Amandla Angokomthetho Kahulumeni Wakini Noma Wesifunda

Ukuqonda imibuso engokomthetho yedolobha lakho noma uhulumeni wesifunda kubalulekile kumnini-khaya, umnini-bhizinisi, nomphakathi. Ohulumeni bendawo banendima ebalulekile ekulolongeni ukuphila kwansuku zonke, kusukela ekulondolozeni imigwaqo namapaki kuya ekuqasheleni izinhlelo zokwakha nasekunikezeni izinkonzo eziphuthumayo. La mibuso ayilinganiselwe, kodwa ichazwa futhi ilawulwa ngokucophelela ngemithetho eyinkimbinkimbi kahulumeni, imithetho, nezimiso zomthetho ezihluka kakhulu eUnited States.

Lo mqondisi obanzi uhlola igunya elingokomthetho likamasipala nohulumeni besifundazwe, uhlola indlela lemibuso enikezwa ngayo, lokho ehlanganisa khona, nokuthi imingcele yayo ikuphi. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uyisakhamuzi esikhathazekile esifuna ukuqonda ukwenza izinqumo zendawo noma iziqondiso zikamasipala ongochwepheshe, lesi sihloko sinikeza ulwazi olubalulekile oludingayo ngegunya likahulumeni wendawo.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Segunya Likahulumeni Wendawo

UMthetho-sisekelo we-United States awubakhulumi ohulumeni bendawo. Kunalokho, iSichibiyelo seshumi sigcina imibuso enikeza igunya. Lesi simiso esiyisisekelo sisho ukuthi yonke imibuso kahulumeni ekugcineni ithola ohulumeni bakahulumeni bendawo, abanegunya lomthetho-sisekelo lokwakha, ukulungisa, noma ngisho nokuncibilikisa izinhlangano zikahulumeni bendawo.

Amandla anikezwa uhulumeni kahulumeni akagcinelwa imibuso nabantu, abahlukaniswa phakathi kohulumeni bendawo nohulumeni bendawo. Lokhu kwakha isakhiwo sesifundazwe lapho ohulumeni bombuso bekhonza khona njengomlamuleli phakathi kwegunya likahulumeni negunya lendawo, ukunquma ukuthi yimaphi amadolobha, izikhundla, kanye namanye amaqembu endawo angasebenzisa.

Nakuba uhulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni nohulumeni bezwe behlanganyela amandla ngezindlela eziningi, uhulumeni wendawo kumelwe anikwe amandla umbuso. Lobubuhlobo buhluke kakhulu kumandla kahulumeni wesifundazwe, lapho amazwe alondoloza khona ubukhosi obuzuzwe ngefa. Ngokungafani, ohulumeni bendawo bayizidalwa zombuso ezingenawo amandla azuzwe ngefa angaphezulu kwalawo magunya acacile noma anikezwa ngokuphelele.

Lendima nemithwalo yemfanelo isuka kumthetho-sisekelo wezwe, imithetho kahulumeni, imithetho yendawo, (kwezezindawo zamadolobha/izindawo) zomthetho-mthetho wasekhaya. Imibuso ekhethekile ekhona kunoma yimuphi uhulumeni wendawo ixhomeke kunoma yiluphi uhlobo lukahulumeni wendawo oluwumbuso osebenza kuwo, ukuthi iluhlobo luni lukahulumeni wendawo, nokuthi iye yamukela izakhiwo ezikhethekile zokubusa njengemithetho yasekhaya.

Ukubusa kuka-Dillon: I-Frame Serverse yegunya lendawo

Imfundiso engokomthetho eyaziwa ngokuthi iDillon’s Guide ilolonge kakhulu igunya likahulumeni lendawo kulo lonke elase-United States. Umqondo we-Dillon’s Lavement usuka esinqumweni senkantolo ngo-1872. Umahluleli uJohn Dillon we-Iowa Supreme Court wanquma ukuthi izibalo (nabanye ohulumeni bendawo) zinemibuso kuphela enikezwa ngokuqondile yizwe ngesishaya-mthetho noma umthetho-mthetho-mthetho kazwe.

Ezingamashumi amane ezizwe ezingamashumi amahlanu asebenzisa uhlobo oluthile lwesimiso esaziwa ngokuthi iDillon’s Rule, ethi ohulumeni bendawo bangasebenzisa amandla anikezwa ngokuqondile nguhulumeni, ukunquma imingcele yegunya elingokomthetho likahulumeni kamasipala. Lokhu kwenza u-Dillon's afinyelele kakhulu egunyeni likahulumeni lendawo lonke izwe, nakuba ukusebenza kwalo kuhluka kakhulu kusuka kuhulumeni ukuya kuhulumeni.

Lemfundiso engokomthetho, ebizwa ngokuthi iDillon’s Guille, yasungulwa nguMahluleli uJohn Forrest Dillon ngo-1872 futhi yasekelwa yiNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. eHunter v. Pittsburgh, 207 U.S.1 (1907), eyasekela amandla ePennsylvania okuqinisa idolobha lase-Alglev edolobheni lasePittsburgh, naphezu kwezifiso zezakhamuzi eziningi zase-Alphanberg. LeNkantolo Ephakeme yagcizelela isimiso sokuthi ohulumeni bendawo bakhona ngenjabulo yohulumeni bezwe.

Izizathu Ezingokoqobo Zokubusa Kwe-dillon

Ngaphansi koBusa bukaDillon, ohulumeni bendawo babhekene nezithiyo ezinkulu egunyeni labo. Izibalo zomthetho kaDillon kumele zithole ukuvunyelwa kwezwe nganoma yiluphi ushintsho esakhiweni sikahulumeni, umsebenzi noma inhlangano ehleliwe. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngisho nokulungisa okubonakala kuncane endleleni uhulumeni wendawo osebenza ngayo kungadinga isenzo esimiswe isishaya-mthetho.

Lomthetho futhi uthi noma yikuphi ukungabaza okunengqondo kwenkantolo ngokuthi ingabe igunya linikezwe kuyobuswa kuhulumeni wendawo. Lokhu kwakha incazelo evimbelayo lapho ohulumeni bendawo bengenakuthatha khona igunya labo ngaphandle kokuba liye lanikezwa ngokusobala nangokucacile nguhulumeni.

Kulezi zindawo, ezaziwa ngokuthi iDillon’s Rule, igunya elilinganiselwe kuphela elinikwe ohulumeni bendawo ngokudluliswa kwemithetho kumthetho wombuso. Izikhulu zendawo eziphethe i-Dillon’s Rule zikhulu kumele zicwaninge ngokucophelela imithetho kahulumeni ukuze zinqume ukuthi zinegunya yini lokuthatha izenzo ezithile, futhi zingadinga ukufuna ukuvunyelwa kwemithetho ngenxa yezinyathelo ezizosetshenziswa ezizosetshenziswa ezibusweni zasekhaya.

Eqinisweni, ohulumeni bombuso bangabeka noma imiphi imingcele abayikhethayo komasipala babo (kuhlanganise nokuhlanganisa omasipala abahlanganisayo, ukubalawula ngokuqondile, noma ukuyiqeda ngokuqondile), uma nje imithetho enjalo ingawuphuli umthetho-mthetho kahulumeni. Lokhu kunikeza izishaya-mthetho zezwe amandla amakhulu kakhulu ezindabeni zendawo, nakuba imibuso eminingi isebenzisa leligunya ngesilinganiso esithile sokuzibamba ukuze ivumele ukubusa okuphumelelayo kwendawo.

Ukubusa Kwasekhaya: Ukwandisa Uhulumeni Wendawo

Ukubusa kwasekhaya kuyizithuthi zamandla kusukela esifundazweni kuya emaqenjini angaphansi ohulumeni (kuhlanganise izibalo, omasipala, amadolobhana noma amadolobhana). Lowombuso ulinganiselwe emasimini athile, futhi ungaphansi kwencazelo yokwahlulela eqhubekayo, kodwa ukubusa kwasekhaya kudala ukuzibusa kwendawo futhi kulinganisela izinga lokuphazamisa kwezwe ezindabeni zendawo.

Kwezinye izizwe, ezaziwa ngokuthi umthetho wasekhaya, umthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni unikeza omasipala no-/okanye ukubala ikhono lokudlulisa izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zemithetho ukuze bazilawule (uma nje imithetho ingangqubuzani nombuso nombuso). Lokhu kusho ukushintshwa okuyisisekelo kwendlela yomthetho ka-Dillon evimbelayo, unika ohulumeni bendawo ukuqonda okukhulu kakhulu ekuxoxeni ngezinkinga zendawo.

Nokho, amadolobha abhalwe phansi, amadolobha omthetho-mthetho, kanye nezindawo zomthetho-mthetho zinamandla amakhulu abizwa ngokuthi "ukubusa kwekhaya" avumela ukuba basebenzise igunya elinganikezwanga ngokuqondile ngumbuso, uma nje kunganqatshelwe ngokuqondile. Lokhu kuguqula umbono woMthetho kaDillon − ukukwazi ukwenza okuvunyelwayo kuphela, ukubusa kwasekhaya kungenza noma yini enganqatshelwe ngokuqondile.

Ukuqonda Amaphepha Okubulala Asekhaya

Umthetho-mthetho wasekhaya uyincwadi engokomthetho esetshenziswa ohulumeni bendawo ukuchaza inhlangano yabo, imibuso, imisebenzi, nezinqubo. Umasipala wasekhaya uyidolobha noma idolobha elisebenza ngaphansi komthetho-mthetho onjalo. Ngokuyinhloko la maphepha-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho asebenza njengemithetho-sisekelo yendawo, amise uhlelo lwendlela uhulumeni wendawo oyosebenza ngayo.

Umthetho-mthetho kamasipala usebenza njengomthetho-mthetho wezwe, uchaza isakhiwo sedolobha noma imibuso, nemisebenzi kahulumeni wedolobha. Lomthetho-sisekelo ungachaza uhlobo lukahulumeni (njengomphathi-maya noma umphathi-mkhandlu), ubukhulu nokwakheka kwendikimba yemithetho, amandla ezikhulu ezihlukahlukene, kanye nezinqubo zokhetho nezokuthatha izivumelwano zezakhamuzi.

Umthetho-sisekelo wasekhaya uvumela ohulumeni bendawo ukuba basebenzise wonke amagunya angaphiwe ngokuqondile umthetho wezwe noma umthetho-sisekelo. Lokhu kunikezwa kwegunya kwasekhaya kwenza imiphakathi ebusayo ikwazi ukusabela ngokwengeziwe ezidingweni zendawo futhi ikwazi ukuxazulula izinselele zomphakathi ngaphandle kokulinda ukuthatha isinyathelo somthetho kahulumeni.

Kunokubheka ezimisweni ze-odolobheni ukuze kunqunywe ukuthi yini engayenza, amadolobheni e-Home Rule abheka eTchart yawo yendawo ukuze anqume ukuthi yini angayenza. Ngakho, idolobha loMthetho we-Hume lingase lithathe noma isiphi isenzo esinganqatshelwe nguMthetho-sisekelo weTexas noma imithetho uma nje igunya linikezwa eChart of the Dor. Lokhu kwenza ukuba kuvumelane kakhulu kunokusondela komthetho kaDillon.

Izingxenye Zegunya Lokubusa Kwasekhaya

Phakathi kwezindawo, kunezigaba ezine lapho umbuso ungase uvumele khona igunya elingokomthetho: Isakhiwo - mandla okukhetha uhlobo lukahulumeni, umthetho - sisekelo nokulungisa isimiso somthetho - sisekelo, i - Literal – amandla okusebenzisa uhulumeni wendawo ngendlela ebanzi noma elinganiselwe, iFiscal – igunya lokunquma imithombo yemali, ukubeka izilinganiso zentela, ukuboleka imali neminye imisebenzi ehlobene nezimali, izisebenzi - mandla okumisa imithetho yemisebenzi, amazinga okuthola umsebenzi, izimo zemisebenzi nokulinganisela kweqembu.

Lezindawo ezine zokubusa kwezindawo ezine zivumela ohulumeni bendawo ukuba balawule izilinganiso ezihlukene zenkululeko kuye ngalokho umthetho-sisekelo wezwe ovumela ukuba kwenziwe. Izindawo zokwakha: Izakhiwo zokwakha zingaguqula uhlobo lukahulumeni, zinikeze izikhawu ezivumelanisayo ukuze zikhethe ubukhulu bebhodi lemithetho yazo, zikhethe umphathi wesifundazwe no-/okanye izikhulu ezimisiwe noma izikhulu ezikhethiweyo. Izindawo ezisebenzayo: I-Colarium zomassium zinganikeza izinkonzo ezingakhethi – lezo ezingagunyazilwanga uhulumeni – ngaphandle kokufuna imvume kuhulumeni. I-Fiscal: I-qualies zingalungisa inzuzo yemali yezindawo nezindleko, ngokuvamile ngokuhlela izikhulu zentela, ukumisa izibopho, ukumisa izibopho zenkonzo nezikweletu.

Imibuso nemingcele yegunya lokubusa kwasekhaya kohulumeni bendawo ichazwa ngokwesifundazwe. Amalungiselelo oMbuso wokubusa kwekhaya angachazwa ngomthetho-sisekelo wombuso ngamunye nangemithetho yesifundazwe ngasinye nemithetho emiswe isishaya-mthetho sayo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi lokho okuhlanganisa "ukubusa kwekhaya" kuyahlukahluka kakhulu ezweni, amanye amazwe anika ukuzibusa okubanzi kanye namanye anikeza amandla alinganiselwe kuphela ngaphezu komthetho kaDillon.

Ukwanda Kokubusa Kwasekhaya Ngaphesheya Kwamazwe

INational League of Cities iphawula amazwe angu-31 eDillon’s Umthetho wasekhaya, angu-8 asho ukuthi asebenzise umthetho kaDillon kuphela komasipala abathile, kanye nezwe elilodwa (Florida) elisebenza ukubusa kwasekhaya kuyo yonke into ngaphandle kwentela. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi imibuso eminingi isathembele ngokuyinhloko eMthethweni kaDillon, nakuba eminingi iye yadala izimiso ezihlukile noma eziyingxubevange.

I-National Association of Counties ithi ku-14 zonke izinombolo (noma izifunda) ezisebenza ngaphansi koMthetho ka-Dillon, kuyilapho izifunda eziyi-13 zivumela zonke izigaba ukuba zibuse ekhaya futhi izifunda zika-21 zinezinxube zokubusa kwasekhaya noMthetho ka-Dillon. Ama-Orini ngokuvamile anemilungiselelo yokubusa yasekhaya ehlukene kunononomasipala, ebonisa indima yazo zombili njengemisebenzi yohulumeni bendawo kanye nemiphakathi yokuphatha umbuso.

Izimfundiso ezimbili eziyisisekelo ngegunya lesifundazwe, iDillon’s Rule and Home Rule, zivame ukuhlala phakathi kwesimo esisodwa. Izifunda eziningi zivumela izinhlobo ezithile noma ubukhulu bohulumeni bendawo ukuba bathathe ukubusa kwasekhaya kuyilapho zifuna abanye ukuba basebenze ngaphansi koMthetho kaDillon, badala umsebenzi ombaxambili wegunya likahulumeni wendawo ngisho naphakathi kombuso owodwa.

Amandla Ohulumeni Bendawo

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uhulumeni wendawo usebenza ngaphansi kombuso kaDillon's Builton noma ekhaya, amagunya athile ayisisekelo anikezwa ukunikeza imisebenzi kahulumeni eyisisekelo. Ukuqonda lamandla ayisisekelo kusiza ekucaciseni lokho ohulumeni bendawo abangakwazi nokungakwazi ukukwenza.

Amandla Angokomthetho Nalawulayo

Njengohulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni, ohulumeni bezifunda banemibuso ephethe, yemithetho nokwahlulela. Lemibuso isetshenziswa kuphela phakathi komthetho-mthetho wombuso nomthetho-mthetho kahulumeni. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kwemibuso ezingeni lendawo kubonisa isimo sikahulumeni wombuso nowombuso, nakuba imibuso ekhethekile ibekwa ngokwezikhundla zemibuso ihlukahluka.

Isakhiwo sohulumeni bendawo sinqunywa imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni wabo nemithetho ebekwe uhulumeni. Ohulumeni bendawo balawulwa yimibuso yabo ehlukene futhi abakwazi ukudlulisela imithetho ephikisana nemithetho kahulumeni. Lokhu kulinganisela okuyisisekelo kusebenza kubo bonke ohulumeni bendawo, kuhlanganise nalabo abanegunya lokubusa ekhaya.

Iziqu zomkhandlu namakhomishane bagunyaziwe futhi kuyadingeka ukuba benze umthetho. Imikhandlu nemishini yenza umthetho ngokukhipha umthetho phakathi nemihlangano yomphakathi e-Open PMA Act (OPMA), isahluko 42.30 RCW. Umsebenzi womthetho wohulumeni bendawo uhilela ukwamukela imithetho, izinqumo, nezinye izinyathelo ezimisa umthetho wendawo nesimiso phakathi kwegunya labo.

Ama-Mayator, abaphathi besifunda, abaphathi bedolobha, nezisebenzi abenzi izinqumo zezimiso, nakuba benethonya elinamandla enqubweni yokwenza inqubo kanye nezinqumo zayo ezilandelayo. Ngokwesibonelo, bahlongoza ukuhlelwa kwemali, banikeze ukwaziswa nokusekela okuhlobene nezimiso ezihlongozwayo, futhi benze izimemezelo zokutusa emikhandlwini kanye nokuthola ukuvuma nokusikisela kwale mikhandlu yemithetho. Igatsha eliphethe inqubo lisebenzisa imithetho ethathwa yindikimba yezemithetho futhi lilawule imisebenzi yansuku zonke.

Izinkonzo Zikahulumeni Nokulondeka Komphakathi

Izikhulu zikahulumeni zivame ukuthwala umthwalo wokunakekela amapaki nezinkonzo zokuzilibazisa, iminyango yezeziko, izinkonzo zezindlu, izinkonzo zezokwelapha eziphuthumayo, izinkantolo zikamasipala, izinkonzo zokuhamba (kuhlanganise nezinto zokuthutha umphakathi), amapayipi, amapayipi emvula, iqhwa elikhithikayo, nokunye). Lezi zinkonzo zimelela imisebenzi eyinhloko izakhamuzi eziningi ezihlangene nohulumeni wendawo.

Ohulumeni bendawo bengamela izinkonzo ezithinta ukuphila kwezakhamuzi ngokuqondile njengamaphoyisa neminyango yomlilo, imigwaqo namapaki. Izinga nokutholakala kwalezi zinkonzo kuthinta kakhulu ukuphila, okwenza umsebenzi kahulumeni wendawo ubonakale kakhulu ezakhamuzini.

AmaMelika amaningi athintana kakhulu nsuku zonke nombuso wawo nohulumeni bendawo kunakuhulumeni kahulumeni. Iminyango yamaphoyisa, imitapo, nezikole — ingasaphathwa amalayisense okushayela namathikithi okupaka izimoto — ngokuvamile iwela ngaphansi kokuphathwa uhulumeni wendawo. Lokhu kubambisana okuvamile kwenza ukuba ukuqonda imibuso kahulumeni wendawo kubaluleke kakhulu ekuphileni kwansuku zonke.

Amandla Alawulayo Namaphoyisa

Ohulumeni bendawo banolwazi olubizwa ngokuthi "amandla amaphoyisa""" igunya lokulawula impilo, ukuphepha, nenhlalakahle yomphakathi. Lo mbuso obanzi uhlanganisa imisebenzi eminingi ethinta izakhamuzi namabhizinisi.

Ingase: yakha futhi iyeke iminyango kahulumeni wayo; hlela amalungu kanye nokwakhiwa kwendikimba yayo yemithetho; futhi ilawule ukuqoqwa nokuqondiswa kwempahla, ukuqoqwa kwentela ye-levy nokuqondiswa kwentela nokuhlolwa kwendawo, nokulungisa, ukuqasha nokuqoqa izintela zezindawo zendawo. Inganikeza futhi isivikelo sendawo yayo ezungezile, inhlalakahle nempahla ephakathi kwemingcele yayo, kanye nokugcinwa kwezindawo zebhizinisi nemisebenzi.

Uhulumeni kamasipala ophethe imibuso yasekhaya unamandla okumisa imithetho nezimiso ezisingatha ngokuqondile izidingo zendawo. Nokho, imithetho nezimiso ezimisiwe azinakuphikisana nemithetho kahulumeni nohulumeni. UZoning umelela enye yemibuso kahulumeni ebaluleke kakhulu nesetshenziswa njalo, ethuthukisa umphakathi kanye nezindlela zokusebenzisa imingcele yendawo.

Ukumiswa kwebhizinisi nokuqondiswa kungomunye umsebenzi obalulekile wokuqondisa. Ohulumeni bendawo bangamisa izimfuneko zezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zamabhizinisi asebenza ngokuvumelana negunya labo, kusukela ezitolo zokudlela nasezitolo ukuya kumakheni kanye nakumaziko enkonzo. Lemithetho isiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuphepha komphakathi, ukuvikela kwabathengi, nokuvumelana nezindinganiso zendawo.

Ukukhokha Intela Namandla Okukhokha Intela

Ohulumeni bancike ekuxhaseni ngemali ngesikhungo sentela esikhulu esihlanganisa imali, ukuthengisa nezintela zezindawo lapho ohulumeni bendawo bethembele kakhulu khona ezintelani zempahla kanye nentela evela ezinkonzweni ezinjengezinkonzo zamanzi nendle.

Ohulumeni bendawo banegunya lokukhokha izintela zempahla ngokwemingcele emiswe umthetho kazwelonke. Izifunda eziningi ziphoqelela izikepisi ezisezingeni lentela yempahla noma zifuna ukuba abavoti bavume ukukhokha intela ekhuphuka ngalé kweminye imigoqo. Abanye ohulumeni bendawo futhi banegunya lokuphoqa izintela zokuthengisa, izintela zemali, izintela zebhizinisi, nentela ehlukahlukene zezinkonzo.

Uhulumeni wendawo olawula imali ekhaya ungaba nethonya elikhulu kakhulu.

Ngisho nemithetho yasekhaya ngokuvamile ibhekene nokulinganiselwa komthetho - sisekelo noma imithetho elawulayo egunyaza ukukhokha intela, okubonisa ukukhathazeka ngentela ephakeme nesidingo sokuba uhulumeni uvumelane ezimisweni ezithile zentela.

Ukulima Nezwe Kusebenzisa Ukuvuselelwa

Phakathi kwemibuso kahulumeni wendawo ebaluleke kakhulu nesetshenziswa njalo yigunya lokulawula ukusetshenziswa kwendawo ngokuhlela nokuhlela.

Izinga Legunya Elizishintshayo

Igunya lokuzimela livumela ohulumeni bendawo ukuba bahlukanise imibuso yabo ibe yizifundakazi ezivunyelwe ngezindlela ezihlukene, njengezindawo zokuhlala, ezentengiselwano, ezezimboni, nezezolimo. Esifundani ngasinye, uhulumeni wendawo angamisa imithetho elawula ukuphakama kokwakha, ubukhulu, izithiyo, izimfuneko zokupaka izimoto, nezinye izindinganiso zentuthuko.

Lamandla ahlanganisa ukuhlela okubanzi, lapho ohulumeni bendawo besungula khona amasu amade okuthuthukisa umphakathi, izakhiwo, nokusetshenziswa kwendawo. Lamacebo aqondisa ukuhlelwa kwezindawo nosizo aqinisekisa ukuhlelwa kwentuthuko efeza imigomo yomphakathi.

Ohulumeni bendawo futhi banegunya lokuhlola nokuvumela izihlongozo zokuthuthukisa ngezinqubo ezinjengokubukeza uhlelo lwebhukwana, ukusebenzisa imvume yemibandela, kanye nokungavumelani. Lezi zinqubo zivumela ukuhlolwa kwemisebenzi yokuthuthukisa ngokulandelana kwezindinganiso zomphakathi nezidingo zomphakathi.

Imithetho Yokwakha Nemvume

Igunya lokwakha lihlobene namandla okwakha nokumisa imithetho yokwakha. Ohulumeni bendawo bangamisa izindinganiso zokwakha, izimiso zikagesi, amapayipi, ukuvikela umlilo nezinye izici zokwakha.

Inqubo yokuvumela inikeza uhulumeni bendawo amandla okulawula ukuthuthuka ngokufuna ukuba abanikazi bempahla bathole imvume ngaphambi kokwakha, ukulungisa, noma ukushintsha ukusetshenziswa kwezakhiwo.

Imithetho yokugcinwa kwemithetho yenza ohulumeni bendawo bakwazi ukusingatha ukuphulwa kwemithetho yendawo, imithetho yokwakha, nezinye izimiso zendawo. Lokhu kungahlanganisa igunya lokuhlola, ikhono lokunikeza imicabango nenhlawulo, futhi kwezinye izimo, amandla okufuna iziyalezo zenkantolo ezidinga ukuthotshelwa noma ukugunyazwa kwezakhiwo ezingalondekile.

Indawo Ezungezile Nokulondolozwa Kwayo Okungokomlando

Izimiso zendawo ezingase zikhulume ngezinkinga ezinjengokulondoloza izihlahla, ukuvikela inhlabathi, ukulawula amanzi aphehlwayo nokukhukuliseka.

Imithetho egciniwe engokomlando ivumela ohulumeni bendawo ukuba banikeze izigodi nezimpawu ezingokomlando, futhi balawule ushintsho ezikhungweni ezingokomlando.

Amanye ama-overside aye athatha futhi izinyathelo zokusekela ukuqina kanye nezenzo zesimo sezulu ngokusebenzisa izwe lawo nokulawula. Lokhu kungahlanganisa izimfuneko zokwakha amandla angasebenzi kahle, ukufakwa kwamandla okuvuselelwa, noma izindinganiso zokwakha eziluhlaza ezidlula izimfuneko zikahulumeni.

Ukulinganiselwa Kwamandla Kahulumeni Wendawo

Nakuba ohulumeni bendawo benegunya elikhulu, amandla abo angaphansi kwemingcele ebalulekile evikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye, eqinisekisa ukuthi abaholi abaphakeme abawabekelwe imingcele futhi alondoloze imingcele efanele lapho uhulumeni uthatha isinyathelo.

Iziyalezo Zomthetho - sisekelo

Ohulumeni bendawo kumelwe basebenze phakathi kwemithetho-sisekelo yombuso nombuso. Abakwazi ukwephula amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo njengenkululeko yokukhuluma, inqubo efanele, isivikelo esifanayo, noma isivikelo ekuphenyeni okungacabangeki nokuquleka. Noma imuphi umthetho wendawo ophula amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo ungaba yisigqebhezana ezinkantolo.

Imithetho kahulumeni ivame ukubeka imingcele eqondile egunyeni likahulumeni lendawo, lokhu kungahlanganisa imingcele yentela, izikweletu, izimfuneko zokulinganisela kwemali, noma imiyalo yezinhlobo ezithile zomthetho. Ohulumeni bendawo kumelwe bawasebenzise ngokucophelela la macebiso angokomthetho ukuze baqinisekise ukuthi izenzo zabo ziyasebenza ngokomthetho.

Umasipala othathe umthetho-mthetho wekhaya angasebenzisa noma yiliphi igunya futhi enze noma yimuphi umsebenzi ongaphikiswanga nguMthetho-sisekelo wasePennsylvania, ngomthetho noma ngomthetho wakhe wokubusa. Zonke izivumelwano zamandla kamasipala komasipala ababuswa umthetho wekhaya ngaphansi kwalesihloko esincane, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngokwendlela ethile yokuhlelwa kwemithetho noma amagama avamile, ziyothathwa ngokuhlonipheka ekusekeleni umasipala. Ngisho nangesakhiwo esikhululekile, imingcele yomthetho-sisekelo ihlala iphelele.

Ukukhululwa Kwezwe

Izishaya - mthetho zikahulumeni zingalibekela idedelela igunya lendawo ngokumisa imithetho ephethe umkhakha othile wemithetho noma ngokuyinqabela ngokuqondile ohulumeni bendawo ukuba bathathe isinyathelo ezicini ezithile. Intengo iye yanda kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva, imibuso ilinganisela igunya lendawo ezindabeni ezisukela eholweni elincane futhi ikhokhelwe ukuyeka ukuphatha izibhamu nezindinganiso zendawo ezungezile.

Eminye imibuso iye yakhuluma ngalendaba ngokumisa imithetho elulaza imithetho yendawo lapho imithetho yendawo nemithetho yendawo ingqubuzana. Lapho umthetho kahulumeni udedela iziphathimandla zendawo, ohulumeni bendawo kumelwe balwele isimiso sombuso ngisho noma bekholelwa ukuthi iziqondiso ezihlukile zingayifeza kangcono imiphakathi yabo.

Nokho, ohulumeni bombuso bangabeka imingcele, badala izimpi ezingokomthetho phezu kwegunya likamasipala. Igunya lokubusa kwasekhaya lingavinjelwa ngemithetho kahulumeni, izishayano zokwahlulela, ngisho nezingxabano zezombangazwe phakathi kwezikhulu zendawo nezwe. Ukungezwani phakathi kokuzikhulula kukahulumeni nokuzibusa kwendawo kuseyinselele eqhubekayo emikhakheni eminingi.

Imingcele Esabekayo

Akukho hulumeni ozosebenzisa noma yiliphi igunya elingaphezu kwemingcele kamasipala ngaphandle kwalelo elimiswe umthetho, futhi akukho bhizinisi likamasipala elizohileleka ngaphandle kwegunya likaSosiba. Igunya likahulumeni wendawo lilinganiselwe emingceleni yendawo yezwe.

Kukhona okuhlukile kulokhu kulinganiselwa kwendawo. Ohulumeni bendawo bangaba nezindawo noma basebenzise izakhiwo ngaphandle kwemingcele yabo uma begunyaziwe ngumthetho kahulumeni. Bangase bangene ezivumelwaneni zohulumeni ukuze banikeze izinkonzo ezisezinhlwini zesifunda noma babhekane nezimpikiswano zendawo.

Abanye ohulumeni bendawo banegunya elingaphezulu ngenxa yezinjongo ezithile, njengokuhlela nokuhlala ezindaweni eziseduze kwemingcele yedolobha ezingase zitholwe esikhathini esizayo. Nokho, lamandla ombuso angaphezulu kumelwe anikezwe ngokuqondile umthetho kahulumeni futhi ngokuvamile alinganiselwe kakhulu kunamandla angaphakathi kwemingcele yezwe.

Ukulinganiselwa Okuqondile Kwesimiso

Ngokuqondene nezihloko ezilandelayo, umthetho wemithetho wasekhaya awusoze wanika noma yiliphi igunya kumasipala eliphambene noma eliwumngcele noma ukunwetshwa kwemithetho enikezwa isigaba noma izigaba zikamasipala: (1) Ukuqoqwa nokuqoqwa kwentela noma amaphutha nokuthengiswa kwempahla yangempela noma yomuntu siqu okwaneliswa yizo. (2) Izinqubo zokusetshenziswa kwamandla ezwe eliphakeme nokubhekwa kwenani nezinzuzo zempahla ethathwe, elimele noma elimele.

Imithetho kahulumeni ivame ukumisa izinqubo ezithile noma ukulinganiselwa okusebenza kubo bonke ohulumeni bendawo, ngisho nalabo abanegunya lasekhaya.

Ukulinganiselwa kwezikweleti kungenye imingcele evamile yomthetho. Izwe libeka imingcele ekutheni ohulumeni bendawo abanezikweletu zingaba namalini alinganayo, ngokuvamile achazwa njengenani lempahla enqunyiweyo. Lemingcele isiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi izindleko zemali zikhona futhi ivikele abakhokhi bentela emithwalweni enzima yezikweletu.

Izinhlobo Ezihlukahlukene Zezakhiwo Zohulumeni Wendawo

Isakhiwo sikahulumeni wendawo sithinta kakhulu indlela esetshenziswa ngayo amandla futhi anegunya lokwenza izinqumo. Ukuqonda lezi zici ezihlukahlukene kusiza ekucaciseni ukusakazwa kwegunya kuhulumeni wendawo.

Izimiso zeMayor-Council

Isakhiwo seMayor-Council sinezimiso ezimbili, "i-Strog Mayor" ne "Weak Mayor". Umehluko phakathi kwalezizinto ezimbili uwukuthi "ezinamandla" esimisweni, umphathi-meya unamandla phezu kwemithetho, umisa izinhloko zeminyango, futhi ulawula uhlelo lwemali. Kuhlelo "lobuthakathaka", umphathi-mameya uyingxenye yendikimba yemikhosi futhi uyingxenye yemikhandlu, ngokuvamile njengesihlalo somphathi-mthetho, futhi unegunya elilinganiselwe.

Ezimisweni zemeya eziqinile, amandla abusayo agxilwe kumphathi-dolobha okhethiwe osebenza ngokufanayo kumbusi noma kumongameli wendawo. Imeya inegunya lokuqasha nezinhloko zezomlilo, ilungise uhlelo lwemali, ne-veto umthetho womkhandlu. Lokhu kudala ukwahlukana okucacile kwemibuso phakathi kwamagatsha aphethe nezomthetho.

Izimiso zemeya ezibuthakathaka zisakaza igunya lokuphatha ngobubanzi ngokwengeziwe, ngokuvamile phakathi komkhandlu noma izikhulu ezihlukahlukene ezikhethiwe.

Izimiso zomphathi woMkhandlu

Lezizakhiwo ezimbili zihlukile esimisweni soMkhandlu-Administra lapho umkhandlu okhethiwe umisa khona umphathi ukuba aphathe imisebenzi ephetheyo ukuze ahlukanise isimiso samandla, njengebhodi lenkampani yabaqondisi ne-CEO enkampanini yomphakathi. Isimo somphathi-mkhandlu siye sathandwa kakhulu, ikakhulukazi emadolobheni aphakathi.

Kulesimiso, umkhandlu okhethiwe umisa isimiso futhi uqasha umphathi wedolobha ongochwepheshe ukuba aphathe ukuphatha kwezinsuku zonke. Umphathi usebenza ngokujabulisayo komkhandlu futhi asebenzise izinqubo ezamukelwa umkhandlu. Lesi sakhiwo siklanyelwe ukuletha abaphathi abangochwepheshe kuhulumeni wendawo kuyilapho ulondoloza ukulandisa kwentando yeningi ngomkhandlu okhethiwe.

Ngaphansi kwe-RCW 35A.13.030, indima yomphathi-maya edolobheni elinohlobo lukahulumeni onomphathi-mkhandlu ingenye yezikhundla zemihlangano yomkhandlu, ngokwenkomba. Ezimisweni zomkhandlu, umphathi wedolobha unegunya elilinganiselwe, futhi ugunya lokuphatha libekwe kumphathi omisiwe.

Izimiso Zokusebenza Nezeshadi

Umehluko oyinhloko phakathi kwesakhiwo seCharter nesimiso seKhomishane ukuthi esimisweni seCharter, uhulumeni unikeza izinombolo zokulawula nokuvumelana nezimo okwengeziwe ekuhleleni ohulumeni babo, kanye nokubonisa umphathi wesifunda, kuyilapho isimiso seCommission sesiko (indlela evame kakhulu) ngokuvamile sincike kunomabhalane ukuze kusingathwe imisebenzi yokuphatha yosuku lonke.

Ngaphansi kwendlela evame kakhulu "yobuzwe" yesakhiwo sikahulumeni, amabhodi esifunda ngokuvamile asebenzisa iziphathimandla eziphethe nezimiso. Lesi sakhiwo esihlangene sokulawula izikhulu eziphethe sivamile kohulumeni besifundazwe, lapho abakhomishane abakhethiwe noma abaphathi bamisa khona isimiso nokwengamela.

Eminye imikhakha iye yamukela izimiso zomthetho-mthetho ezinikeza izikhulu zesifunda ezikhethiwe ezihlukene nebhodi yemithetho, zahlukanisa imibuso efana neyamadolobha aphethe imeya. Lezi zikhungo zomthetho-mthetho ngokuvamile ziba nesizotha ekuhleleni izakhiwo zikahulumeni nokusebenzisa igunya lendawo.

Izifunda Ezikhethekile Neziphathimandla Zesifunda

Ngaphezu kohulumeni bendawo abahlose ukubusa abavamile njengamadolobha nezindawo ezivamile, izindawo eziningi zikhonzwa yizifunda ezikhethekile ezisebenzisa imibuso kahulumeni ngezinjongo ezithile.

Imvelo Nenjongo Yezigodi Ezikhethekile

Izigodi ezikhethekile zinawohulumeni abazibusayo abanezinjongo ezilinganiselwe ngokuvamile ezigxila ekusetshenzisweni okuthile okunjengamanzi nendle, lezi zigodi zingase zibe nezinkonzo ezinjengokutholakala kwamanzi, ukulashwa kwamanzi angcolile, ukuvikelwa komlilo, amapaki nezokuzijabulisa, imitapo yezincwadi, izibhedlela, noma izinto zokuhamba.

Kukhona futhi "izigodi ezikhethekile", eziyizindawo ezinendawo echazayo lapho kunikezwa khona inkonzo ethile, njengetheku noma izigodi zomlilo. Lezifunda azinawo amandla okumisa imithetho, kodwa zinamandla okuhlela imithetho yokulawula evame ukuphatha ithonya lomthetho ezweni elilawulwa ngokuqondile yizifunda ezinjalo.

Izifunda eziningi ezikhethekile, ikakhulukazi lezo ezadalelwa ukulungiselela izinto zokuhamba zomphakathi noma imfundo, zineminyango yazo siqu yamaphoyisa.

Ukubusa Negunya

Izinkundla zezigodi ezikhethekile zisebenza ndawonye ezindima zemithetho nezikhulu ezimiswe emithethweni ezinikeza amandla namagunya akhethekile kulezifunda zomphakathi.

Izifunda ezikhethekile zinegunya lokukhokha izintela noma intela ekhokhwayo endaweni yazo yenkonzo, zifaka izibopho zentuthuko enkulu, zamukela imithetho ehlobene nomsebenzi wazo okhethekile, futhi zingenela izivumelwano zezinkonzo. Nokho, amandla azo alinganiselwe ezinjongweni ezithile adalwa ngazo negunya elinikezwe umthetho wezwe.

Ukwanda kwezifunda ezikhethekile kubonisa isidingo sokunikezwa kwenkonzo ekhethekile kanye nokulinganiselwa kohulumeni bendawo abahloselwe injongo. Izifunda ezikhethekile zingadlula imingcele yemingcele, zigxile ezidingweni ezithile, futhi zinikeze izinkonzo ngokunempumelelo kakhulu kwezinye izimo kunamadolobha noma izikhungo.

Ukubambisana Kukahulumeni Namandla Okubambisana

Ohulumeni bendawo basebenza ngokuqhubekayo ndawonye kanye namanye amazinga kahulumeni ukuze baxazulule izinselele ezidlula imingcele noma ezidinga ingcebo engaphezu kwalokho okunganikezwa imibuso eyodwa.

Izivumelwano Zendawo Ezungezile

Imibuso eminingi igunyaza ohulumeni bendawo ukuba bangene ezivumelwaneni ezingaphakathi noma ezihlangene zikahulumeni ukuze banikeze izinkonzo, bahlanganyele izimali, noma bahlele imisebenzi.

Izibonelo ezivamile zihlanganisa izivumelwano zosizo ezihlanganisa umlilo nezinkonzo eziphuthumayo, ukubambisana kokuthenga izikhungo zokuthumela, ukuhlelwa kwezindawo, nokuthuthukiswa kwezomnotho okubambisanayo.

Umbuso ungase futhi unikeze igunya lokuhlanganisa izinkonzo ngezivumelwano eziphakathi nendawo futhi uvumele ukuqondisa izigodi ezikhethekile. Leligunya lokubambisana nokuqinisa izinkonzo linikeza ohulumeni bendawo ithuba lokuvumelanisa nezidingo nezimo ezishintshayo.

Amadolobha Nezivumelwano Zenkonzo Ezihlangene

Idolobha laseLakewood laqala ukuhlanganisa iLakewood Plan, icebo elithi ngaphansi kwedolobha likhokhele isifundazwe ngenkokhelo yokwenza izinkonzo eziphumelela kakhulu esifundeni sonke. Izivumelwano ezinjalo ziye zasakazeka kakhulu kulo lonke elaseCalifornia, njengoba zenza ohulumeni bedolobha bakwazi ukugxila ezinkathazweni ezithile zendawo. Idolobha elithola izivumelwano eziningi zemisebenzi laziwa njengedolobha lesivumelwano.

Lo mfanekiso uvumela amadolobha amancane ukuba ahlanganise futhi asebenzise ukulawula indawo esetshenziswayo nezinye izindaba zenqubo uma kuhlangabezwana nesifundazwe noma ezinye izinhlangano ukuze zithunyelwe inkonzo. Inikeza enye indlela kuhulumeni kamasipala ogcwele ongabiza imali eningi emiphakathini emincane.

Izivumelwano zenkonzo zingasebenza nangalé kwalokho, lapho amadolobha ehlangana nezinkonzo, noma ohulumeni bendawo behlangana nezinhlangano ezizimele ukuze benze imisebenzi ethile.

Imibuso Nobuhlobo Bobunye

Ohulumeni bendawo basebenzelana kakhulu nohulumeni bombuso nohulumeni ngokunikeza izinhlelo, ukuthobela imithetho nokubambisana.

Ukuhlelwa kwezinto zokuhamba, ukuhlelwa kwendawo ezungezile, izinhlelo zezindlu, nokulawula isimo esiphuthumayo kuyizibonelo zezindawo lapho ohulumeni bendawo, uhulumeni, nohulumeni besebenza khona ndawonye, ngesilinganiso ngasinye benikela imithombo negunya. Lokhu kubambisana kungathuthukisa amandla endawo kodwa futhi kubangele izingxabano ezingase zibe khona phakathi kwamazinga ahlukene kahulumeni.

Ukuqamba nokudla Impahla Okubalulekile

Enye yemibuso ebaluleke kakhulu nephikisana kakhulu esetshenziswa ohulumeni bendawo imibuso evelele — igunya lokuthatha impahla yangasese ukuze isetshenziswe umphakathi ngokumane nje ukhokhele.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Nezimfuneko

Amandla ezindawo ezivelele asuka esiHlelweni seSichibiyelo sesihlanu kuya kuMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., onikeza ukuthi impahla yomuntu siqu akumelwe ithathwe ukuba isetshenziswe umphakathi, ngaphandle kwenkokhelo yobulungisa." imithetho-mthetho-sisekelo yoMbuso inemilungiselelo efanayo, futhi imithetho yombuso inikeza ohulumeni bendawo igunya elivelele lokubusa ngokwezinjongo ezithile.

Ukuze balawule idolobha eliphambili, ohulumeni bendawo kumelwe babonise ukuthi ukuthatha ibhizinisi kufeza injongo yomphakathi futhi kumelwe kunikeze imbuyiselo efanelekile kumninimpahla. Incazelo "yokusetshenziswa kwempahla yomphakathi" iye yachazwa kabanzi ukuze ingahlanganisi nje kuphela izakhiwo zomphakathi ezingokwesiko njengemigwaqo nezikole kodwa futhi nokuthuthukiswa kwezomnotho nemisebenzi yokuvuselelwa kwamadolobha.

Abanikazi bezindawo banelungelo elifanele lokulungisa izinhlelo ezivelele, kuhlanganise nesaziso, ithuba lokubekela inselele ukuthatha, nelungelo lokuncintisana nesilinganiso senkokhelo enikezwayo. Izifunda eziningi ziye zamisa izivikelo ezengeziwe kubanikazi bempahla ezingaphezu kwesilinganiso somthetho - sisekelo.

Ukulinganiselwa Nezingxabano

Ukusetshenziswa kwezindawo ezivelele ezinjongo zentuthuko yezomnotho kuye kwaba yimpikiswano enkulu, ikakhulukazi ngemva kwesinqumo seNkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. eKelo v. City of New London (2005), eyasekela ukusetshenziswa kwezindawo ezidumile ekudluliseleni impahla kumnini wempahla kwenye kwenye ukuze kuthuthukiswe izomnotho.

Isabela ekukhathazekeni komphakathi ngokuxhashazwa kwezindawo ezivelele, imibuso eminingi iye yamisa umthetho ovimbela ukusetshenziswa kukahulumeni wendawo okuvelele ekuthuthukiseni kwezomnotho noma odinga ezinye izivikelo zemvelo. Lezinguquko zibonisa ukungezwani okuqhubekayo phakathi kwezidingo zomphakathi nesivikelo samalungelo empahla.

Ohulumeni bendawo kumelwe futhi balawule ukulawulwa kwezindaba, lapho imingcele yendawo ingase ivimbele khona ukusetshenziswa kwempahla kangangokuthi bakha isinxephezelo esidinga imbuyiselo ngisho noma kungabekwa ngokomthetho. Umngcele phakathi kwemithetho engokomthetho nokuthatha imithetho enzima ulokhu uyingxenye eyinkimbinkimbi yomthetho ethinta izwe likahulumeni.

Igunya Lemali Nokweleta Komphakathi

Amandla okuphakamisa imali nokufaka izikweletu ayisisekelo emikhankasweni kahulumeni wendawo, kodwa futhi angaphansi kwemingcele ephawulekayo eklanyelwe ukuvikela abakhokhi bentela nokuqinisekisa ukuthi banomthwalo wemfanelo wemali.

Imithombo Yemali Negunya Lentela

Izintela zempahla zisewumthombo oyinhloko wohulumeni bendawo. Ohulumeni bendawo banegunya lokumisa intela yempahla ngemingcele emiswe umthetho kahulumeni, okungase kuhlanganise amazinga aphakeme emali, izikhonkwane ezingenisa imali, noma izimfuneko zokugunyazwa kwentela eyandayo.

Ohulumeni abaningi bendawo banegunya lokuphonsa izintela zokuthengisa, ngokuvamile ezingeni eliphansi kunentela kahulumeni yokuthengisa futhi ngezinye izikhathi bancike ezinjongweni ezithile ezinjengokuhamba noma ukuphepha komphakathi.

Igunya lokubeka izintela ezintsha noma ukwandisa amazinga entela akhona ngokuvamile lilinganiselwe umthetho kazwelonke noma amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo. Amanye amazwe adinga ukuvunyelwa kwabavoti ekunyusweni kwentela, kuyilapho amanye ebeka imingcele eqinile ekukhuleni kwemali noma emazingeni entela. Lokhu kubonisa ukukhathalela komphakathi ngamazinga entela kanye nesifiso sokulawula ngokuqondile isimiso sentela.

Ukulinganiselwa Kwesibopho Nezikweleti

Ohulumeni bendawo bangafaka izibopho ezingokomnotho ezingokwezimali ezithuthukisiwe njengezezisekelo zezakhiwo zomphakathi, nemishini. izibopho ezivamile zisekelwa ukholo olugcwele nokutuswa kwegunya namandla alo okukhokha intela, kuyilapho izibopho zemali zikhokhwa emithonjeni ethile yenzuzo enjengezindleko zenzuzo noma ukuhlola okukhethekile.

Imithetho kahulumeni nezimiso ngokuvamile kubeka imingcele yezikweletu kohulumeni bendawo, ngokuvamile okushiwo ukuthi ingamaphesenti empahla elinganiselwayo. Lemingcele isiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi ohulumeni bendawo abazifaki ngokweqile ngokwezimali futhi balondoloze ikhono lokufeza izibopho zabo.

Imvume ivame ukudingeka ukuze kuhlanganiswe izibopho ezivamile, kunikezwe ukuqondisa kwentando yeningi kwezinqumo ezinkulu zezikweletu. Izibopho zemali zingadinga ukuvunyelwa kwevoti njengoba ikhokhelwa emithonjeni ethile yemali kunokuba ikhokhe intela evamile, kodwa ngokuvamile inenzalo ephakeme ngenxa yokulondeka kwayo okulinganiselwe.

Ukuphathwa Kwemali Nokusetshenziswa Kwayo

Ohulumeni bendawo kumelwe basebenzise imali yaminyaka yonke evumelana nezimfuneko zikahulumeni zokusebenzisa imali ngokulinganisela, izimemezelo zomphakathi, kanye nama - programme akhethekile okuhlela imali.

Izimfuneko zokuphatha imali zingahlanganisa ukubheka imali ngonyaka, ukubika ngokwezimali ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni, izimiso zokukhokha imali, nokuncintisana ngempahla nezivumelwano.

Abanye ohulumeni bendawo babhekene nokungabi namali enele njengentela nezindleko, izimfuneko zokusetshenziswa kwemali ehlukahlukene, noma imingcele yokukhokha imali.

Ubuhlobo Bezisebenzi Nezisebenzi

Ohulumeni bendawo banegunya elikhulu ezindabeni zemisebenzi, nakuba leligunya lingaphansi kwemithetho kahulumeni nekahulumeni yezisebenzi, izimiso zenkonzo yomphakathi, nezivumelwano zokubambisana.

Igunya Lomsebenzi

Emadolobheni, umkhandlu ukha iminyango, ugunyaza izikhundla, ukwamukela izincazelo zomsebenzi, futhi ulungise isinxephezelo. Nokho, umqondisi wezisebenzi usuku lonke, kuhlanganise nokuqasha, ukuqondisa umsebenzi, nokudubula, umthwalo wesikhulu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yisona esikhethiwe sikameya noma umphathi wedolobha (bona iRCW 35A.12.100-100, RCW 35A.13.080, neRCW 35A.A.120.).

Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kwegunya phakathi kwamandla endikimba yemithetho yokumisa izikhundla nokumisa isinxephezelo, negunya lesikhulu sokuphatha izisebenzi, kubonisa ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kuhulumeni wendawo. Ukwabiwa kwezisebenzi ezithile kuyahluka kuye ngohlobo lukahulumeni nomthetho wezwe osebenzayo.

Ohulumeni bendawo kumelwe bavumelane nemithetho kahulumeni yemisebenzi ehlanganisa iSihloko VII soMthetho wamalungelo omphakathi, amaMelika anoMthetho wokukhubazeka, iFair Labor Standard Act, neMithetho Yomkhaya ne-Medical Let Act. Imithetho yoMbuso inganikeza isivikelo esengeziwe sezisebenzi noma ibeke izimfuneko eziqondile kubaqashi bakahulumeni bendawo.

Inkonzo Yangaphakathi Nezimiso Ezijabulisayo

Ohulumeni abaningi bendawo basebenza ngaphansi kwenkonzo kahulumeni noma bafanele izimfuneko ezimisa izinqubo zokuqasha, ukukhushulwa, ukukhushulwa, nokuqedwa kwezisebenzi. Lezi zimiso ziklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinqumo zemisebenzi zisekelwe ekutholeni inzuzo kunokuba zisekelwe ekusekeleni kwezombangazwe futhi zinikeze izisebenzi umsebenzi ukulondeka.

Izimiso zenkonzo zomphakathi zihlanganisa ukuncintisana ngezikhundla, izikhathi zokulingwa kwezisebenzi ezintsha, izinqubo zokuziqeqesha eziqhubekayo, kanye nokunxusa amalungelo ezisebenzi ezibhekene nezenzo ezimbi.

Ezinye izikhundla, ikakhulukazi amanhloko omnyango nabanye abaphathi bebanga eliphezulu, zingakhululwa ekuvikelweni kwenkonzo yomphakathi futhi zikhonze ngokwenjabulo yegunya elimisayo. Lokhu kuvumela izikhulu ezikhethiwe nezikhulu ukuba zihlanganise amaqembu abaphathi avumelana nezimiso zawo eziza kuqala.

Ukuhlanganisa Ibhande Eliyiqoqo

Iqembu lezisebenzi zomphakathi ligunyaziwe emazweni amaningi, nakuba ubukhulu bokuthengiselana namalungelo ezisebenzi zomphakathi buhluka kakhulu. ohulumeni bendawo kumelwe baxoxe nezinyunyana ezimelela izisebenzi zabo ngaphezu kweholo, izinzuzo, nezimo zokusebenza ezichazwa umthetho kahulumeni.

Izivumelwano zokuhlanganisa zingathinta kakhulu imisebenzi kahulumeni wendawo kanye nezimiso zokusetshenziswa kwemali, ukumisa amazinga enkokhelo, imithetho yomsebenzi, izinqubo zokukhononda, nezinye izinqubo zomsebenzi. Le nqubo yokuxoxisana idinga uhulumeni bendawo ukuba balinganisele izithakazelo zezisebenzi, iziphakamiso, nezidingo zenkonzo yomphakathi.

Ezinye izifundazwe zinqabela ukuhlasela kwezisebenzi zomphakathi, kuyilapho ezinye zivumela ukugadla ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile. Izinqubo zesinqumo ezi-ampass njengokuthola i-media, ukuthatha iqiniso, noma uku-arbit zingatholakala uma izingxoxo zifika ekutheni zifikeni, zinikeze ezinye izindlela zokumisa umsebenzi.

Ukuhlanganyela Obala Nezimfuneko Zokubona Izindawo

Imibuso kahulumeni yendawo isebenza phakathi kwezimfuneko ezisobala nezihilela umphakathi eziklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukulandisa ngentando yeningi nokuvunyelwa umphakathi ukuba ungene kuhulumeni.

Imithetho Evulekile Yemihlangano

Zonke izifundazwe zinemithetho yemihlangano efuna ukuba imihlangano yezindikimba zikahulumeni wendawo ivulekele umphakathi, ngaphandle kwezihloko ezithile ezinjengezindaba zezisebenzi, inqubo yokukhangisa, noma izingxoxo zokumisa izakhiwo.

Izimfuneko ezivulekile zemihlangano zihlanganisa ukuqaphela kusengaphambili imihlangano, ukuvunyelwa komphakathi ukuba ungene ezindaweni zokuhlangana, amathuba okunikeza izimpendulo zomphakathi, nokuthola amathuba obala emizuzwini yemihlangano namarekhodi. Ukuphulwa kwemithetho yemihlangano evulekile kungaphumela ekuphuleni izenzo ezithathwayo ngokwephula umthetho, kanye nezijeziso ezingase zinikezwe izikhulu.

Ukuphakama kokuhlanganyela ekude nemihlangano kuye kwaphakamisa imibuzo emisha mayelana nokuqhutshwa kwemihlangano, ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene nokutholakala komphakathi emihlanganweni engokoqobo nekhono lomphakathi lokubuka nokuhlanganyela ezicini zikahulumeni eziqhutshwa kuyi - Internet.

Ukutholakala Kwamarekhodi Omphakathi

Imithetho yemibhalo yomphakathi inikeza izakhamuzi ilungelo lokuthola izincwadi zikahulumeni namarekhodi, ukuba zikhululwe ngokuqondile ukuze zithole ukwaziswa okuyimfihlo. Le mithetho ikhuthaza ukuba sobala futhi yenza izakhamuzi, izintatheli nabacwaningi bakwazi ukuqaphela imisebenzi kahulumeni futhi igcine izikhulu zinesibopho sokulandisa.

Ohulumeni bendawo kumelwe bagcine amarekhodi ngokuvumelana nezimiso zokugcinwa futhi baphendule izicelo zamarekhodi omphakathi ezibekwe isikhathi esicaciwe. Imithetho yemibhalo yerekhodi yomphakathi iye yanda yahlanganisa amarekhodi emishini, ama-imeyili, imiyalezo yemiyalezo, nezinye izingcingo zemishini, kudala izinselele ezintsha zokuphatha amarekhodi nokulalela.

Ukulinganisa ukubonakala kwezinto eziyimfihlo, izidingo zokulondeka, nemithwalo yokuqondisa kuseyinselele eqhubekayo. Ukudalulwa kwamarekhodi omphakathi kumelwe kusetshenziswe ngokucophelela ukuze kuvikelwe izithakazelo ezingokomthetho eziyimfihlo kuyilapho kugcinwa umbono wokutholakala komphakathi.

Ukulalela Nokwethamela Izindaba Zomphakathi

Izinguquko, ukuhlelwa kwezinhlelo ezibanzi, ukuhlelwa kwendlela yokusetshenziswa kwemali nezinye izinqumo ezibalulekile kumelwe kwandulelwe isaziso somphakathi kanye nethuba lokunikeza impendulo yomphakathi.

Ngaphandle kokuqulwa kwecala okufunwa ngokomthetho, ohulumeni abaningi bendawo baye basungula ezinye izindlela zokuhlanganyela komphakathi njengamakomiti omphakathi okuhlanganisa izakhamuzi, imikhandlu yomphakathi, imihlangano yehholo ledolobha, namapulatifomu e-inthanethi okuthembisana. Lezi zinqubo zokuhlukanisa zingathuthukisa ukwenza izinqumo ngokuhlanganisa izimo ezihlukene nangokusekela umphakathi ekuthatheni izinyathelo zohulumeni.

Ukuphumelela kokuhlanganyela komphakathi kuxhomeke emathubeni anenjongo okuthi uma uthola ulwazi, ukusabela ezinkathazweni zomphakathi, nokukhulumisana okucacile ngendlela ukuthonya komphakathi okuthinta ngayo izinqumo zomphakathi. Ukuhlanganyela kokuzifaka ekuthatheni imingcele ngaphandle kokucabangela imibono yomphakathi ngobuqotho kunganciphisa ukwethemba uhulumeni wendawo.

Amandla Okuphoqelela Nokubambisana Kwemithetho

Ukuba negunya lokwamukela imithetho kunenjongo kuphela uma ohulumeni bendawo benanezimiso zokuqinisekisa ukuthi kugcinwa.

Ukuhlola Nokuphenya

Ohulumeni bendawo banegunya lokuhlola ukuqinisekisa ukuthi bavumelana nemithetho yokwakha, imithetho yempilo, imithetho yokwakha, nezinye izimfuneko zendawo. Igunya lokuhlola kumelwe lisetshenziswe ngokuhambisana nesivikelo somthetho-sisekelo ekuphenyeni okungenangqondo, ngokuvamile lifuna imvume, imvume, noma izimo ezibonisa ukuthi ukhona.

Izikhulu zemithetho yokugcinwa kwamaphoyisa, abahloli bokwakha, abahloli bezempilo, nezinye izisebenzi eziqondisayo zenza umsebenzi wokuhlola nokuhlola.

Ukugcinwa kwemithetho okusebenzayo kudinga izisebenzi ezanele, ukuqeqeshwa, nemithombo. Ohulumeni abaningi bendawo bazama ukulondoloza izinhlelo eziqinile zokuphoqelelwa kwezimiso zokusetshenziswa kwemali ngenxa yokungahleleki, kuholele ekubekeni umthetho ongakhethi noma ekuthembeleni ezinhlelweni zokuhlola ezikhona kunokuba ziqhubeke zisebenza.

Isigwebo Nemicabango Egunyaziwe

Ohulumeni bendawo bangabeka izijeziso zokuphatha ngenxa yokwephulwa kwemithetho yendawo, ngokuvamile ngokufaka noma ngokuqaphela inqubo yokwephula umthetho. Isigwebo singahlanganisa amafa, iziyalezo zokulungisa ukwephulwa kwemithetho, iziyalezo zokwenza umsebenzi wokuyeka, noma ukuchithwa kwamaphepha-mvume noma imvume.

Izimfuneko ezifanelekile ziyasebenza kumthetho wokuqondisa, kuhlanganise nokuqaphela ukuthi kuphulwa umthetho, ithuba lokusabela, nokudluliswa kwamalungelo. Izindawo eziningi ziye zamisa izinqubo zokuqulwa kwecala ekuphulweni kwemithetho eyimfihlo, zinikeza enye indlela engcono kakhulu yokusingatha izindaba zenkantolo ngenxa yokugcinwa kwezimiso.

Izinhlawulo ezidlulele zingase zibekelwe inselele njengezemithetho engokomthetho, futhi ukuphoqelelwa kwemithetho kumelwe kusetshenziswe njalo ukuze kugwenywe ukugcinwa kwamalungelo noma ukucwaswa.

Ukuphoqelelwa Kokwahlulela

Lapho ukuphoqelelwa kwamaphoyisa kunganele, ohulumeni bendawo bangafuna amakhambi okwahlulela kuhlanganise nemithetho, iziyalezo zenkantolo ezifuna ukuvunyelwa, nezijeziso zomphakathi. ukuquliswa kwecala kungase kutholakale ngenxa yokwephulwa okukhulu noma ngamabomu, nakuba ukugcinwa kwemithetho yobugebengu kungavamile ngokwephulwa kwemithetho evamile.

Imibuso yokuzimela ivumela ohulumeni bendawo ukuba babhekane nezici ezisongela impilo yomphakathi noma ukuphepha. Lokhu kungahlanganisa igunya lokumisa izakhiwo eziyingozi, ukususa imfucumfucu, izingozi zendawo ezungezile, noma ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, ukuchitha izakhiwo. Izindleko ze-abatetic zingabhekwa ngokumelene nempahla njengenhlama.

Ukugcinwa kwemithetho yokwahlulela kungaba okuthatha isikhathi futhi okubizayo, okwenza kube yindawo yokugcina yezenzo eziningi zokwephula umthetho. Izinhlelo eziphumelelayo zokuphoqelela ukugcinwa kwemithetho zigcizelela ukuzithoba kokuzithandela ngemfundo nangosizo, kwanda ukugcinwa kwamaphoyisa kuphela uma kudingeka.

Izinkinga Ezivusayo Egunyeni Likahulumeni Wendawo

Imibuso kahulumeni wendawo iyaqhubeka iguquka ngenxa yezimo zezenhlalo, zezomnotho, nezezobuchwepheshe ezishintshayo.

Ukuthambekela Kwezisulu ZoMbuso

Ukuncishwa kwegunya lendawo kuye kwakhula kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva, lapho izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zenqabela ohulumeni bendawo ukuqondisa ezindaweni ezinjengekhefu eliphansi, iholo lokugula, izibhamu, izikhwama zepulasitiki, iziqashwa zesikhashana, nezimiso zokuxhumana. Lokhu kuye kwadala impikiswano ngokulingana okufanelekile phakathi kokulingana kombuso nenkululeko yendawo.

Abasekeli bezehlulelo bathi ivimbela umsebenzi ombaxa - mbili wemithetho yendawo eguquguqukayo ethwesa amabhizinisi nabantu abasebenza ezikhungweni eziphethe. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukukhululwa kwentando yeningi yendawo futhi ivimbela imiphakathi ukuba ikhulume ngezinkathazo zendawo ngezindlela ezibonisa izindinganiso nezimo zendawo.

Izimpi ezingokomthetho nezezombangazwe zokuhlengwa cishe ziyoqhubeka njengoba amazwe nezindawo zizama ukuncintisana ngezithakazelo eziphikisanayo, ukulawulwa kwendawo, kanye nezimiso ezintsha.

Ukulawula Kwezobuchwepheshe Nezinombolo

Ushintsho lwezobuchwepheshe ludala izinselele ezintsha namathuba amade kuhulumeni wendawo. Izihloko ezinjengokuqondisa izinkonzo zokuhamba, iziqasha zesikhashana, izinqola ezizisebenzelayo, izimoto ezizimele, nezakhiwo zemishini eyi 5G ziphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nendlela imibuso kahulumeni wendawo esebenza ngayo kubuchwepheshe obusha.

Izindlela zokuthatha izinhlelo zasemadolobheni ezihlakaniphile ezisebenzisa izinzwa, ukwaziswa okuphathelene nemishini nemishini ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuthunyelwa kwenkonzo kanye nokuphathwa kwezindawo zasemadolobheni ziphakamisa imibuzo ephathelene nezindaba eziyimfihlo, ukungalondeki kwezesayensi, nokungalingani kwezimiso.

Isifo se-COVOID-19 sithathelwe indawo ngokushesha amathuluzi emishini emihlanganweni ekude, kuyi-web site evumela, ukuzwa kwasobala, nokuhanjiswa kwenkonzo ye-apply. Lezi zinguquko ziye zenza uhulumeni watholakala ngezindlela ezithile kuyilapho ziphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngokuhlukana kwenombolo nokulahlekelwa izivumelwano zomphakathi.

Ukushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu Nokuzinza Kwaso

Ohulumeni bendawo basebenzisa kakhulu ukuqondisa nokuhlela kwabo ukuze balungise isimo sezulu futhi bathuthukise ukuqina. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukwamukela izindinganiso zokwakha eziluhlaza, ukuvuselelwa kwamandla, imishini yezimoto zikagesi, kanye nezinyathelo zokuzivumelanisa nesimo sezulu.

Igunya elingokomthetho lezenzo zesimo sezulu liyahlukahluka ngokwezwe, ezinye izifundazwe zikhuthaza noma zifune ukuhlela isimo sezulu sendawo kuyilapho ezinye ziye zachitha imithetho ethile yendawo ezungezile. Ohulumeni bendawo kumelwe basebenzise leli cebo eliyinkimbinkimbi lomthetho kuyilapho besabela ezimfuno ezifunwayo zesimo sezulu.

Ukuzivumelanisa nesimo sezulu kuphakamisa izinselele ezithile njengoba ohulumeni bendawo kumelwe bahlele futhi babhekane nezikhukhula ezikhuphukayo, imigodi yemlilo, amaza okushisa nezinye izimo zezulu ezithintekile. Lokhu kungase kudinge izindlela ezintsha zokusebenzisa imingcele yendawo, ukutshala izakhiwo nokulawula isimo esiphuthumayo okuvivinya imingcele yeziphathimandla zikahulumeni zendawo ezingokwesiko.

Ukungakhethi Nobulungisa Bezenhlalo

Ukunaka okukhulayo ekuhlanganeni, ubulungisa bezomnotho, kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwezenhlalo kushukumisela ohulumeni bendawo ukuba bahlole indlela amagunya abo asetshenziswa ngayo nokuthi izinqubo nemikhuba kuqhubekisela phambili noma ukungabi nabulungisa. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukubukeza imithetho yokuhlanganisa engase ibe nemiphumela ehlukanisayo, ukugcinwa kwemithetho, nokuqinisekisa ukufinyelela okulinganayo ezinkonzweni nasemathunjini.

Abanye ohulumeni bendawo baye bamukela izimiso ezihlukene, benza ukuhlola okungafani, futhi basebenzisa izinhlelo zokuhlolwa ukuze bakhulume ngomlando ongalungile. Igunya elingokomthetho lalezo zinyathelo liyahlukahluka, futhi eminye imizamo iye yabhekana nezinselele ezingokomthetho ezisekelwe ekuvikelweni okulinganayo noma kwezinye isisekelo somthetho - sisekelo.

Ukulinganisa imigomo yokulinganisela kanye neziphakamiso ezingokomthetho nezithakazelo ezincintisanayo kuseyinselele enkulu. Ohulumeni bendawo kumelwe bacophelele ezimisweni zobungcweti ezihambisana nokulingana kuyilapho zihambisana nezimfuneko zomthetho-sisekelo futhi bagweme imiphumela engahlosiwe.

Imisebenzi Ewusizo Yezakhamuzi Neyezamabhizinisi

Ukuqonda imibuso kahulumeni wendawo kubalulekile kunoma ubani ohlala, osebenzayo noma ozifunela yena.

Ukwazi Amalungelo Nemithwalo Yakho Yemfanelo

Izakhamuzi namabhizinisi kudingeka ziqonde ukuthi yini uhulumeni wendawo angayifuna futhi ngeke ayifune, kuhlanganisa ukwazi ukuthi iziphi imvume edingekayo emisebenzini ehlukahlukene, yimiphi imithetho esebenza ekusetshenzisweni kwempahla nasekuthuthukeni kwayo, nokuthi iziphi izintela nentela okumelwe zikhokhwe.

Kusho futhi ukuqonda amalungelo okuhlanganyela ezinqubweni zikahulumeni wendawo, ekutholeni amarekhodi omphakathi, nasekuphikiseni izenzo zikahulumeni ezingase zingabi ngokomthetho noma zidlule igunya lendawo.

Lapho kuphakama izingxabano nohulumeni wendawo, ukuqonda imingcele yegunya lendawo kungasiza ekunqumeni ukuthi uhulumeni usebenza ngaphansi kwegunya lakhe yini nokuthi yimaphi amakhambi angase atholakale.

Ukuhlanganyela Ekubuseni Kwendawo

Ukuqonda indlela imibuso kahulumeni yendawo esebenza ngayo kwenza ukuba ukuhlanganyela okunenjongo ngokwengeziwe ekuqulweni kwecala, okhethweni, nakwezinye izinqubo zomphakathi kuncike ezakhamuzini.

Izakhamuzi zingathonya indlela imibuso yendawo esetshenziswa ngayo ngokuvota okhethweni, ukuya emihlanganweni yasobala, ukukhonza emakomitini okuqondisa, nokuxhumana nezikhulu ezikhethiwe.

Ukufuna ukuphumelela ekushintsheni kwegunya likahulumeni lendawo − kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ufuna amandla engeziwe ukuze abhekane nezinkathazo zendawo noma ukulinganiselwa kokuphangwa kukahulumeni — kudinga ukuqonda uhlelo olungokomthetho nokusebenzisa imikhondo efanele kokubili amazinga endawo nawamazwe.

Izimfuneko Zokuqondisa

Amabhizinisi nabanikazi bezindawo kumelwe basebenzise izimiso zendawo eziyinkimbinkimbi ezithinta yonke into kusukela ekwakheni kuya kwezamabhizinisi. Ukuqonda ukuthi imuphi uhulumeni wendawo olawula izindaba ezithile nokuthi iziphi izimvume ezidingekayo kubalulekile ukuze kutholwe futhi kuqedwe umsebenzi ophumelelayo.

Ukusebenza ngokuphumelelayo nohulumeni wendawo ngokuvamile kuhilela ukuxoxa kwasekuqaleni nezisebenzi zokuhlela nokuqondisa, ukuqonda izinqubo zenqubo kanye nezimiso zesikhathi, nokwakha ubuhlobo nezikhulu nabafaki besivumelwano somphakathi. Ukuthembisana ngokubambisana kungasiza ekutholeni nasekuxazululeni izinkinga ezingase zibe izithiyo.

Lapho izimfuneko zendawo zibonakala zingenangqondo noma zingaphezu kwegunya elingokomthetho, ukukhetha kungase kuhlanganise ukufuna izinto ezihlukile noma ezihlukile, ukuxoxa nezikhulu, izimfuneko eziyinselele ngezinqubo zokuqondisa noma zokwahlulela, noma ukufuna izinguquko esimisweni sendawo ngezindlela zezombangazwe.

Imithombo Yemfundo Ethé Xaxa

Kulabo abafuna ukujulisa ukuqonda kwabo imibuso kahulumeni wendawo, imithombo eminingi ikhona. Izinhlangano zikamasipala nobudlelwane bezindawo zikamasipala zinikeza ukwaziswa okuqondile esimisweni somthetho sikahulumeni ngamunye. Izinhlangano ezinjenge National League of Cities, [[FLT]] inikeza ukucwaninga, ukuqeqesha, nengcebo kuhulumeni wendawo.

Imithetho kahulumeni, imithetho yendawo nemithetho yenkantolo nezinqumo ezichaza iziphathimandla zikahulumeni zendawo ziyimithombo eyinhloko yomthetho echaza lokho ohulumeni bendawo abangakwenza.

Izinhlangano zezemfundo, izingqapheli, nezinhlangano zikahulumeni ezinhle zihlola futhi zikhiphe imibiko ngegunya likahulumeni wendawo, ukubusa kwasekhaya, ubuhlobo bendawo nezindaba ezihlobene nayo. Le mithombo inganikeza ukuhlolwa okujulile nemibono eqhathaniswa ngendlela imibuso ehlukene ethinta ngayo imibuso kahulumeni wendawo.

Izikhulu zikahulumeni wendawo, abameli abakhethekile emthethweni kamasipala, nezinhlangano zomphakathi banganikeza isiqondiso emibuzweni eqondile ngegunya likahulumeni wendawo ezimisweni ezithile. Ukwakha ulwazi ngemibuso kahulumeni wendawo kuyinqubo eqhubekayo ezuzisa emithonjeni eminingi nasemibonweni eminingi.

Isiphetho

Imibuso engokomthetho yohulumeni bedolobha nesifunda sesifunda yakha isisekelo sokubusa kwendawo eUnited States. Lemibuso, enikezwa imithetho-mthetho yezwe nezimiso, yenza ohulumeni bendawo bakwazi ukunikeza izinkonzo ezidingekile, ukulawula impilo nokuphepha komphakathi, ukulawula ukuthuthuka, nokunakekela izidingo zomphakathi. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isebenza ngaphansi kwesimiso esiqinile somthetho kaDillon's noma ukubusa kwasekhaya, ohulumeni bendawo basebenzisa igunya elibalulekile elithinta ukuphila kwansuku zonke ngezindlela ezijulile.

Ukuqonda imibuso kahulumeni wendawo kudinga ukubheka imingcele eyinkimbinkimbi engokomthetho ehlukahluka ngokwezwe nangamandla. Ukulinganisela phakathi kokulawula kwezwe nenkululeko yendawo, imingcele ebekwa amalungelo omthetho - sisekelo kanye nokuhlenga, kanye nezindlela zokuhlanganyela komphakathi kuyo yonke indlela imibuso kahulumeni wendawo esetshenziswa ngayo.

Njengoba imiphakathi ibhekene nezinselele ezibangelwa ukushintsha kwezobuchwepheshe, ukungqubuzana kwesimo sezulu, ukulingana kwezinkinga, kanye nokushintshashintsha kwenani labantu, indaba yokuthi yini ohulumeni bendawo abangakwazi nokuyenza ihlala ibaluleke kakhulu. Izakhamuzi ezinolwazi, ababambi bezimali, nezikhulu ezisabelayo zonke zifeza izindima ezibalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi imibuso kahulumeni wendawo isetshenziswa ngokuphumelelayo, ngokomthetho, nasenkonzweni yenhlala - kahle yomphakathi.

Ngokuqonda izinhlelo ezingokomthetho zegunya likahulumeni, izakhamuzi namabhizinisi angasebenzisa izimfuneko zokuqondisa, ahlanganyele ngokunenjongo ekubuseni kwendawo, futhi abeke izikhulu icala ngendlela ezisebenzisa ngayo amandla eziwaphathisiwe. lolu lwazi lunika imiphakathi amandla okuhlela ikusasa lawo siqu ngaphansi kwemingcele yomthetho futhi avumelane namanye amazinga kahulumeni.