Table of Contents
I-Greadparent Brants Isebenza ngokulawula kwezwe nohlelo olugunyazwa ngalo imithetho kahulumeni, i-United States. I-Grade Breadsting isebenza futhi isetshenziswa. Imiswe eSiphakamiso II soMthetho-sisekelo, leligatsha lingenye yezinsika ezintathu ezilinganayo zokubusa kwaseMelika, eduze kwamagatsha eSishayamthetho noMnyango. Nakuba ibhala imithetho nezinkantolo ezichaza, iSebe eliphethe i-Greazenterth , libekwa i-ofisi yezwe yombuso wezwe kuze kube usuku nosuku, ukukhishwa kwesimiso somphakathi, nokumelelwa kwesizwe ezindabeni zakwamanye amazwe. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlola okubanzi kwesakhiwo segatsha, amandla, amandla, nemithwalo yemithetho engokomthetho, kusukela kwindima kamongameli yomphakathi ukuya kumphakathi weminyango nezinhlangano zenhlangano. Ihlola futhi ihlola izinhlelo zezengalo mandla akhona kanye nokulawula.
Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Nezakhiwo Zegatsha Eliphethe
I-Guartive Branch ithola igunya layo eSiphakamisweni II soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., esibeka ipeni “igunya lokubulala” kuMongameli wase-United States. Abalawuli boMthetho-sisekelo baklama isikhulu esisodwa, ngokungafani nemikhandlu ebanzi evame kwamanye amazwe, ukuqinisekisa amandla, ukunquma, nokulandisa ekuthatheni imithetho. UMongameli ukhonza igama elithatha iminyaka emine futhi ukhethwa nge-Electal College, isimiso esilinganisela ubukhosi obuthandwayo obune ngokumelelwa nombuso. ISiphakamiso samashumi amabili nambili silinganisela imingcele yoMongameli ukuba abekwe ezimibili ezingeni ezikhethiwe, ukuvikela ukubekwa kwemithetho enziwayo.
Igatsha eliphethe alilinganiselwe kuMongameli kuphela. Lihlanganisa futhi uMongameli ongumsekeli weButho, iKhabhinethi, isimiso esinwebekayo seminyango ephetheyo, izinhlangano ezizimele, nezindawo eziningi namabhodi. Zizonke, lezi zinhlangano zisebenzisa izigidi zezisebenzi ezivamile nezempi futhi zisebenzisa uhlelo lwemali lukahulumeni oludlula izigidigidi zamaRandi ngonyaka. Ubukhulu nobukhulu begatsha bubonisa ukuyinkimbinkimbi kokubusa kwanamuhla, ukusukela ekunikezeni izinzuzo zenhlala-ntlalo-ntle ekuqondiseni izimakethengiso zemali nokuvikela isizwe ekusongweni kwamanye amazwe.
Ukwengamela: Amandla Nemithwalo Yemfanelo
UMongameli uyinhloko kahulumeni ngesikhathi esisodwa, umholi kahulumeni, noMyaleli wamabutho ahlomile. Lezi zindima zihlanganisa uhide lwemithetho-sisekelo nemithetho:
- Umthetho u-Enthorcement and Administration: uMongameli kumele “aqaphele ukuba imithetho ikhishwe ngokwethembeka,” umsebenzi womthetho-sisekelo onikeza ukuqonda okubanzi endleleni izinhlangano zikahulumeni ezisebenzisa ngayo umthetho. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukumisa izinto eziza kuqala, ukumisa imithetho, nokuqondisa izinqumo zomshushisi ngoMnyango wobulungisa.
- uComminder-in-Chiemy: uMongameli uphethe igunya eliphelele kwezempi wase-U.S., kuhlanganise neButho, iButho leMpi, i-Muright, iButho Lasemoyeni, i-Marine Corps, i-Previce, ne-Coast Coast. Nakuba kunguMkhandlu kuphela ongamemezela impi, uMongameli angayala amabutho ukuba alwe, agunyaze athathe izibhebhebhe, futhi aqondise ukusetshenziswa kwezikhali zenuzi. Isinqumo seMpi yeMpi yeMikhosi yeMikhosi ye-Gcinestry yezama ukulinganisela amandla kaMongameli ukuthatha amabutho ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa kwenhlangano, kodwa impikiswano ngesilinganiso salamandla ayaqhubeka.
- UMphathi uhola inkambiso ye-Expand Policy neSivumelwano: [uMongameli uhola inkambiso yakwamanye amazwe] ngokuqaphela ohulumeni bakwamanye amazwe, izivumelwano zezivumelwano (ezidinga iSishaya-mthetho), nokungena ezivumelwaneni zezikhulu ezingadingi ukuvunyelwa kweSishaya-mthetho. UMongameli umisa amanxusa, uqondisa uMnyango weZwe, futhi umelela i-United States ezingqungqutheleni zomhlaba wonke njenge-United Nations General Assembly.
- ISivumelwano kanye noMandla okuVuselelwayo: ngeseluleko nemvume yeSigele, uMongameli umisa amajaji kahulumeni, onobhala bamaKhabhinethi, iziphathi zezinhlangano, namanxusa. UMongameli angasusa abaningi balaba abamisiweyo ngokuthanda, nakuba izinhlangano ezizimele namajaji angokomthetho zijabulela isivikelo ekususweni ngokungenamthetho.
- Imithetho yamandla e-Order: Ngaphandle kokumisa imithetho, uMongameli ufeza indima eqondile ekwakheni umthetho. UMongameli angasayina izikweleti emthethweni noma eziwabo. I-veto ingangashwalwa kuphela yinani eliyisithathu esibili kuzo zombili izigungu zomkhandlu. Ummeli utusa umthetho eZweni laminyaka yonke le-Union futhi angasebenzisa “ithekstric". Ukusekela umphakathi ezimisweni.
- Amandla e-pardon: ISiphakamiso II sinikeza uMongameli amandla okunikeza iziphakamiso nokuxolelwa komthetho kahulumeni, ngaphandle kwalapho kungenziwa khona. Lamandla aphelele phakathi kwesilinganiso sawo futhi aye asetshenziselwa ukudambisa imisho, anikeze intethelelo, futhi ngisho nokukhipha ukuthethelela.
Umongameli Ongumongameli Oyisekela
Umongameli ongumSekela uyisakhamuzi sesibili esiphezulu kakhulu eGatsheni Eliphethe futhi uphumelela uMongameli esimweni sokufa, ukuyeka, noma ukususwa ehhovisi. UMongameli ongumongameli ubuye akhonze njengoMongameli weSigele, evota amaqhina lapho kudingekile. Nakuba ngokomlando kuyindima enkulu engokwesiko, abaPhathiswa bamaKhosi banamuhla bavame ukusebenza njengesihluthulelo sokuqondisa, bathatha umthetho othile owenziwe nge-portfolio, futhi basebenze njengabaxhumanisi phakathi kwendlu yaseWhite neSigodlele. ISiphendulo esingu-20-Fifith esingokomthetho sobumongameli we-profensial awenziwa inqubo yokulandelana kwe-presidenti kanye namandla okudlulisa okwesikhashana lapho umongameli engakwazi ukuhambisa imisebenzi.
Izinhlangano Eziphethe Ikhabethe Nezisebenzi Eziphethe
IKhabhinethi iyindikimba yezinhloko eziyinhloko zomnyango kahulumeni eziluleka uMongameli ezindabeni zesimiso nokuqondisa. Namuhla, kuneminyango engu-15 ephethe, ngayinye iholwa unobhala (ngaphandle kukaNobhala omkhulu we-Atterney, ophethe uMnyango Wobulungisa). Leminyango iyizinhlangano eziyinhloko zokuqondisa zeGafa Eliphethe futhi inomthwalo wemfanelo wezindawo ezinkulu zesimiso somphakathi.
| Department | Secretary | Core Functions |
|---|---|---|
| State | Secretary of State | Foreign relations, diplomacy, international treaties |
| Treasury | Secretary of the Treasury | Economic policy, taxation, public debt, financial regulation |
| Defense | Secretary of Defense | Military operations, national security, armed forces management |
| Justice | Attorney General | Law enforcement, prosecution, legal representation of the U.S. |
| Interior | Secretary of the Interior | Federal lands, natural resources, indigenous affairs |
| Agriculture | Secretary of Agriculture | Farming, food safety, rural development |
| Commerce | Secretary of Commerce | Economic development, trade policy, census data |
| Labor | Secretary of Labor | Workplace regulations, wages, unemployment benefits |
| Health and Human Services | Secretary of Health and Human Services | Public health, Medicare, Medicaid, FDA regulation |
| Housing and Urban Development | Secretary of Housing and Urban Development | Housing policy, community development, fair housing enforcement |
| Transportation | Secretary of Transportation | Infrastructure, aviation, highways, transit systems |
| Energy | Secretary of Energy | Nuclear security, energy production, scientific research |
| Education | Secretary of Education | Federal education policy, student financial aid, civil rights in education |
| Veterans Affairs | Secretary of Veterans Affairs | Veterans healthcare, benefits, memorial affairs |
| Homeland Security | Secretary of Homeland Security | Border security, counterterrorism, disaster response |
Izinkonzo Nezimemezelo Ezizimele
Ngalé kweminyango engu-15 yezikhulu, iGatsha eliphethe lihlanganisa izinhlangano eziningi ezizimele ezisebenza ngamazinga ahlukene okuzibusa kubaphathi. Izibonelo zihlanganisa i-Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), i-Nzaleko yokuvikelwa kwezindawo (EPA), i-Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), neFederal Reserve Board. Izinhlangano ze-endement zivame ukusungulwa yi-Congress ukuze zilawule izigaba ezithile noma zikhiphe imisebenzi ethile kwezombangazwe ezizimele. Nakuba amakhanda azo emiswe nguMongameli, eziningi zisebenza izimfuneko ezimisiwe futhi zingasuswa kuphela ngenxa yembangela, zinqume ithonya eliqondile i-White House.
Iziqondiso Zokuba Umongameli Neziqondiso
Iziqondiso eziphethe zinikezwa nguMongameli ukuba aqondise ukusebenza kukahulumeni kahulumeni. Nakuba kungashiwonga ngokuqondile kuMthetho-sisekelo, zithola emandleni ombuso angokwemvelo kaMongameli nasemaqenjini angokomthetho. Iziqondiso eziphetheyo zinamandla emithetho yezinhlangano zikahulumeni futhi zimise inkambiso ngaphandle kokufuna ukuvunyelwa kwengqungquthela, zizenza ithuluzi elinamandla lokuthatha isinyathelo singakadluli.
Isisekelo esingokomthetho seziqondiso zezikhulu saqinisekiswa ekuqaleni komlando wase-U.S. uMongameli uGeorge Washington wakhipha umyalo wokuqala ophethe ngo-1789 ngokuphathelene nokuziphatha kweminyango ephethe. Kusukela ngalesosikhathi, kuye kwakhishwa izinkulungwane zemithetho, izihloko ezisukela ekulondekeni kwesizwe ziye emalungelweni omphakathi. Nokho, iziqondiso zezikhulu zingaphansi kokubukezwa kokwahlulela futhi zingaphendulwa uma zingqubuzana nomthetho-mthetho noma imithetho ekhona. UMkhandlu ungalahla futhi umyalo wesikhulu ngokuwukhipha umthetho owephulayo, nakuba lowo mthetho ngokwawo ungaba ngaphansi kobumongameli.
Ukuyalwa Kwesimiso Somhlaba Okuwuphawu
- Ukuveza (1863):[ uMongameli uAbraham Lincoln wamemezela abantu abagqilaziwe ezindaweni ze-Conferated zikhululekile, eshintsha isimo esingokomthetho sezigidi futhi evula indlela yeSichibiyelo seshumi nantathu.
- I-Exective Order 906 (1942): uMongameli Franklin D. Roosevelt wagunyaza ukuhlanganiswa kwamaJapane phakathi neMpi Yezwe II, kamuva waqashelwa njengobulungisa obukhulu.
- I-Exective Order 9981 (11948):[[FLT :1] uMongameli uHarry S. Truman desegin amabutho ahlomile, ingqopha - mlando emzabalazweni wamalungelo omphakathi.
- [ I-Executive Order 11246 (1965): uMongameli Lyndon B. Johnson wenqabela ukucwaswa yizisebenzi zikahulumeni futhi wamisa izimfuneko zokuvuma.
- Isenzo esithathelwe ubuntwana (DACA) (202):[ uMongameli uBarack Obama wavikela abathile abafuduki abangabhalwanga ukuthi bafika beyizingane bevela ekuthunjweni, bebangela izimpi ezingokomthetho nezezombangazwe eziqhubekayo.
- I-Exective Order 13769 (2017): uMongameli uDonald Trump's “ukuvinjelwa kokuhamba” kwavinjelwa ukungena kwamazwe amaSulumane nama-Muslim amaningi, okuholela ezinkingeni zasenkantolo ezasekela inguquko ebukeziwe ekugcineni.
Imingcele Ngezimiso Zokuqondisa
Iziqondiso zabaqondisi abaphethe akuyona i-cheke engekho lutho. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yakhipha iziyalo ezidlula igunya lomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo likaMongameli noma eziphikisana nemithetho edluliswa yi-Congress. Icala lika 1952 Intsha eshaye yezesiteji Phee Phezamiso & Tube Co. v. Sawyer yanquma ukuthi umthetho kaMongameli Truman obamba izigaxa zensimbi phakathi neMpi yase-Korea wawungagunyaziswe ngenxa yokuthi uKhomishanelo yabaphathi beze yangagunyaziwe.
Igatsha Eliphethe Kule Ndlwane: Ukuqondisa Izimiso Nezinhlekelele
Igatsha eliphethe liyinhloko ekumiseni izinhlelo zesizwe. Ngokubona kukaMongameli, igatsha lihlela inkulumo yasobala, lihlongoza ukuhlelwa kwemali, futhi liqondisa isikhulu senhlangano ukuba sifinyelele imigomo yesimiso. Indima kaMongameli njengesikhulu sezezomnotho, umphathi wezwe, nomphathi-sikhulu wezindawo iGatya Eliphetheyo enkabeni yendaba enkulu cishe yonke yezwe.
Umthetho Wasekhaya Nokuhola Kokusebenzisa Imali
UMongameli unikeza isicelo saminyaka yonke sokuhlela imali esetshenziswayo kuMkhandlu, echaza ukusetshenziswa kwemali okuza kuqala kuwo wonke uhulumeni. Nakuba ekugcineni iSishaya-mthetho silawula ukuhlelwa kwezinhlelo, uhlelo lwemali lukaMongameli lusebenza njengepulani ehlela izingxoxo ezithile. IHhovisi Lokuphathwa Kwezimiso Nezimiso Zokuhlela Imali (OMB), inhlangano ephakathi kweHhovisi Lesimiso Esilawulayo, ihlela lenqubo futhi yengamele ukusebenza kwenhlangano. Ngeziqondiso zezikhulu nesiqondiso sokuqondisa, uMongameli angaqondisa futhi izinhlangano ezithile ukuba zamukele izimiso ezithile, njengemithetho yezemvelo, imithetho yokunakekela impilo, noma izinto eziza kuqala ekuthuthweni kwezokuthutha abantu.
Ukusetshenziswa Kwamazwe Angaphandle Nokulondeka Kwezwe
Ezindabeni zakwamanye amazwe, uMongameli ujabulela igunya elibanzi lomthetho-sisekelo. UMnyango Wezwe ulawula ubuhlobo obungokwesivumelwano, uMnyango Wezokuvikela uyala amabutho empi, nezinhlangano zokuhlakanipha ezinjenge-CIA ne-NSA ziqoqa ukwaziswa nemisebenzi yokusebenza. Izivumelwano ezixoxwe nguMongameli zidinga imvume yeSishaya-mthetho, kodwa izivumelwano zezikhulu (*) ezingezona ezivamile kusukela ngeMpi Yezwe II. UMongameli unegunya lokuqaphela ohulumeni bangaphandle futhi avumelane nezivumelwano zomhlaba wonke. Ngezikhathi zenhlekelele, uMongameli angathatha isinyathelo ngokushesha, akhiphe amabutho, noma agunyaze ngezenzo zezikhulu.
Ukuhola Kwezinkinga Nokusetshenziswa Kwamandla Aphuthumayo
I-Guader Branch imiswe ngokukhethekile ukuba ikwazi ukusabela ezimweni eziphuthumayo, kusukela ezinhlekeleleni zemvelo kuya ekuhlaseleni amaphekula. I-Stafford Act inikeza uMongameli igunya lokumemezela inhlekelele enkulu nosizo oluqondile lukahulumeni oluthintekayo. UMongameli futhi uyakwazi ukufinyelela kumaqembu ahlangene alawula izinhlekelele zephuthuma, ahlanganiswe ngemithetho engaphezu kwekhulu, engasetshenziswa ngesikhathi esiphuthumayo sombuso. La mandla ahlanganisa igunya lokuqinisa imithombo yemali, ukubiza amabutho okulondoloza imingcele, ukulawula imingcele, nokuqondisa izindleko zikahulumeni. I-National Emerdiation Act ka-1976 ifuna ukuba uMongameli achaze ukuthi yimaphi amandla asetshenziswayo futhi avuselelwe ukuphuthuma minyaka yonke.
Amasende, Ukulinganisela, Nemingcele Emandla Anegunya Eliphethe
Abahleli boMthetho-sisekelo bamisa isimiso samagunya ahlukene ukuze kuvinjelwe noma iliphi igatsha elilodwa ekubuseni uhulumeni. Igatsha Eliphetheyo lingaphansi kokuhlola okuningi okwenziwa amagatsha emithetho nokwahlulela:
- Ukulawula okungalawuleki: IziKhomishane zingahlola imisebenzi yegatsha eliphetheyo ngokulalela, ama-poena, neHhovisi likaHulumeni lokuQonda umongameli. Ingayenqaba futhi ukumiswa komongameli, ukudluliswa kwezinhlelo ezilula, futhi ikhiphe umthetho ocindezela ukuqondisa kwesikhulu.
- Indlu yabameleli ingamnqanda uMongameli, uMongameli ongumKhosi, noma ezinye izikhulu zomphakathi “ngecala elikhulu nangabenzi bomthetho abangafanele.” Uma indlu ivota ukuba ijike, iSigele sithatha icala; ukuvota okuphindwe kabili kuyadingeka ukuze kususwe. Abameli uAndrew Johnson, uBill Clinton, noDonald Trump balahlwa yiNdlu, nakuba kungekho elahlwa yiSigele.
- [[FLT: 0] Judicial Review:[[FTL:1] izinkantolo ze-Federal zingamemezela izenzo zezikhulu ngaphandle kwe-constitution noma ngokuphambene nomthetho. Icala lophawu olunjenge- United States v. uNixon [19974]) waqinisekisa ukuthi uMongameli akangaphezulu komthetho futhi kumelwe avumelane nomthetho ophansi wokwahlulela. Amandla okuhlola anjengesimiso esibalulekile sokunqanda isikhulu.
- Ukuqinisekisa: ISigele kumelwe siqinisekise izikhulu eziningi eziphethe amagatsha, kuhlanganise nonobhala bamaKhabhinethi, amajaji kahulumeni, namanxusa. Lokhu kwenza igatsha lemithetho libe nendima eqondile ekulolongeni ukuhola kwesikhulu.
- Isinqumo seRowester Presover: Idlula phezu kukaMongameli Nixon’s trato ngo 1973, lomthetho ufuna ukuba uMongameli azise uMkhandlu phakathi namahora angu-48 okuphonsa amabutho empi futhi ulinganisele ukuthunyelwa okunjalo ezinsukwini ezingu-60 ngaphandle kwemvume yokuhlangana.
Izinselele Zangesikhathi Esidlule Ezibhekene Negatsha Eliphethe
Naphezu kwamandla alo amakhulu, iGatsha Eliphethe Libhekene nezinselele eziphikelelayo ezithinta ikhono lalo lokuhola ngokuphumelelayo:
- Ukuguqula i-Platical: izingxabano ezinkulu zingaholela ekuboshweni kwe-grid, ukwehlisa isiqinisekiso, ukuvimbela izinto eziza kuqala zomthetho, nokuqeda ukwethemba umphakathi ezinhlanganweni eziphethe.
- Imibono ye-Public ne-Media Scrutiny: izilinganiso ezivumela uMongameli zithonya ukusebenzisa izikhali zomthetho nekhono lokusekela. Imijikelezo yezindaba yezenhlalo neyamahora angu-24 yenza kube nzima ukulawula ukulandisa.
- I-Bureaucratic Resistance:[ I-buthorial communist ikhulu futhi ngokuvamile imelana noshintsho olusheshayo. Izisebenzi zomphakathi zasemsebenzini zinganciphisa noma zimelane neziqondiso zomongameli eziphikisana nezimiso zenhlangano noma izincazelo ezingokomthetho.
- [[NTLA: 0] Imithetho yecala: izinqumo zenkantolo zingavimbela noma zibambezele izinyathelo zokuqondisa. Ukuvela kwemiyalo kazwelonke kusho ukuthi umahluleli oyedwa kahulumeni angamisa inkambiso ukuba ingathathi miphumela noma kuphi ezweni.
- Usongo lwenhlalayenza: Ukuhlasela kwesizwe, ubuphekula, kanye nezimpi zezezombangazwe kudinga ukuqapha njalo nokwenza izinqumo ngokushesha. Igatsha eliphethe kumelwe lilinganise ukufihla nokushesha kanye nokulandisa nokuhlonipha inkululeko yomphakathi.
Isiphetho
Igatsha Eliphethe liyigatsha elibonakala kakhulu futhi elisebenzayo likahulumeni wase-U.S. lisebenzisa amandla amakhulu ekuqikelweni komthetho, isimiso sangaphandle, ukulondeka kwesizwe, nokubusa kwasekhaya. Kusukela kwimisebenzi kaMongameli engokomthetho kuya emsebenzini wansuku zonke wezigidi zezisebenzi zikahulumeni, leligatsha lihlela cishe zonke izici zokuphila kwaseMelika. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, lisebenza phakathi kwenhlanganisela yemikhakhakha nezilinganiso eziklanyelwe ukuvimbela ukuxhashazwa nokugcinwa kwesimiso sombuso wentando yeningi. Ukuqonda izakhiwo, imibuso, nokulinganiselwa kweGabha eliphethe ibalulekile ezakhamuzini ezifisa ukusebenzelana ngokunenzuzo nohulumeni wazodwa nabaholi bazo. Njengoba isizwe sibhekenezinselele zezomnotho ezibucayi zezezomnotho ezingokomhlaba wonke, igatsha liyohlala liyikhohlo eliyinhloko lokuhola nokulawula kwesimiso sobuholi, ukulawula nokulawula okuqhubekayo phakathi kwemithetho embusweni yemithetho eMelika.
[[Umthetho:0] Imithombo:[[[Umthetho:1]
- USA.gov: Ukubuka ngokuphethe igatsha
- [[Umthetho:0] Indlu emhlophe: Igatsha eliphethe[[Umthetho 1]
- [[IZIQULA:0] Izinqolobane zesizwe: Izimiso eziphethe
- [[Umthetho:0] I-Aregor.gov: Izimiso eziphethe neNkathi Yomthetho [