibeke izintela ekubekeni intela futhi ikwazi ukunikeza imali efanele yezinhlelo ezisukela ku ] Ukulondeka [[[FLT:]]] [[FLT]]] [[FLT]1]] ne [[FOLT]'informationsssss [[FFFoct:]]ct]'sstionstion [[FFON]]] [FON]]] [5], i-activestionstionstionstionstions mes,[10],[10],[10] kodwa izimo ezifunekayo kulokhu kuveza ukuncitozo ezihlangene ze-onke], kodwa izimo ze-ogropotimome: [ediyodwa][10][enye]

Amandla Empi Nokulondeka Kwesizwe

UKhongolo luphethe ukuphela kwamandla empi isho impi , kodwa uMongameli, njengoMyaleli eSigodlweni, unamandla okumisa amabutho empi ngaphandle kwesaziso esingokomthetho. [ Isinqumo seMpi sombuso se- 1973[ sizama ukuchaza imikhawulo yesenzo sikamongameli ngokufuna ukuba uMongameli azise uMkhandlu phakathi namahora angu-45 okuthatha amabutho ahlomile futhi aphumele amabutho ngemva kwezinsuku ezingu-60 ngaphandle kokuba iSishayamthetho sigunyaze siqhubeke sithatha isinyathelo. Lo mthetho uye waphikiswa futhi ngokuvamile ngegunyazwe. Umbuso unamandla okusekela [FLD] futhi usekela amabutho [FFF: FT], [F6] futhi ulondoloza i-Foctive [F] futhi umthetho wombuso wezwe] futhi ulwenqandawo.[5]

Amandla Asetshenziswayo NoKhisimusi Odingekile Nofanele

[[NTL:0] I-Naclisessiary ne The Fact Claus (Incazelo I, Ingxenye 8, u-Claus 18) inikeza i-Congress igunya "lenza wonke ama-Mithetho adingayo nafanele ukuthwalwa"amandla ayo akhahliweyo. Lomusho umthombo weSishaya-Mkhandlu [[FLT:]] [[FLT]]] ] [amandla angahlelwanga ngokucacile kodwa athathwe kweyabalwayo. Icala elivamile [i] [i-Culighty]'s's projectives [iright]'s , nakuba ayengekho amandla alo ngokomthetho obhalwe ngokufanelekile, ngenxa ye-Geneticism", "inter, intembe yokukhokhiswa kwezente, intengiso, ne-" yentengiselwa, kanye ne-".

Amandla asetshenziswayo enza ukuba iziKhongolo-mfumba zikwazi ukwakha Isimiso se-FEderal Reserve [, ukumisa izinhlangano zezezimali [ njenge-Evironmental Protection Agency, futhi zidlulise imithetho yobugebengu enqabela ukuthuthwa kwezimoto ezebiwe ngokwesivumelwano. Izinga lokulawula kwamandla ashiwoyo libanzi kodwa alilinganiswangalingani; iNkathi ePhakathi yeNkathi enkulu iye yashaya imithetho ethola ingenakuhlotshaniswa nanoma yisiphi isikhala se-mthetho.

Isakhiwo Sezishaya - mthetho: Ukubusa Kwezikhundla Nokuphikisa Kwaso

UKhongolo luhlukaniswa lwaba yiziteshi ezimbili: Indlu yabameleli kanye ne [[FLT] SATE. Lesi sakhiwo se-biobaral sasiwukuvumelana phakathi kwezizwe ezinkulu nezincane eMhlanganweni woMthetho-sisekelo futhi sidala amandla ahlukene omthetho.

Indlu Yabameleli

Indlu inamalungu okuvota ahlukaniswa abantu, asebenza izinombolo zeminyaka emibili. Ngenxa yesikhashana nokhetho oluqondile, i House ivame ukubhekwa njengesabela kakhulu embonweni othandwayo. Indlu inamandla akhethekile zonke izikweleti zemali [[ (Ingxenye, iSiqendu 7, Clause 1) kanye nezikhulu zikahulumeni [] [Ingxenye 2, Clausse]. I Homestl ilawula ukugelwa komthetho, inikeza ukulawula kweqembu elikhulu elibalulekile.

ISigele

ISigele sinamalungu ayikhulu, amabili ngesifundazwe, asebenza amagama athatha iminyaka eyisithupha. Amabinzana amade eSigele kanye nokumelelwa kwesizwe kwenza ukuba izivumelwano zombono womphakathi zinciphe kakhulu futhi zivikeleke. ISigele siphethe amandla akhethekile ukumiswa komongameli [[[FLT:]] (kuhlanganise amajaji amabili, amajaji ombuso, namajaji aphakeme eNkanto) izivumelwano ezibotshelelwe [ ngevoti emibili eyisithathu. Inkantolo futhi iyinkantolo yokuqulwa kwecala, edinga ukukhonzwa okukhulu kakhulu kweziboshwa. I-Probia) inqubo yenkulumo yenkulumo ye-Probistrices. I-Picesterday (ignthrea) evame ukusekela kwezentene yezenteko yezentengiselwa phambili kwezenteko yezenteko yezenteko yezente (i enkulu).

Inqubo Yomthetho: Ukusuka Kuyibhili Kuya EMthethweni

Uhambo lwemali ekhishwa uMkhandlu luyinkimbinkimbi futhi luhilela izinyathelo eziningi, ngayinye eklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi kucatshangelwe kahle futhi kukhulunywe ngezombangazwe.

Ukusungulwa Nokuvuselelwa

Noma iliphi ilungu le-Congress lingase lenze isikweleti. Imali ibhekiswe ekomitini emile efanelekile esekelwe endabeni yayo engenhla. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho wokunakekela impilo uthunyelwa Ilungu leMbhoshongo yendlu neKomiti yezentengiselwano noma i-Senate Health, Education, Labor, ne-Penssions Committee[. Isihlalo sekomiti sifeza indima ebalulekile ekunqumeni ukuthi imvume yokuthola yini.

Isenzo Sekomiti

AmaKomiti avame ukubizwa ngokuthi "amazindlu amancane" ngoba enza umsebenzi oningiliziwe kakhulu ezikweletini. Anezimemezelo, amema ubufakazi obungochwepheshe, futhi acabangela izinguquko enqubeni ebizwa ngokuthi "uphawu-oluphezulu" amaKomiti angase avote ukubika imvume, ngokungafaneleki, noma ngokulungisa. Imali ingafa futhi uma ikomiti ingathathi nyathelo. Ikomiti yamakhontetha ivame ukusingatha ukubukeza kokuqala, futhi ikomiti egcwele khona ingavota ukutusa kwekomiti engaphansi.

Ukuze uthole ukucubungula ngezabelo zekomiti zamanje, bheka .Gov ikhasi lekomiti.

Ukucabangela Ubuhle

ENdlu, impikiswano yasesitezi ilinganiselwe yiKomiti yeMiyalo, emisa isikhathi sengxoxo futhi okuvunyelwayo. KuyiSigele, impikiswano ngokuvamile ayinamkhawulo ngaphandle kokuba kushiwo ihlulelo. Abaqondisi banganikeza i-germane-mentements[, umkhuba owaziwa ngokuthi "abachazi," ongahlanganisa izivumelwano ezingavumelani nemithetho ebophekayo. Igumbi eligcwele bese likhonzwa kubhaliswe izivumelwano. Umthetho omningi ufuna inani elilula lokudlula, kodwa izenzo ezithile zenza kube yize ze-"FLT"[FLT] noma ukudlulisa umthetho-odroma."

Ukubuyisana Phakathi Kwezikhungo

Uma iNdlu neSigele kudlulisa izinguqulo ezihlukene zomthetho ofanayo, ikomiti evumelanayo eyakhiwe amalungu avela kuwo womabili amakamu ixoxa ngokuhlehliswa. Umbiko wengqungquthela ubuyiselwa kuwo womabili amagumbi ukuze kuvotelwe uvoti, ngaphandle kokulungisa. Eminyakeni yamuva, ukusetshenziswa kwamakomiti engqungquthela kuye kwehla ukusekela ukuxoxa ngokwethukela kanye nomkhuba "we-palm," lapho kudluliswa khona ukuvumelana kuze kufikelelwe emuva nangaphambili.

Isenzo Sobumongameli

Uma amagumbi esedlulise isikwele esifanayo, sithunyelwa kuMongameli. Uma uMongameli enezinsuku eziyishumi (zidlule ngamaSonto) ukuba enze okuthile. Ukukhetha kuhlanganisa: ukusayina lo mthetho, ukuwubuyisela (ukuwubuyisela eSivumelwaneni ngokuphikisa), noma ukuwuyeka ube umthetho ngaphandle kosayinwa (uma uMkhandlu usesiqenjini), uMongameli ungaba nenani elingamashumi amabili anesithathu kuwo womagumbi. Iphakethe eliphumayo lenzeka uma uMongameli engasayini isibambiso nomthetho phakathi nosuku lweshumi nenyanga."umthetho ufa.

Amasheke Nokulinganisela: Izinduna Ezizimele Nezingahlelekile

UMthetho-sisekelo umisa isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu. UKhongolo-kahulumeni unamathuluzi amaningana okuhlola amagatsha aphethe nawamahluleli, kuyilapho nawo ecindezelwa yiwo.

Ukuphatha Igatsha Eliphethe

Congress uqondisa ngokuqulwa kwecala, ukuhlola, izicelo zezincwadi, kanye nezimpondo eziphansi. Amakomiti akhona avame ukubiza izikhulu zegatsha ukuba zifakaze. Ihhovisi le-Governtation (GAO) ne [FLT] Comporaligational Ballet Office Ikhompathi yokwehla kwemali [CBO] [FLT] ] inikeza ukuhlaziywa komthetho. [[FLT] I-General Act inikeza izintambo zokuhlola izimali ezizimele cishe kuyo yonke inhlangano kahulumeni. Umhlangano ungasebenzisa amandla emalini emalini ehholweni noma ehlwisana neqembu lezikhulu.

Amandla Okuzikhandla

Indlu yabameleli inamandla okuphela okubeka izikhulu zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise noMongameli, uMongameli ongumbonisi, nabahluleli. I-asheace ingumahluleli ekumangalelweni; idinga ivoti elula kakhulu. [[FLT:] [ukungakho] iphethe ukuqulwa kwecala, noMahluleli omkhulu weNkakhulu yeNkantolo ephethe ukuqulu oluphakeme, futhi igwetshwa ngecala. Ukukholiswa kususa isikhulu ehhovisi futhi kudinga ukuvota okuka-3. Leligunya liye lasetshenziswa ngokuphawulekayo (Andrelson, uBill Clinton, noDracm) futhi alikhohliswanga muntu osusiwe yindlu (usekeli) futhi u-Druson.

Ukuqinisekiswa Nombuso Wesivumelwano

ISigele kumelwe sinikeze "imvume nemvume" ekumiseni umongameli nasezivumelwaneni. Ukumiswa, ukuvota okulula kweningi kuqinisekisa ama-minene, nakuba i-paribuster iye yasetshenziselwa izinkantolo eziphansi kuze kube "ukhetho lwenuzi" luyikhiphele iziqalo eziningi ngaphandle komthetho weNkantolo Ephakeme (kusukela ngo-2017 kuqhubeke, inani elivamile kuphela elidingekayo). Izivumelwano zidinga ivoti yesithathu somgebethi ukuba ivunyelwe. Umongameli angangena futhi ezivumelwaneni [[FLT: 0] namazwe angaphandle angadingi ukuvunyelwa yisigebezo inkantolo, kodwa lezi azibophi ngokomthetho ekuqondiseni izikhulu zesikhathi esizayo.

Ingqungquthela Yokuhlola I - diasicary

ISishaya-mthetho singaguqula amandla ezinkantolo zikahulumeni (zizithobela imingcele yomthetho-mthetho), zimise noma ziqede izinkantolo eziphansi zikahulumeni, futhi zihlongoze izinguquko zomthetho-mthetho ukuze zigumbuqele izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iSigele siqinisekisa bonke abahluleli bahulumeni, sinike indima enkulu ekulolongeni isimo sejaji.

Ukulinganiselwa Kwamandla Obumbano

UMthetho-sisekelo ubeka futhi imingcele eqondile eMkhandlwini ukuze uvikele inkululeko nobukhosi bamazwe ngabanye. UKhomuko alukwazi ukudlula [[FLT: 0] izigijimi zentambo (isijeziso esithathelwanayo sokungalingwa), [ i-conox compo [ yeposi [imithetho] [izenzo ezisemthethweni lapho kuqalwa], noma [[FLT:]] i-spensiti ye-habeaspos[[FLT:] [5] (kungaba ezimweni zokuvukela noma zokuhlasela). [FLT:] [FLT] [FL:]] [FLT] [FLT] [5] ivimbela imithetho engokomthetho engokomthetho [Foct:7] emayelana nokumiswa kwenkolo, noma ukugcotshwa kwe-ogronsose, [icet], [ithensi ye-Expressvos], [encer], i-ogle, i-Fod

Ngaphezu kwalokho, Isichibiyeli se-Fourtenth (Ukuthula 5) inikeza uMkhandlu amandla okuphoqelela amalungiselelo ayo, leyo iNkantolo Ephakeme eye yawachaza kabanzi ezindaweni ezinjengelungelo lomphakathi namalungelo okuvota, kodwa futhi icindezelwa ezimweni ezinjenge iDocuty of Boerne v. Flores [1997], okungamandla alinganiselweyo eMkhandlu yomthetho wokwandisa incazelo yamalungelo engokomthetho ngaphezu kwalokho iNkantolo ngokwayo eye yaqaphela.

Izimpikiswano Zesikhathi Esizayo Negunya Elilawulayo

Ububanzi bamandla ombuso bulokhu buyindaba yempikiswano enkulu yezombangazwe nengokomthetho. Impikiswano enjengezwe eliphetheyo.

Ezinye izimpikiswano ezikhona zihlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kwenqubo yokubuyisana ukudlulisa umthetho omkhulu kuphela ngeSigele esikhulu (ngokudlulisa i-palbuster), umthetho-mgamu we- we-secuppoenas wezincwadi zobunhloko nobufakazi, kanye nemingcele yamandla kahulumeni ezindaweni ezinjenge i-'odronal's'''''ebuswandleni [, [[FLT]] umthetho olawulayo], kanye [FLT] nomthetho wezombangazwe] [FLT] [FLT] [FLT] [FL:7], kanye], kanye [FFT] .[FTLT] [FT]

Ukuze uthole okwengeziwe ngemfundiso engathembekile kanye nemiphumela yayo yanamuhla, bheka le nkonzo [[FLT: 0] Umbiko wenkonzo yokucwaninga okungokwezekhono ngokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso[[FLT: 1].

Isiphetho: Igunya Eliphilayo Lomkhandlu

Igunya lomthetho womthetho-mthetho weSishaya-mthetho lisekelwe kakhulu emklamweni wokuqala womthetho-mthetho futhi njalo lihlelwa ngokusebenza, ngesibonelo, nangencazelo yokwahlulela. Nakuba lamandla adwetshiwe enikeza uhlelo, i-Edict neSed Claus evumela i-Congress ukuba ivumelane nezidingo zesizwe sanamuhla. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukwahlukana kwemibuso, uhulumeni, uhulumeni, kanye namalungiselelo azimele asebenza njengokuvimbela ukuphambana. Kubafundi bakahulumeni, abafundisi, nabaphathi bezakhamuzi, ukuqonda okucacile ukuthi iSishaya - mthetho siyini, futhi kungokokuthi yini okungasiza ekuthatheni indima yentando yeningi futhi kufune abamele abamele abameleli abameleli abakhethiwe.

Ukuhlola umsebenzi wamanje womthetho kanye nezindleko ngesikhathi sangempela, sebenzisa i- uKhongolose.gov webhusayithi ye-.