I - Dual Manday Yomhlangano Wase - United States

I-United States Congress iyinhlangano enenjongo ehlukene, esebenza khona kanye ekujuleni kukahulumeni kahulumeni. Amalungu ayo asebenza umsebenzi omkhulu wokuhlela isizwe i’ imithetho, kodwa imithwalo yawo yemfanelo ayipheleli ngokusayina kukamongameli. Abasunguli babe nombono wendikimba yemithetho eyokwenza kube nokuhlola okuyinhloko emandleni esimiso, aqinisekise ukuthi imithetho isetshenziswa ngokwethembeka futhi izimali zomphakathi zisetshenziswe ngokuhlakanipha. Lenqubo enamandla yokubhala imithetho bese iqondisa imithetho yayo iwumshini wobukhonya baseMelika. Ukuqonda indlela imithetho eyenziwa ngayo nendlela imithetho esetshenziswa ngayo namandla ayo kubalulekile ekuqondeni isimiso sezombangazwe saseMelika ngokwaso. Lesi sihloko sibonisa ukuthi ukuphila okugcwele kwemithetho futhi ihlola amathuluzi anamandla kusetshenziswa ngayo ekusebenziseni ukuphatha uhulumeni, ukunikeza ukuhlelwa kwayo kokubili ukuhlelwa kwe-Angresskha.

Uhambo Lomthetho: Kusukela KuBill Kuya Esiya Eqophelweni Lemithetho

Uhambo lwemali luyibanga elide, hhayi igebe. Yisithiyo esinemiqondo ebanzi esiklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho ugcwele, uphikiswana, futhi ucwengisisiwe. Imbalwa kakhulu kunezinkulungwane zemali ezingamashumi amahlanu eziqalayo eMkhandlwini ovamile. Le nqubo ithatha isikhathi esinzima, ngokuvamile iwumsebenzi wamabomu wesimiso ohloselwe ukwakha ukuvumelana okubanzi futhi uvimbele umthetho obhalwe ngokuxhamazela.

Ukudweba Nokuthola Isiqalo

Noma yiliphi ilungu leNdlu yabameleli noma iSishaya-mthetho lingase limise isikhwama esingokomthetho. Ngaphambi kokuba kuqalwe, umqondo wecala ungavela emithonjeni ehlukahlukene: ummeli, iqembu elinxusayo, i-arhente kahulumeni, noma ilungu i-’ inqubo yokudweba inqubo. Inqubo yangempela yokudweba inqubo eyinkimbinkimbi engokomthetho, ngokuvamile inxuswa iHhovisi leNdlhovisi le-Legislative Liyaluya noma iHhovisi le-Gagetry ye-Legislative Depart ukuze kuqinisekiswe ulimi nomthetho-mfame. I-HR, noma ikomiti enyatheliswe. (1).

Ilungu Lekomiti: Ukuphawula Nombiko

Isigaba sekomiti sibhekwa kabanzi njengengxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yenqubo yomthetho. AmaKomiti alapho kuphakanyiswa khona okukhulu kokubekwa komthetho. Ikomiti ngayinye isebenza endaweni ethile ekhethekile, njengokulima, ukuhlangana kwezizwe, noma izimali. Uma isikweleti sibhekiswa ekomitini, isihlalo somthetho sibhekisela eqenjini elisezansi ukuze kuhlolwe izindlebe zokuqala. Ikomiti engaphansi imema ochwepheshe, izikhulu zikahulumeni, nabagcini bamabhange ukuba bafakaze ngemithetho yemali. Lokhu kungumbono womphakathi wenqubo yomthetho, ukuvumela ukufakwa nokuhlola kokwaziswa kokuqala.

Ngemva kokuzwa, ikomiti encane "iphawula" ikhipha umthetho, ingena ngomugqa wayo ukuze inikeze izikhawu, ukushaya amagalelo, noma ukunezela ulimi olusha. Lesi simiso sokuphawula silapho ukuhweba kwezombangazwe kususwa khona nokuyekethisa kungenziwa khona. Uma ikomiti encane ivumela umthetho, ibuyela ekomitini egcwele, engase ibe nesimiso sayo siqu sokubhalisa. Uma ikomiti egcwele ivumela umthetho, iba "ikhangisiwe" endlu egcwele noma eNkabeni kanye nombiko wekomiti. Lombiko uyincwadi enamandla echaza umthetho i-̱ injongo yayo, ithonyayo emthethweni okhona, kanye nokucabanga ngemuva kwekomiti i-&817; izinqumo. Ingundawo yeminyango, futhi ichaza umthetho wesikhathi esizayo.

Ukuhlelwa Kwezinhlansi Nokuphikisana

Lapho isikweleti sesikhishiwe ekomitini, kumelwe sihlelwe ukuba kube nenkulumo - mpikiswano yaphansi kanye nevoti.

Endlini yabameleli, iKomiti yeMiyalo enamandla inendima eyinhloko. I-Migal Studies ikhipha i-"rule" yezincwadi ezinkulu ezihlela izici ezidingida impikiswano: ukuthi singakanani isikhathi esizovunyelwa ukuba kuxoxiwe, (uma ikhona) izivumelwano ezinganikezwa, nohlelo lapho zicatshangelwa khona. "Umthetho ovaliweyo" uvimbela zonke izinguquko, kuyilapho i-"stripment for reformationsmentations. Lokhu kulawula okuqinile kuvumela iqembu elikhulu ukuba likwazi ukulawula uhlelo lwe-Roclationstion ngokuphumelelayo. Indlu egcwele khona ihlangana njengeKomiti ye-Oletwork ukuba ihlolwe futhi ivote kuvinywe ngomthetho nakunoma yiziphi izigwebo ezibekelweyo.

ISigele sisebenza ngokuvumelana kakhulu futhi sineziphazamiso ezimbalwa kakhulu. Isiko lesigele lincike kakhulu ezivumelwaneni ezivumelanayo ukuze limise izilinganiso zempikiswano. Noma isiphi isigele singamelana nesicelo semvume efanayo, sivimbele ngokuphumelelayo imvume yokuhamba. Lokhu kuvula umnyango we filibuster[, icebo lapho i-senator (noma iqembu lama-senator) likhuluma njalo ukulibala noma ukuvimbela ivoti yemali. Indlela yokuqeda i-palbuster ingenze ngenqubo ebizwa ngokuthi [[FLT:] [FLT] [FLT] [FLT]] [FLT]], edinga ukuvota okukhulu kwabanama kwe-60. Lokhu kuveza ukukhokhiswa kwemithetho ephakeme kakhulu edinga ukuvota kakhulu kweqembu elikhulu, okudingeka kakhulu, okungumthetho okungukuvota okungu-oti.

Ukulungisa Ukungezwani

Imali ayidluli neze kokubili iNdlu neSigele ngendlela efanayo. Ngokuvamile, igumbi ngalinye lidlula inguquko yalo. Ngaphambi kokuba imvume ithunyelwe kuMongameli, lokhu kungafani kumelwe kuhlanganiswe. Indlela evame kakhulu yikomiti ehlangeneyo, ikomiti yesikhashana ebumbeneyo [, i-offreances projecters], i-offrectory eyakhiwe amalungu amadala (amalungu aphezulu) asuka kuwo womabili amagumbi (amalungu) asebenza kule mvume. Le komiti yokuqala isebenza ekuqaleni. Laba bakhankampane baxoxa ngenguquko, eyaziwa njengombiko wengqungquthela. Umbiko ngeke uvunyelwe ukumiswa futhi uvume kuwo womabili amagumbi okuvota. Uma ihluleka ukuphuma, noma inqubo yomthetho emisha. Eminyakeni yamuva, inqubo yokusetshenziswa kwengqungqungquthelana yenkane, ngezinye izikhathi ngokusebenzisa inqubo ye-'injini yendlu futhi i-emuva.

Isenzo Sobumongameli

Isinyathelo sokugcina ukuthumela incwadi ebhaliwe kuMongameli wase-United States. UMongameli unezindlela eziningana zokukhetha. Okokuqala, uMongameli angasayina incwadi, lapho iphenduka umthetho womphakathi futhi inikezwa khona inombolo yomthetho (umz., uMthetho womphakathi 118-50). Okwesibili, uMongameli angayibuyisela kumthetho, ayibuyisela eSivumelwaneni nge-memorandum ichaza izimpikiswano. Uma uMongameli engenzi lutho ngesenzo sokuziphikisa. I-aveto ingaba yivoti eyinani elikhulu kuzo zombili izindlu ne-3 kuleyo mithetho, ibhanothi ephakeme engayifinyelelwanga kakhulu. Okwesithathu, uma uMongameli engenzi senzo sezinsuku eziyishumi ngesikhathi uMkhandlu iseqedi womthetho, umthetho usuke uthathe umthetho ngaphandle kwesigqephuzo. Okokugcina, uma umongameli we-Allsbourcen, kungena kulezo izinsuku eziyishumi ze-"bethrock"

Iso Eliqaphile: Ukugadwa Yizindlwana

Nakuba inqubo yokushaya umthetho ivame ukubonakala, umsebenzi wokwengamela weSishaya-mthetho unamandla ngokufanayo, nakuba ngokuvamile umphakathi ungawuqondi kahle. Ukuqondisa kuyinqubo ebucayi lapho uMkhandlu uhlola indlela igatsha eliphethe elisebenzisa ngayo imithetho, iphethe izinhlelo, futhi usebenzise imali yokukhokha intela. Ithuluzi eliyinhloko lokuqinisekisa ukulandisa, ukuphumelela, nokuba ngokomthetho emikhankasweni kahulumeni. Ngaphandle kokuqondisa okuqinile, imithetho imane nje ingamagama ephepheni, futhi igatsha eliphethe lingasebenza ngaphandle kokujeziswa.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Nemfundiso

Amandla obubonisi awanikezwanga ngokuqondile eqenjini elilodwa loMthetho-sisekelo, kodwa kungumqondo oyisisekelo wokuhlukanisa amagunya. IFederalist Papers[, ikakhulukazi uFederalist No. 51, waphikisa ukuthi isifiso sokuvelela kumelwe sibekwe ekulweni nesifiso sokuvelela. Ngokunikeza iKhomishane amandla okuhlola, ukubiza ofakazi, nokufuna izincwadi, abasunguli badala isimiso lapho igatsha lemithetho lingahlola amandla esikhulu. Woodwa Wilson, libhala njengososayensi wezombangazwe phambi kokuba uMongameli, ngokudumile, "Impathiso yokumemezela umsebenzi weBhungazelo kumelwe ikhethelwe ngisho nomsebenzi walo wokukhanyisa izimpawu zomthetho, ukwenza umsebenzi obalulekile." Waveza ukuthi ngokuveza ukukhanyisa ukukhanya kwezenzo zikahulumeni, uKhondlalo lwemfundo.

Ithuluzi Lokuqondisa

UKhongolo-khampani lusungule iqoqo eliyinkimbinkimbi lamathuluzi okuqondisa. La mathuluzi asukela ekuqulweni kwezindaba zomphakathi kuya ekuxoxiseni ngemuva kwezingxoxo ze-ascene kanye nokuhlelwa kwendlela yokusebenzisa imali.

Izindaba Nebufakazi Bekomiti

Uhlobo olubonakala kakhulu lobubonisi yikomiti equlwayo. Amakomiti azimele namakomiti akhethekile ahlolayo ahlala ebuza izikhulu zegatsha eziphethe igatsha, ochwepheshe, nabacuphi bekhwelo. Lokhu kuququzelelwa kufeza izinjongo eziningi: kuqoqa ukwaziswa komthetho wesikhathi esizayo, kudalula ukungcola noma ukuxhaphaza, futhi kwazise umphakathi. Amandla okuphoqelela ubufakazi abalulekile. Nakuba amakomiti ngokuvamile ecela ofakazi ngokuzithandela, angakhipha ipoena ukuphoqa umuntu ukuba avele futhi afakazele ngaphansi kwesifungo. Ukwenqaba i-seathopiyamu kungaholela ekudeleni ubufakazi obungameleni umthetho womthetho, obungaphumela ekukhipheni izijeziso zobugebengu.

Ukuphenya Nokukhetha Amakomiti

Ngezimo eziyinkimbinkimbi noma eziphakeme, uMkhandlu ungamisa ikomiti ekhethekile ukuze iqhube uphenyo olungokomthetho. Lamakomiti anikezwa amandla abanzi angaphansi kwe-poena nemithombo ebalulekile ukuba aqashe izisebenzi nokuziphatha ngokubuza. Kungokomlando, ukukhetha amakomiti kuye kwasetshenziswa ekudaluleni amaphutha amakhulu. [FLT:] [FLT] [Sante Watergate Committee[ iyisibonelo esivelele sokukhetha ikomiti okuphenyelwa kwayo okuholele ekuphenyeni umongameli. Muva nje, khetha amakomiti aphenyele inhlekelele yezezimali ka-2008, ukusabela ezinhlekeleleni ezingokwemvelo, nokuhlasela kwe-6 kwe-Capitol.

Amandla Okuthenga

Mhlawumbe ithuluzi lokwengamela elinamandla kunawo wonke amaKhongolo asemkhandlwini yigunya lesikhwama . Ayikho imali engasetshenziswa kuTreasury ngaphandle kokubekwa imingcele yeSishaya-mthetho. Lokhu kunikeza inqubo eqondile phezu kwenhlangano kahulumeni nesimiso. Inqubo yokushaya izimali, lapho iSishaya-Mnyango simisa amazinga emali angokonyaka, ukuqeqeshwa okukhulu. Amakomiti ahlola izimali, afuna imibandela yokusebenzisa imali, futhi angabeka imingcele noma imibandela yendlela esetshenziswa ngayo. Ikomiti ingasongela ukunqanda ukuxhaswa kwesimiso esilawulwa kabi noma ukusebenza ngaphandle kwenjongo yaso.

Ukuqinisekiswa Nokunqunyelwa (Isicelo Nemvume)

UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza iSigele amandla okunikeza "imvume nemvume" ekumiseni umongameli nasezivumelwaneni. Lena ithuluzi lokuqondisa elibheke phambili. Ngokwesibonelo, iKomiti yesigele yoMkhandlu iqhuba ukuqulwa okunzima kwamacala okwahlulela, kuhlanganise namajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme. Amanye amakomiti eSishaya-mthetho aphenya izikhundla ze-kapitali, izinhlangano ezizimele, nemikhumbi yezithunywa. Le nqubo ivumela iSigele ukuba ihlole izimfanelo, isizinda, kanye nemibono yabantu abazobusa uhulumeni.

Izinja Ezizimele: I - GAO Ne - Inspectors General

UKhomishane usungule izinhlangano zayo ezizimele ukuze zisize ngokuqondisa. Ihhovisi likahulumeni elinobukhonzi elinomthetho (GAO) livame ukubizwa ngokuthi "umthetho olawulayo" izinhlelo zikahulumeni, ihlola izimpikiswano zomsebenzi ongekho emthethweni, futhi imibiko yemisebenzi kahulumeni ephumelelayo nempumelelo. Inikeza iKhomishane enenjongo, engathathiwe yi-partistantisting. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlangano ezinkulu zikahulumeni zine-'inkambiso yangaphakathi General Insstion (IG) [FLT] ohlola ukukhwaba, ukukhwabanisa, nokuxhaphaza phakathi kwenhlangano. IGS umbiko wazo zombili ezikhona, ukuhlola i-All Congresssion, i-Alls Cong, kunye nokwerrence, i-Allssion, i-onglection.

Izinselele Zanamuhla Nokulinganisela Kwamandla Okushintshashintshayo

Isimiso sokwenza umthetho we-conomilia nokwengamela asiwona umshini osebenza ngokulandelana. Sisebenza phakathi kwamaqiniso anamuhla ezombangazwe, aletha izinselele ezinkulu ekusebenzeni kwawo. Ukulinganisela phakathi kwamagatsha emithetho nezikhulu kuyahlolwa futhi kuphinde kuphinde kuhlanzwe.

Iqembu Elihlukile Nemithetho Eqinile

Ukwanda kokuhlaliswa kwezombangazwe kuye kwaba nethonya elikhulu kuzo zombili izigaba ze-equation. I-grative gradity lock iye yaqheleka kakhulu, ngokulandelana "ukuhleleka kwesiko" lokunyakazisa izikweletu ngamakomiti nengxoxo yaphansi ngokuvamile edlula ngezobuholi. Ukusetshenziswa njalo kwe-Renebuster eSigodlweni seNgqungquthela kuye kwaphakamisa umnyango wokudlulisa cishe umthetho obalulekile kumavoti angu-60, okwenza kube nzima ngeqembu elikhulu ukumisa izinqumo zalo. Le-gropta ingaholela ekubekeni izivumelwano zezenkolo ezimpikiswaneni eziphoqelela ukusekela izinqumo eziqhubekayo ukuze kusekelwe izivumelwano eziqhubekayo zokuxhasa uhulumeni noma ukuhluleka ukunikeza izinselele ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho zesikhathi eside.

Ukwengamela Enkathini Yokwaziswa

Ubunkimbinkimbi bokubusa kwanamuhla buphakamisa inselele eqondile ekuqondiseni ubukhomanisi. Impikiswano enjengokungaqiniseki kwe-inthanethi, ukusungulwa kwezezimali, ukuhlakanipha kokwenziwa, kanye nesayensi yezinto eziphilayo idinga ubuchwepheshe obujulile obunzima ukuba izisebenzi zenhlangano zibugcine. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubukhulu bukahulumeni bubangela ukuba ukuqondisa okubanzi. Igatsha eliphethe lisho ukuthi [[FLD: 0] liyilungelo lokuhlukanisa [ ukugoxa ulwazi olusemkhankasweni wenhlangano, kuholela ekutheni kuqhubekele izimpi ezingokomthetho phezu kwemingcele yamandla. Umbangono phakathi kukaMongameli i̱ udinga iseluleko esiyimfihlo ne-Hulumeni-&817; idinga ulwazi lokuqondisa ingxabano.

Indima Yesakhamuzi Ekwakhiweni Nokuhlolwa Kwemithetho

Ukwaziswa nokugadwa kwezakhamuzi kuwukuhlolwa kokugcina kunoma yimuphi uhulumeni. Conreg.gov kanye namanye amathuluzi emishini akwenze kwaba lula kakhulu ukuba izakhamuzi zilandele umthetho, zifunde umbhalo wezindleko, futhi ziqonde indlela abameleli bazo abavota ngayo. Ukuxhumana nezikhulu ezikhethiwe, ukuhlanganyela emihlanganweni yasehholo lasedolobheni, nokusekela imithetho ethile kuqondisa inqubo yokulungisa umthetho. Ngokufanayo, ukunakekela komphakathi ekulaleleni izindaba ezikhuthazwa yiwo wonke amazinyo ehholo. Uma izakhamuzi zinikeza ukunakekela okuphakeme, izigxazulu zingaphezulu kuyo yomiyalo yomayalo noMongameli. Isimiso sokubusa esinempilo sisekela izakhamuzi ezifuna ukulandisa nokuqonda indima ephakathi, abamele ukuphatha izikhulu.

Ukuthatha Isimiso Esihlala Njalo Sokubusa

Ukwenza nokuhlola imithetho akuyona imisebenzi ehlukene kodwa imikhawulo emibili yemithetho eqhubekayo, esebenzayo. ISishaya-Mkhandlu sikha uhlelo olungokomthetho lwesenzo bese sithatha emuva ukuze sihlole imiphumela, sibambe ukuzwa, sihlole ama-akhawunti, futhi sihlole izinkinga. Okutholwa emikhankasweni yobubonisi ngokuvamile kuholela ekulungiseni amaphutha amaphutha emithethweni ekhona noma ukusingatha izindaba ezisanda kutholwa. Le mpendulo iyinjini yokuzilungisa komthetho esimisweni saseMelika sikahulumeni. Iwumsindo, ingxabano, futhi ivame ukukhungathekisa, kodwa inqubo edingekile enkulu. Ukuqonda le mithetho ehlukene kunika izakhamuzi amandla okuhlola kangcono izenzo zabameleli babo, impilo emisha, nokulingana namandla ahlala njalo achaza i-United States.