Emphakathini wanamuhla, ukulinganisela phakathi kwamandla kahulumeni namalungelo abantu kuyimpikiswano ebucayi ethinta yona kanye isisekelo sokubusa kwentando yeningi. Ukuqonda ithonya elingokwezimiso lokulinganisela amandla kahulumeni kubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni indawo lapho inkululeko, ubulungisa, nesithunzi sabantu kungachuma khona. Lesi sihloko sihlola izisekelo ezingokomlando, izinkolelo zezimiso zezimiso zezimiso, izinselele zesikhathi samanje, nendima esebenzayo ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi igunya likahulumeni lihlala lilawulwa, linesibopho, futhi lihambisana nezimiso zomphakathi onobulungisa.

Ukubaluleka Kokulinganiselwa Kwamandla Kahulumeni

Imingcele kahulumeni kahulumeni ayikona nje ukulinganisela okungokwesiko; iwuphawu lwenkululeko nobulungisa. Ngaphandle kwemingcele ecacile, ukugxiliswa kwegunya ngokungenakugwenywa kuholela ekukhukhulekeni kwenkululeko yomuntu siqu, ukusetshenziswa kabi kokwethenjwa komphakathi, nokucindezelwa kokungavumelani. Nazi izizathu eziyinhloko ezenza ukulinganiselwa okunjalo kube okubalulekile:

  • Imingcele engokomthetho neyomthetho ivimbela isimo ekuphuleni inkululeko eyisisekelo enjengenkulumo, ingqungquthela, inkolo, kanye nendawo eyimfihlo. Lezizivikelo ziqinisekisa ukuthi izakhamuzi zingaphila ngaphandle kokuphazamisana okungadingekile nalabo abasemandleni.
  • Ukususwa kweTyranny: Umlando ugcwele izibonelo zamandla angalawuliwe ehlela ebuphoqeleni. Ngokusakaza igunya emagatsheni nasemazingeni ahlukene kahulumeni, nangokuhlanganisa amalungelo emithetho, imiphakathi inciphisa izingozi zokucindezelwa futhi iqinisekise ukuthi akukho muntu oyedwa noma iqembu elingabusa abanye.
  • Ukubekwa kwecala: kudinga ukuba sobala. Uma izenzo zikahulumeni zingaphansi kokuqondisa, ukubukeza, nokuhlola komphakathi, izikhulu kumelwe zithethelele izinqumo zazo futhi zihlale zisabela kubantu ezibakhonzayo. Lokhu kulandisa kubalulekile ukuze kugcinwe ngokomthetho nokwethenjwa.
  • Isivumelwano sobulungisa: Uhulumeni ocindezelwa umthetho cishe ungasebenzisa imithetho ngokungakhethi nangokungaguquguquki. Ngaphandle kwegunya elizimele, isimiso somthetho singaphatha bonke abantu ngokulinganayo, kungakhathaliseki isikhundla noma ithonya labo. Lokhu kuqinisa ukubusa komthetho njengesivikelo ekucwaseni nakukhetha.

Lezizinsika zikahulumeni olinganiselwe aziyona izifiso ezingekho; ziyizidingo eziwusizo kunoma yimuphi umphakathi obheka ukuzibusa komuntu ngamunye nenhlala- kahle. Uma amandla ehlolwa, ukusungula izinto kuyachuma, imiphakathi ilahle, nenzuzo evamile iqhubekela phambili ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuphindisela.

Umlando Wokulinganiselwa Kwamandla Kahulumeni

Umqondo wokulinganisela amandla kahulumeni awuzange uvele ungenalutho. Umkhiqizo wamakhulu eminyaka wokulwa, ukubila, nokushintsha komthetho okunzima. Ukuqonda lomongo ongokomlando kujulisa ukwazisa kwethu ngezimiso ezivikela inkululeko namuhla.

I - Magna Carta Nokuvela Kwemingcele Yomthetho - sisekelo

Ngo-1215, iqembu lezikhulu zaseNgilandi laphoqelela iNkosi uJohn ukuba isayine iMagna Carta, incwadi eyamisa isimiso sokuthi inkosi yayingangaphezulu kunomthetho. Phakathi kwezigaba zayo ezihlala njalo kwakunesiqinisekiso senqubo efanelekile, ilungelo lokuqulwa ngokulunga, nokuvikelwa ekuboshweni ngokungemthetho. Nakuba iMagna Carta ekuqaleni yasiza izithakazelo zabasebukhosini, ifa layo labeka isisekelo sezinhlangano zomthetho-sisekelo zamuva. Kwabonisa ukuthi ngisho negunya eliphakeme kakhulu lingaboshelwa ngomqondo ongokomthetho ongokomthetho / /aa ewuqinile ngesikhathi. Ithala Lomta yokwaziswa yaseBrithani lifaka umbhalo wokuqala [[FLT] [FLD:1] futhi linikeza ukuqonda okuhlala njalo.

Abacabanga Ngokukhanyiselwa Nombono Wokuhlukana Kwamandla

Ngekhulu le-17 nele-18 kwaboniswa izazi zefilosofi ziveza izimpikiswano ezingokwezimiso neziwusizo kuhulumeni olinganiselwe. UJohn Locke, ku wakhe uProfess Facess of Government , waphikisa ukuthi abantu banamalungelo angokwemvelo ekuphileni, inkululeko, nempahla, nokuthi ohulumeni bakhiwa ngesivumelwano somphakathi sokuvikela lamalungelo. Uma uhulumeni ephula amalungelo abantu awethembayo, unelungelo lokumelana. UMontesquieu, kweminye izimiso eziningi zezombangazwe nezokubusa ngokwezombangazwe emhlabeni wonke. Umthetho wezwe uveza ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso yezomthetho, izikhulu, izikhulu, amagatsha okwahlulela, uhlola abanye ukuze uvimbele ukuhlanganiswa kwegunya. Le mibono ithonya ngokuqondile izimiso zezombangazwe zezombangazwe nezimiso zezombangazwe ezihlangene nezimiso zezombangazwe ezihlangene.

Izinguquko ZaseMelika NezaseFrance

Kokubili iNguquko yaseMelika (1776) neNguquko yaseFrance (1789) yakhuthazwa yizicelo zemingcele emandla obukhosi nasekumisweni kukahulumeni omelele. I-Bill of Rights (1791) yabala imithetho eqondile ekhethekile enqabela uhulumeni (njengeSichibiyelo Sokuqala seSiphendulo senkulumo nenkolo, kanye neSiphendulo sesine sokuvikela ekuphenyeni okungenangqondo nasekudumazekeni. ISimemezelo samalungelo abantu nesase-Potizeki yamemezela ngokufanayo ukuthi “isimiso sawo wonke ubukhosi sihlala ngokuyisisekelo esizweni” nokuthi“ iSiphendulo Sokuqala sihlanganisa ukukwazi ukwenza noma yini engalimazi omunye.” Le zincwadi zaveza umqondo wokuthi amandla kahulumeni kumelwe asetshenziswe phakathi nemingcele echazwe ngokuvunyelwa kwesivumelwano.

Isayensi Yesayensi Esekela Ukulinganiselwa

Ngaphandle kwezenzakalo ezingokomlando, izimiso eziningana zokuziphatha zinikeza isisekelo esiqinile sokuthi kungani kufanele kulinganiselwe ukubusa kukahulumeni.

I - Utilitharianism

Ubunanikazi, obuhlobene noJeremy Benham noJohn Stuart Mill, buvumelana nezenzo ezilungile uma zithuthukisa injabulo enkulu kakhulu enanini elikhulu. Kumbono ongokwenani elikhulu, ukulinganisela amandla kahulumeni ngokuvamile kuholela emiphumeleni engcono. Igunya elinganqanyulwanga lingabangela ukucindezela, ukungagcinqini kwezomnotho, kanye nezinxushunxushunxushu zezenhlalo, okunciphisa inhlalakahle ehlangene. Ngokuphambene, uhulumeni ocindezelwayo ukhuthaza ukubambisana kokuzithandela, nokuchuma komuntu ngamunye. I-Mill’s [[FLT: 0]] i-Out Liberty iveza inzuzo enkulu kakhulu, phakathi nemibono enjalo, iyakuveza inzuzo engokwembuyiselo. [FFFF.]

Izimiso Zokuhlazisa

Izimiso zokulawula izimiso zokuziphatha, ikakhulukazi isiko likaKantan, ligcizelela imisebenzi, imithetho, nokubaluleka komuntu ngamunye. Immanuel Kant waphikisa ngokuthi abantu abanengqondo akumelwe baphathwe njengendlela yokuqeda nje, kodwa ngaso sonke isikhathi njengokuphela kwabo. Lesi simiso sibeka imingcele eqinile kulokho uhulumeni angakwenza ezakhamuzini zakhe. Ngokwesibonelo, ngisho noma ukuhlukunyezwa komaphekula abasolwayo kungasindisa ukuphila kwabantu abaningi, izazi zesayensi zesayensi yengqondo zingakuphikisa ukuthi kungalungile ngokokuziphatha ngenxa yokululaza isithunzi somuntu. Ngokufanayo, ukuqapha noma ukucusumbula akunakuthethelelwa ngezibalo ezithathelwa imingcele ngenxa yokungahloniphi ngenxa yokunga isibopho somuntu siqu. Imithetho kahulumeni ilinganisela amandla ohulumeni ahambisana nomthetho wokuhlonipha amalungelo abantu nokusekela imithetho yokuziphatha esetshenziswa emhlabeni wonke. Uhulumeni owena owena owena owena ukugwema ukuncishwa kwezakhamuzi zezinzuzo zezinzuzo.

Inkolelo - mbono Yezenhlalo

Isivumelwano sokuhlanganisa abantu abafuna ukulawulwa kwezenhlalo esisuka eHobbes ukuya e-Rousseau ukuya eRawls siye sahlola izimo abantu abavuma ukubuswa ngaphansi kwazo. Kulombono, igunya elingokomthetho likahulumeni lisuka esivumelwaneni phakathi kwabantu abanengqondo sokunikezela ngenkululeko ethile ukuze kubekwe ukulondeka nokuhleleka. Nokho, isivumelwano kuphela sigunyaza amandla adingekayo ukuze kuvikelwe amalungelo nokuthuthukisa okuhle okuvamile. Uma uhulumeni edlula lowo myalo / wineka ngokusemthethweni ekuphileni kwangasese, ucindezela ukungavumelani, noma ukukhomba impahla ngaphandle kwenqubo efanele. Inkolelo yobulungisa eluhlaza yokulunga ngokulunga, nezimiso zayo zenkululeko eyisisekelo nesilinganiso esivamile sethuba, ifuna imingcele engokomthetho engokomthetho engokomthetho. Ngakho, izikhundlalo zikahulumeni zezenhlalo zivumelanisa imingcele ezindaweni ezibusayo ezibusayo nezimiso zezimiso zezimiso ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho.

Izinkinga Zesikhathi Esizayo Ngemingcele Kahulumeni

Ukushintsha kwezindlela zobuchwepheshe, izinkinga zembulunga yonke nezimiso ezishintshayo zezenhlalo kuletha izinselele ezintsha ezingokwezindinganiso zegunya lombuso.

Imfundo Nezindaba Eziyimfihlo

Ukwanda kobuchwepheshe bemishini yezobuchwepheshe kuye kwenza ukuba amazinga angenakulinganiswa emishinini yokuhlola uhulumeni. Ukuqoqwa kwemininingwane yemilando, ukuqashelwa kobuso, nokuhlaziywa kwemetameter kungasetshenziselwa ukuqinisekisa umthetho osemthethweni kodwa futhi kufake engozini enkulu yokuveza izinkulumo ezikhululekile futhi kubangele ukucwaswa. Izinkinga zezesayensi zigxile ekulinganiseni nasekubonakaleni kwezinhlelo ezinjalo. Izambulo zika-2013 zika-Edwa ngezinhlelo zokuhlola i-NSA Snowden zabangela impikiswano yomhlaba wonke ngokulinganisela phakathi kwendlela nemfihlo. Izinkantolo eUnited States neYurophu ziye zakhipha imithetho edinga izimpawu ezithile zemininingwane ye-teknoloji, kodwa indawo engokomthetho isalokhu incintisana. Izikhulumizwayo namaqembu esemthethweni ayaqhubeka evikela i-Navaccorite ngokuvikela okuqinile ngokomthetho ekuvinisweni okungakhonzwa ngokusemthethweni, ziveza ukuthi isivikelo seze kuzokuxhumana okungenakali. [FFTROMEtic] [F]]

Inkululeko Yokukhuluma Neyokungcwatshwa Nge - Internet

Imizamo kahulumeni yokulawula ukukhulumisana iye yakhula lapho kukhula imithombo yezokuxhumana. Impikiswano ithukuthele ngokususwa kwenkulumo yenzondo, ukudukiswa, kanye nokungezwani. Nakuba abanye bephikisa ngokuthi ohulumeni kumelwe bathathe isinyathelo sokuvikela ukuthula komphakathi namaqembu angenazinsika, abanye baxwayisa ukuthi iziqondiso ezinjalo zingahlotshaniswa ukuze kuthulwe impikiswano. Ukucindezeleka okungokomthetho kubangelwa ukuhlanganisa phakathi kwenkulumo elimazayo nombono ovikelekile. Izimiso zentando yeningi, isimiso sombono wezomthetho wezomthetho-nethisme-otantial sidinga ukuba imingcele yokukhuluma ilungiswe kancane futhi ikhonze isithakazelo esiphoqelelayo. Nokho, izinga le-ngosimende le-ngosiqu singenza imithetho ingabi lula ukugcinwa. Ukulinganisela okulungile kudinga ukukhulumisana okuqhubekayo phakathi kwabenzi bomthetho, izinkampani zobuchwepheshe, nomphakathi.

Amandla Aphuthumayo Nenkululeko Yangaphakathi

Isifo se-COVOID-19 sabangela ukuba kubonakale izimpawu eziphuthumayo. Ohulumeni abaningi bamisa ukuvalwa kwezindawo, ukuvinjelwa kokuhamba, kanye nokugoma okuphoqelelwe ngokunokwenzeka futhi kwanciphisa inkululeko. Umbuzo wezimiso uwukuthi: uhulumeni ungaba senkingeni engakanani ngaphandle kokukhubazeka okungapheli? Amandla aphuthumayo ngokuvamile agunyazwa ngokomthetho, kodwa adala ingozi yokuzibamba uma kungahlelwanga isikhathi esimisiwe futhi kubukelwe imibandela yokwahlulela. Ukusetshenziswa kwemithetho ephuthumayo ukuvala inqubo evamile yephalamende, ukuvimbela abantu ngabanye ngaphandle kokuthethwa kwecala, noma ukuvinjelwa kwenkululeko yokunyathelisa kuye kwenzeka emazweni amaningi phakathi nezinhlekelele. Isimiso somthetho esingoko siyimfuneko esingoko esiphuthumayo, okungahleleki, okungahleli ngokuphaza, futhi okungokwesikhashana. Izimiso zokulungisa izingozi kumelwe futhi zibuyisele kanye.

Izinkampani Zokwahlulela Nezinguquko Zamaphoyisa

Izinhlangano ezinjenge-Black Live Matter ziye zaqokomisa izindlela amandla kahulumeni, ikakhulukazi ngokuqiniswa komthetho, angalimaza ngokungenakulinganiswa imiphakathi encishisiwe. Izicelo zokulandisa kwamaphoyisa, ukuhloniphiswa kwesimiso sokuzivikela esifanelekile, nokuncishiswa noma ukuqedwa kweminyango yamaphoyisa konke ngokuyisisekelo ngokulinganisela amandla ombuso ohlangene. Izimpikiswano ezingokwesiko zigxile kuwo womabili amalungelo ombuso (ilungelo lokukhululeka amandla aphakeme) kanye nemiphumela (isidingo sokuthemba umphakathi nokuvikela). Izeluleko lwezenhlalakahle yezenhlalo ziphikisa ngokuthi ukuphepha kwangempela akudingi ukukho ukukhokha kwezindlu, izinkonzo zezengqondo, nesinqumo sezempi esizwe. Lezinhlangano zibekela inselele imingcele engokwezimiso zokuphatha igunya nokuphatha kwabantu isithunzi.

Indima Yezakhamuzi Ekusekeleni Ukulinganiselwa

Imingcele yamandla kahulumeni ayiziqedi; idinga ukuqapha njalo nokuhlanganyela ngenkuthalo kwezakhamuzi. Izinhlangano zedemokrasi zisebenza kuphela ngendlela eklanywe lapho abantu nemiphakathi behileleka enqubweni yezombangazwe futhi izikhulu zilandisa.

Ukuzitika Nokuhlanganyela E - Electoral

Indlela eqondile izakhamuzi ezingathonya ngayo amandla kahulumeni ngokhetho. Ngokuvota abazohloniphi abahlonipha imingcele engokomthetho-mthetho, inkululeko yomphakathi, kanye nokubusa komthetho, izakhamuzi zithumela isigijimi esicacile ngohlobo lokubusa ezilulindele. Uma ivoti iqala, ivumela izithakazelo ezikhethekile nokuthambekela kobugada ukuba zichume. Ukuhlanganyela kokhetho oluyinhloko, izinhlanga zendawo, kanye nokuthatha izinyathelo zokuthatha i-ocential. Ukuvota akudingi ukuqonda nje iziteji kodwa futhi kudinga amarekhodi abazodwa amalungelo omphakathi, ukukhululeka, kanye nokukhanya kohulumeni.

Ukuzitika Ngezigebengu Nomphakathi

Izakhamuzi zingasekela izimiso ezikhuthaza ukuba sobala nomngcele kahulumeni ophathwe ngokuphaphanyiswa. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukusekela izinhlangano ezingazifuneli inzuzo ezimelene nokuqashelwa okungekho emthethweni, umkhankaso wokulungisa izimali onciphisa ithonya lemali kwezombangazwe, kanye nezivikelo zokufutha impepho ezikhuthaza abangaphakathi ukuba badalule ukuxhashazwa. Izinkampani eziphethe ziye zasiza ekulondolozeni amalungelo okuvota, ukuqeda ukuhlukanisa ngokohlanga, nokwandisa isivikelo esiyimfihlo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngemikhankaso yokubhala izincwadi, ukuphikisa kwasobala, noma ngezindlela zokuphehla i-ambulela, izenzo ezihlangene zingacindezela ohulumeni ukuba bahlale ngaphakathi kwemingcele engokomthetho.

Imfundo Nokufunda Ngemithombo Yezindaba

Ukwandisa ukuqaphela ukubaluleka kokulinganiselwa kukahulumeni kusiza ekuthuthukiseni izikole, amayunivesithi, nezinhlangano zemithombo yezindaba ezinendima ebalulekile ekufundiseni umlando nefilosofi kahulumeni olinganiselwe. Ukufunda iMedeshi kwenza izakhamuzi zikwazi ukuhlolisisa izicelo zikahulumeni, ukuqaphela ukungavumelani nemibandela, nokuqonda izici zezimpikiswano zemithetho. Umphakathi ofundile usengozini enkulu yokukhohliswa kwezikhulu ezithembisa ukulondeka ngezindleko zenkululeko.

Ukuhlanganyela Komphakathi Nokubusa Kwendawo

Nakuba izombangazwe zezwe zivame ukubusa kakhulu, izenzo eziningi zikahulumeni ezithinta ukuphila kwansuku zonke zenzeka endaweni yakhona ($izindawo, amaphoyisa, amabhodi esikole, nemithetho yezempilo yomphakathi. Ukuba khona emihlanganweni yasemahholo, ukukhonza emabhodini akhuthaza ukuqulwa kwezindaba, nokuhlanganyela ezinhlanganweni zomphakathi kunika izakhamuzi iziqondiso eziqondile. Lokhu kuhileleka kotshani kuqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni uyaqhubeka esabela futhi amandla asetshenziswa ngokwemvume yendawo.

Isiphetho

Ukuqonda imingcele engokokuziphatha yemingcele kahulumeni akuyona indlela yokuthola ulwazi lokuthola imingcele yamandla, kuyimfuneko ekugcineni umphakathi okhululekile nonobulungisa. Ngokuqaphela imvelaphi engokomlando ezincwadini ezinjengeMagna Carta, isisekelo sefilosofi esivela konolwazi olukhanyiselwe, kanye nezinselele eziqhubekayo ezindaweni ezinjengobuqapheli, izingxoxo, amandla ezomnotho, nobulungisa bezenhlalo, singaqonda ukuthi kungani imingcele yegunya ibalulekile. Ngokusho ukuthi izinkolelo zezobuzwe zibalulekile, identilistristology, nesivumelwano sezenhlalo (*) inikeza izizathu eziqinile zokulinganisela uhulumeni, kuyilapho izindaba zamanje zembula ukungezwani okungapheli phakathi kokuhleleka nenkululeko. Ngokungazelelwe, umthwalo wemfanelo wokulondoloza lemingcele uxhomeke. Ngokungazeli yiqiniso, ukuvota, imfundo, imfundo, nokubonke, abantu ngabanye, kungaqinisekisa ukuthi amandla kahulumeni ahlala eyithuluzi elihle lenkululeko engokwencukuhle emlandweni; ukubusa kwamandla okungaze kuqondiswe ukuthi lomlando; leli qiniso eliwudingi neze ukukho.