Ukubukeza Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Segatsha Eliphethe

I-Guarter Ephethe ithola ukulondeka kwesizwe nezindaba zangaphandle eSiphakamisweni II soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., esibeka “uMbuso Ophethe” kuMongameli futhi sibabiza njengoMyaleli ûin hixief we-Butho ne-Navy. Lomthetho sisekelo unikeza uMongameli igunya lokuqhuba izingxoxo zezomthetho, ukuqondisa amabutho ahlomile, nokuqondisa izakhiwo ezisekela lemisebenzi. Ngokungafani noMnyango weSishayamthetho, oklanyelwe ukucupha nokumelela, iGreadrunda ye-Admian . I-Aigraf Yombuso yakha iklanyelwe ijubane, ubunye, kanye nomthetho obalulekile ukuze kuvuthwe ukuthatha isinyathelo esisheshayo ezindaweni zomhlaba zonke. Emakhulwini amabili, ukuphakama kwamandla embusweni ephethe lezindawo kulezindawo, ukushintsha ngokuphawulekayo, ukushintsha kwempi, ukushintsha kwezesayensi yezesayensi, nokuphakama kwe-United States.

Igatsha lesimanje eliphethe i-Accounting Agency yesizwe nenkambiso yakwamanye amazwe ngenhlanganisela eyinkimbinkimbi yeminyango, izinhlangano, neziqu zobulungu. Ezivelele kakhulu zihlanganisa uMnyango Wezwe, i-Department of Defense, i-National Security Council (NSC), i-Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), neHhovisi loMqondisi wesizwe (ODANI). Inhlangano ngayinye isebenza ngaphansi kokuqondisa kukaMongameli kodwa futhi isebenza njengesehlo esinyathelo sokusebenza ngokusheshisa noma ngokungakwazi ukusungula ukuhlanganisa i-intersonagamentelliation (SI). Ukuqonda indlela lezi zinhlangano ezisebenza ngayo isihluthulelo sokuqonda i-paneywordswords of 93verse.

Imithwalo Yemfanelo Yokulondeka Kwesizwe

Ukhuseleko lwesizwe aluhlanganisi nje kuphela ukuvikela ekusongelwani kwezempi kodwa futhi nokuvikela kwempahla yezomnotho, izakhiwo ezibucayi, kanye nezwe laseMelika ezindaweni ezihlukene. Igunya likaMongameli njengoMphathi ûin̆Chief liyisici esibonakalayo kakhulu, kodwa amandla aphethe adlulela ekuqoqweni kokuhlakanipha, ubuphekula, ubuphekula, i-inthanethili, kanye nokuphatha okuphuthumayo. ikhonza njengesikhulu sobuMongameli sokuvikela i-Mongameli [[FLT] ukuze sicabangele lezimpikiswano, siletha ndawonye izikhulu eziphakeme zisuka kuhulumeni zize zidlulele phambili embuthweni ukuze zithuthukise futhi zihlele isimiso somphakathi.

Igunya Lezempi Nomphathi Wempi ­ ­ ­

UMongameli akamemezeli impi − ukuthi amandla kaMongameli weSiphakamiso I − kodwa angayala amabutho ase-U.S. ukuba alwe ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa kwemvume yomthetho. Leliqiniso liye laba umthombo wempi ephikelelayo phakathi kweSikhundla sobuBushiqela neSishaya-Mpathilo. Amagatsha eMpi eSigqizo sango-1973, adluliswa phezu koMongameli Nixon, afuna ukuba uMongameli azise iSishaya-Nicon phakathi namahora angu-48 okulwa kwamabutho futhi awamukise ngemva kwezinsuku ezingu-60 ngaphandle kokuba iSishayamthetho ugunyaziso sigunyaziwe.

Izibonelo zempi ehoxisiwe zihlanganisa ukungenela kukaMongameli Obama eLibya ngo - 2011, ukuhlasela kukaMongameli Trump ngo - 2020 kweSigebengu sikaJenene wase-Iran uQasem Solemani, noMongameli uBiden ukusekela kwe-Ukraine ngemva kokuhlasela kweRussia kuka - 2022. Endabeni ngayinye, uMongameli wasebenza ngaphansi kwegunya labo elingokomthetho njengoMyaleli wesizwe u- ­ ­ . Ngezinye izikhathi, ngezikhathi ezithile, impikiswano ngemingcele yalelogunya lezwe iyaqhubeka imisa umthetho wezokuphepha nesimiso sesizwe sase-U.S.

Ukubuthana Kokuhlakanipha Nokwaziswa

Igatsha eliphethe lincike kuyi-Intelligence Community (IC), ukuhlanganiswa kwamanxusa nasemahhovisi angu-18, ukuze linikeze ukwaziswa okudingekayo ezinqumweni zomsindo. I-CIA igxila ekuqoqweni kokuhlakanipha nokuthatha isinyathelo esifihlwayo kwamanye amazwe; i-NSA iklame ngezimpawu zokuhlakanipha; futhi i-FBI isingatha izinsongo zasekhaya kanye nokuphikisana. Umqondisi we-National Intelligence (DNI), isikhundla esiphezulu esenziwe ngemva kokuhlasela okungu-9/11, uhlanganisa i-IC futhi ukhonza njengomeluleki oyinhloko wokuhlakanipha kukaMongameli.

Ubuhlakani abuxhasi nje kuphela imisebenzi yezempi kodwa futhi izingxoxo zezokuxhumana, ukugunyaza, nokumelana nezenzo zobuphekula. Izinga lokuhlakanipha ngokuvamile yilona elihlukanisa inqubo ephumelelayo ekuhlulekeni okuyinhlekelele − ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlaziya okuyiphutha ukuthi i-Iraq inezikhali ezibhubhisa abantu abaningi kwaholela ekuhlaseleni kuka 2003. Ngenxa yalokho, iGabhu eliphethe i-Gaza eliphethe liye lafaka imali eningi ekuhlaziyweni, ekuqondiseni, nasekulungiseni inguquko ukuze kuthuthukise ukunemba nokugwema ukuphazanyiswa. Office yoMqondisi woMqondisi weSikhundla wesizwe [ ikhuthaza “Usongo lwaminyaka yonke lwe-Uniglonke" oluye lwandisa izinselele eziphuthuma kakhulu zezokuvikela iUnited States.

Ukulondeka Kwasekhaya Nokulawulwa Kwezinkathazo

I-Derrement of Homeland Security (DHS), eyamiswa ngo-2002, ihlanganisa ukulondeka emngceleni, ukugcinwa kwabantu abavela ezindaweni ezihlala khona, ukusabela kwenhlekelele, nokulondeka kokuhamba ngaphansi komnyango othile ophethe. Ukudalwa kwayo kwaphawula ukuhlelwa kabusha okukhulu kukahulumeni wombuso ngenxa yokuhlasela okungu-9/11. UMongameli, odalwe i-DHS kanye ne-Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), unecala lokuhlanganisa ukusabela kombuso ezinhlekeleleni ezingokwemvelo, izenzakalo zamaphekula, kanye nezifo eziwubhadayo (ne) ezabonakala kakhulu phakathi nobhadaliyo yeSiphepho i-Katrina ne-CHOVAD.

Igatsha Eliphethe iButho lilawula ukuma kwesizwe nge-inthanethi ngokumisa i-Cybersecurity and Infrapublicre Security Agency (CISA), esebenza ngengxenye yomuntu siqu ukuze kuvikelwe isisekelo sezenhlalakahle ezibucayi. Njengoba izitha zakwamanye amazwe zisebenzisa kakhulu ukuhlasela kweze-inthanethi ukuphazamisa okhetho, ukweba izinto ezingochwepheshe, noma ukuphazamisa amandla, indima kaMongameli ekumiseni icebo lezenezenezeneze futhi igunyaze isivikelo noma imisebenzi yezethumbu elicasulayo iye yaba isici esicindeze sesivikelo sesizwe.

Izindaba Zakwamanye Amazwe Nokuphangwa Kwawo

UMongameli ungumphathi omkhulu wezwe, onegunya lokuqaphela ohulumeni bakwamanye amazwe, ukumisa amanxusa, nokuxoxa ngezivumelwano zomhlaba wonke. Nakuba iSigele kumelwe siqinisekise izivumelwano futhi sivumelwe yiningi lamanxusa amabili mithathu, uMongameli angasayina futhi “izivumelwano zokubulala” ezingadingi imvume yeSishaya-mthetho. Lezi zivumelwano, ezihlanganisa yonke into kusukela ekuhwebeni ukuya ekulawuleni izikhali, ziye zanda kakhulu ngoba zivumela iSebe eliphethe isigaba esiphethe ukuba lithathe isinyathelo ngokushesha kakhulu kunenqubo yesivumelwano evumelayo.

I - Diplomatic Relations noMnyango woMbuso

UMnyango Wezwe, oholwa nguNobhala woMbuso, ukhipha isimiso sobuzwe sangaphandle nge-mester, i-constant, kunye nemisebenzi ye-aunters cishe kuwo wonke amazwe. Izikhulu zikahulumeni zaseMelika zimelela izithakazelo ze-U.S. ziveza izivumelwano, futhi zinikeza izivumelwano ngo-6636% ezimemezela umthetho. UMongameli umisa umsindo wokuxoxa ngezingxoxo zezwe. [1] Ngokuvumelana ne-paredisssmeas, njengase-Paris Climate Arectionment (ewase-U.S. wazihlanganisa noMongameli u-Obama futhi kamuva wabuye wahlangana noMongameli Biden ngemva kokuholi kwesikhashana), noma “America yokuqala ye- bigateraldalist, njengoba kwaphindwa nguMongameli u-Trump.

Izingxoxo zezikhulu zihlanganisa “izingxoxo zezingxoxo zezokuxhumana,” lapho uMongameli ehlangana khona nabaholi bakwamanye amazwe ukuze axazulule izingxabano noma aqinise izivumelwano. Ingqungquthela yase-U.S.-North Korea ngo-2018 nango-2019, i-Camp David Accordins eyanqanyulwa nguMongameli Carter ngo- 1978, futhi ukubambisana okuqhubekayo neJapane ne-South Korea kuyizibonelo eziphawulekayo zendlela izivumelwano zobumongameli ezingabuguqula ngayo ubuhlobo bomhlaba wonke ngezinga eliphakeme kakhulu.

Izivumelwano Zezizwe Zonke

Isivumelwano sifanekisela ukuhlanganisa komthetho-mthetho phakathi kwamagatsha aphezulu nomthetho-mthetho. UMongameli uxoxa ngesivumelwano, kodwa siba isibopho kuphela ngemva kokuba izigaba ezimbili ezithathu zeSigele seluleka nezivumelwano. Izivumelwano ezinkulu njenge-North Atlantic Treaty (1949) ne-New STARTT Treaty (2010) zisuse ngokuphumelelayo lesi siqobo esiphezulu. Ezinye, njenge Comprehensive Niclear NyucleAst, zihlulekile ukuthola imvume yeSishaya-Nkangala. Ukuze bagweme lesithiyo, ababusi bavame ukusebenzisa izivumelwano zezikhulu ze-Puntellives Plan Plan Plan of Active Active (inte ye-Iran) (intenet) yamandla enyukyubhulali) yahlelwa njengesibopho sezombangazwe kunokuba ibe isivumelwano, ivumela uMongameli Oma ukuba asebenze ngaphandle kwesivumelwano se-Arctial.

Lomkhuba uye wathatha ukugxekwa kwezazi nabenzi bomthetho abaphikisa ukuthi kulula ukuqondisa kwe-cornational. Abasekeli baveza ukuthi izivumelwano eziphethe ziyimfuneko engokoqobo ezweni elihamba ngokushesha elikhona lapho isivumelwano esingathatha khona iminyaka. Umzila ophethe wenza ukuba amongameli abalandelayo bahlukane, njengoba uMongameli Trump enza nge-Iran e-2018.

Izinhlangano Zomhlaba Wonke Nemijaho Ehlukahlukene

I-United States iyilungu elisungulwe leZizwe Ezihlangene, i-NATO, i-World Trade Organization, nezinye izindikimba ezingenakubalwa. UMongameli umisa abameleli be-U.S. kulezi zinhlangano futhi unquma izinga lokuthembisana kwe-U.S. ngokwesibonelo, i-U.S. inikeza umnikelo omkhulu kakhulu wezimali emalini ye-mali ehlela imali futhi ithole indlunkulu yayo eNew York. UMongameli uhlela futhi uhlela uhlelo lwe-UN Security Council, lapho i-U.S. iphethe khona isihlalo esihlala njalo futhi i-doume.

Ngezinhlangano zomhlaba wonke, iGatsha eliphethe lingaphishekela imigomo okungekho zwe lingayifinyelela lilodwa: ukuhlela izijeziso, ukusakaza usizo lokusiza umphakathi, ukumisa izindinganiso zempilo yembulunga yonke, nokugcina izivumelwano. Imizamo yomphathi weBiden yokuhlanganisa i-NATO ukuze asekele i-Ukraine, kanye nokugqugquzela kwe-Trump ukuba kusetshenziswe amalungu e-NATO ukuze andise imali yokuzivikela, kubonisa indlela ukuhola komongameli okuqhubekisela ngayo imiphumela eminingi.

Umnotho: Ukuhlanzwa, Ukuhweba, Nosizo

Izindaba zesizwe nezindaba zakwamanye amazwe azilinganiselwe kumathuluzi empi noma ezokuxhumana. Igatsha eliphethe i-Guant lisebenzisa amandla amakhulu ezomnotho ngokujezisa, ngenkambiso yezohwebo, nangosizo lwakwamanye amazwe. UMongameli angabeka izijeziso ngaphansi kwemithetho enjenge-International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA), evumela umphathi ukuba avimbele impahla futhi avimbele ukuthelelana namazwe ahlosiwe, izinhlangano, noma abantu ngabanye. Izimiso zangaphandle, ezisetshenziswa ngokumelene ne-Iran, i-North Korea, i-Russia, kanye nobuphekula.

Izivumelwano zezohwebo nesimiso sobuphoqelo sibuye sehle ngaphansi kwesimiso sokuqondisa kwe- puration, ngaphansi kwegunya lombuso. UMongameli angaxoxa ngokuncishiswa kwemithetho yezentengiselwano noma abeke “ukuvikelwa kwesizwe” ngaphansi kweSigaba 232 soMthetho weTrade Act, njengoba uMongameli Trump enza ngensimbi nangamandla e-aluminum. Usizo lwamazwe angaphandle, olulawulwa yi-Agency yeNhlangano yezentengiselwano yezizwe (USAID), lunikeza usizo lwezezimali nakwezempi emabuthweni, lusekela ukuthuthukisa idemokhrasi, kanye nenkokhela yemali.

Amasheke Nokulinganisela

UMthetho-sisekelo ucekela phansi ngamabomu amandla okuvikela isizwe nezindaba zangaphandle. UMongameli angaba umdlali oyinhloko, kodwa uKhongolo lulawula ukuxhaswa kwezimali, lumemezela impi, futhi luqinisekisa izikhulu eziyinhloko. Izinkantolo, nakuba ngokuvamile zithambekele egunyeni eliphetheyo kweminye inqubo, ngezinye izikhathi ziye zahlehla, ikakhulukazi e intsha eshaye i-Stechmown & Tube Co. v. Sawyer Icala, elalinganisela umongameli uTruman emzamweni wokuthatha izigaxa zensimbi phakathi neMpi yase-Korea. Muva nje, iNkanto Ephakeme isekele ilungelo labantu abaphethwe eGuantaramo Bay ukubekela insela amandla abo okuzingela ukuvalelwa, ukuvinjwa kwesikhulu sempi.

Ukuqondisa Okuyingqungquthela

I-Congress iqondisa ngokulalela amakomiti, ukuhlola, amandla esikhwama, kanye negunya laso lokuqinisekisa omabhalane bamakhathende, amanxusa, kanye neziphathi. I-General Relations Committee neSishaya-Mnyango Sezinkonzo sidlala indima esebenzayo ngokukhethekile. Abenzi bomthetho bangamisa imithetho enqanda ukuthatha isinyathelo sokuphatha, ngokwesibonelo, i-Iran Nuclear Actigument Review Act ka-2015 ifuna ukuba uMongameli anikezele amabhizinisi embutho wenuzi eSishaya - Congress. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Rhovern Accounment Accounting Office (GAO) i-Accomplication Comment (icensement Administ Servity Commetic Trence) ingenza imisebenzi yesikhulu, kanye nezikhulu emfuthwaneni ngamunye womnyango, ukukhwaa, ukuxhaphaza, ukuxhaphaza.

Naphezu kwalezi zinqubo, abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi iSishaya - mthetho siye sagunyaza kakhulu umqondisi wamashumi eminyaka amuva. Ukugunyazwa kokusetshenziswa kwebutho lezempi (AMFs) kwadlula ngo-2001 nango-2002 kuye kwasetshenziselwa ukuthethelela imisebenzi emazweni angaphezu kweshumi nambili, ngaphandle kwemvume entsha yokumisa. Imizamo yokubuyisela noma ukuvuselela lemvume iye yanqamuka ngokuphindaphindiwe, ishiya uMongameli enenkululeko enkulu yokusebenzisa ibutho lezempi.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela

Izinkantolo zikaFederal azivamile ukuhlasela uMongameli ezinqumweni eziyinhloko zakwamanye amazwe, njengalelozwe okumelwe liqashelwe noma lisetshenziswe ibutho lamasosha. Nokho, ziyangenela lapho izenzo zokubusa ziphula amalungelo abantu noma imingcele engokomthetho. Icala elihilela ukuboshwa kwamasosha ayizitha, ukuqashelwa okungenasiqinisekiso, nokuvinjelwa kokuhamba zonke zafinyelela eNkantolo Ephakeme, futhi esimweni ngasinye lanikeza ukuhlola ngekhono lokulawula kuyilapho futhi liqaphela igunya elikhulu likaMongameli ezindabeni zokuphepha kwesizwe.

Umqondo Womphakathi Nemithombo Yezindaba

Nakuba kungekona ukuhlola okungokomthetho komthetho-sisekelo, umbono womphakathi kanye nezindaba ezikhululekile kusebenza njengemigoqo enamandla egunyaza iziphathimandla. Omongameli abaqala izimpi ezingathandwa noma abangalawulwa izinhlekelele zakwamanye amazwe bavame ukubona izibalo ezivumelayo zincipha, ezinganciphisa ikhono labo lokuphishekela ezinye izindlela. I-paligtificationismism (ukuhlola). I-Apacationisms (izincwadi zobuphekula) ye-Pentagon Papers noma u-Edward Snowden ukuvuza kwe-NSACheachel), iveza izinhlelo ezicatshaniswayo futhi iqala impikiswano yomphakathi, okuholela ekulungiseni inguquko. Ngakho i-Bhavi eliphethe kumelwe lingahambi nje kuphela imingcele engokomthetho kodwa futhi lihambele enkantolo yombono womphakathi.

Izinselele Zangesikhathi Esidlule Nezindima Ezingaxazululwa

Igatsha Eliphethe namuhla libhekene nosongo oluhluke kakhulu kulolo lweMpi Yomshoshaphansi. Umncintiswano omkhulu wemibuso elawula iChina neRussia, ukuphakama kwabadlali abangahlali ngokomthetho njengamaqembu amaphekula nezimiso zobugebengu ezihlangene zomhlaba wonke, ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, izifo eziwumshayabhuqe, nemikhankaso yokususa imfuno yokulawula. UMongameli kumelwe alinganisele ukuhlelwa kwezinkinga okufushane kwezikhathi ezithile, ngesikhathi esifanayo asebenza esimisweni somthetho-mthetho esiklanyelwe ukuvimbela ukunqwabelana kwamandla angalawulwa.

Ubuchwepheshe buye basungula izinto ezintsha eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ukuhlasela kwe-Cyberback kungakhula ngokushesha futhi kubangele umonakalo olingana nokugadla kwezempi okuvamile; iziyalezo eziphethe izikhulu neziqondiso zesizwe kuye kwaba yiyona ndlela eyinhloko yokumisa inqubo ye-inthanethi. I-Pregla, indawo ende yokuhlola okunokuthula, manje iyinkundla yemidlalo yezempi encintisanayo, neSikhungo se-U.S. Phezulu senkonzo entsha phakathi koMnyango We-Air Force .

Igatsha eliphethe libhekene nezidingo ezikhulayo zokuba sobala nokuziphendulela. Iziphakamiso zezinguquko zihlanganisa ukudinga ama-AUMF amasha ezimpi ezithathelwana ezithathelwanayo eziqhubekayo, ukuqinisa indima yesivumelwano seSigele u-(adviceāndā andgcone), kanye nokubeka imingcele eqinile ezivumelwaneni zezikhulu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izingqapheli eziningi ziphikisa ukuthi ukuyinkimbinkimbi nejubane lokusongela kwanamuhla kushiya uMongameli engenakukhetha ngaphandle kokusebenzisa ukuqonda okukhulu. Umbango ophakathi kwesenzo esiphumelelayo nokuziphendulela ngentando yeningi usalokhu uyinseleleko eyisisekelo yenhlupheko yokuvikela kwe-U.S.

Isiphetho

ISebe eliphethe i-Grade liyinjini lenhlalayenza yenhlalayenza yezokuphepha kwesizwe nezindaba zakwamanye amazwe, egunyazwe uMthetho-sisekelo ukuba athathe isinyathelo esiqinile ekuvikeleni izithakazelo zesizwe. Ukusuka ekuyaleni kwezempi onamandla kakhulu emhlabeni wonke ukuba aqondise ukuxoxa kwezokuxhumana nokusebenzisa amathuluzi ezomnotho, uMongameli nemishini yegatsha ephethe ihlela uhlelo lwembulunga yonke nsuku zonke. Nokho, lowo mbuso udinga ukuhlelwa kwegunya lezwe lonke. Isimiso somqambisi sezokuhlola nokulinganisela okuqinile okusekelwe ekuqondiseni kwe-abaphathi bezwe, ukubukeza kokwahlulela, kanye nenhlalo yomphakathi olunamandla kakhulu (i-equator) ukuthi isenzo sokuphatha kwezwe lonke nomthetho. Ukuqonda ukusetshenziswa kwegunya eliyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwegatsha nokucindezelwa kuleligatsha kubalulekile kunoma isiphi isakhamuzi esifuna ukuqonda indlela eyingozi eUnited States.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, hlola [ U.S.U. imibiko yezobuzwe yezikhulu zikahulumeni , Izinqolobane zesizwe zemithetho-sisekelo yesizwe [[, kanye ne Council kuMarac's Relationss arectors [.