Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kuyisisekelo sokubusa kwentando yeningi, okuklanyelwe ukuvimbela ukunqwabelana kwegunya elinganqandeki kunoma iliphi igatsha elilodwa. Nakuba kunikezwa ukunakekela okukhulu ezingeni likahulumeni e-United States, ohulumeni bombuso babaluleke ngokufanayo kule sisekelo. Abalinganisi isakhiwo se-trartite kuphela esisezingeni elingaphansi kwesizwe kodwa futhi bahileleke ekuhlanganiseni okuyinkimbinkimbi negunya likahulumeni olawulayo elichaza ubuzwe baseMelika. Lesi sihloko sihlola indima yohulumeni ekwahlukanisweni kwemibuso, kusukela ezisekelweni zabo zomthetho-sisekelo kuya eminyangweni yabo yansuku zonke, futhi sihlola indlela abaqhubeka ngayo behlola futhi belinganisa ngayo kokubili izinhlangano zabo siqu nobudlelwane nohulumeni wesizwe.

Isisekelo Esingokomlando Sokuhlukana Kwamandla E - United States

Isimiso sokuhlukanisa amagunya kahulumeni silandelela isisekelo sawo sokuhlakanipha kokuhlakanipha okunjengeMontesquieu, oMmandla woMthetho waphikisa ngokuthi inkululeko idinga ukumiswa kwemithetho ehlukile, ukuphatha, nemisebenzi yokwahlulela. Abaphathi be-U.S. umthetho-sisekelo wawufaka lomqondo esimisweni sikahulumeni, kodwa futhi waqaphela ukuthi imithetho yawo siqu idinga ukuqapha ubushiqela. Ngesikhathi iBill of Rights itholakele ngo1791,1, imiyalo eminingi yezwe kakade yayihlanganisa ukuhlukanisa okucacile kwezinhlelo zemibuso. Isibonelo, uMthetho-Massachusetts ka-Massachuses ka-1780, omiswe nguJohn Adams, wamemezela ukuthi imithetho yezomthetho, izikhulu, nezinhlangano zokwahlulela, futhi u-"iphuma phambili, ukuze iphele imibuso ehlukene, futhi iphethe imithetho ewuhulumeni futhi ingasamukeli abantu."

Phakathi namakhulu eminyaka, izinkantolo zikahulumeni ziye zaphoqelela la malungiselelo ngamandla. Ngokungafani nesimiso sikahulumeni, lapho ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso ngokuvamile kuboniswa ekwakhekeni koMthetho-sisekelo, imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni ithambekele ekubeni nolimi olucacile oludinga amagatsha ahlukene. Lokhu kuye kwabangela ukuba kube nomthetho womthetho-sisekelo ocebile olawula indlela ababusi, izishaya-mthetho, nezinkantolo ezisebenzelana ngayo nsuku zonke.

Imithetho - sisekelo YoMbuso Nokuhlukana Kwamandla

Umbuso ngamunye unomthetho wawo siqu, futhi cishe wonke anesihloko esinikezelwe noma ingxenye ekusakazweni kwemibuso. Lamalungiselelo avame ukuveza isakhiwo sikahulumeni kodwa ahlanganisa izivikele ezengeziwe. Ngokwesibonelo, imithetho yombuso eminingi yenqabela umuntu ukuba akhonze egatsheni elingaphezu kwelilodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, futhi umthetho owenelisa ukuhlukana komthetho-mthetho ka-Claus kazwelonke kodwa osetshenziswa kakhulu. Amanye amazwe, njengaseVirginia, ahlukanisa ngokucacile amandla "phakathi kwemithetho yezezishayamthetho, isikhulu, neminyango yokwahlulela" futhi anqabela noma imuphi umnyango ukuba usebenzise amandla angena kwelinye. Abanye, njengoTexas, wahlukanisa imibuso ye-Celass eqenjini yawo e-Rocestra.

Amazwi aqondile alezi zigaba abaluleke kakhulu. Uma umbusi ezama ukuveza i-paneto umugqa ohlelweni lwemithetho noma umenzi wendlu yomthetho ephethe inxusa eliphetheyo elidelelayo, izinkantolo zikahulumeni kumelwe zichaze imingcele eqondile ebekwe umthetho-mthetho-sisekelo wazo. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ezinqumweni eziningi ezivelele zenkantolo ezicwengisisa imfundiso. Ukuhlola ngokujulile ukuthi umthetho-sisekelo owodwa uhlanganisa kanjani lezimiso, ungabukeza ukucatshaza [ u-Ballottedia ukucaciswa komthetho-siseko wezwe [[, okunikeza ukuqhathaniswa okungalé-ngalé kwesigaba sokuhlukanisa kwemithetho yezizwe eziseceleni phakathi kwezindawo ezingamashumi amahlanu.

Igatsha Elingokomthetho Esikhungweni SikaHulumeni

Izakhiwo Namandla

Izishaya-mthetho zeziqu eziyinhloko zokwenza umthetho esifundazweni ngasinye. Ngaphandle kwendlu yomthetho ka-Nebraska engekho meyaral, zonke izifundazwe zinesimiso se-bidamaral nendlu ephezulu (ngokuvamile ebizwa iSigeqe) nendlu ephansi (ngokuvamile i-Assembly, House of Messages, noma House of Scences). Lemikhandlu inamandla okumisa imithetho, intela ye-levy, ukulawula uhlelo lwemali, futhi yengamele igatsha elikhulu ngokuphenya nangokuqinisekisa.

Isehlo esigxekayo sokuthi izishaya-mthetho ziphethe amandla esikhwama semali. Ngaphandle kokushaya umthetho, akukho nxusa likahulumeni elingasebenzisa imali. Ohulumeni bangasikisela ukuhlelwa kwemali, kodwa ekugcineni isishayamthetho silawula ukugeleza kwezimali. Lokhu kunikeza abenzi bemithetho ithuluzi elinamandla lokulinganisela ukuphamba. Ngokwesibonelo, isishayamthetho singasusa umthetho olawulayo obonisa ukuthi awuvunyelwe noma awuhlakaniphile, uphoqelele umbusi ukuba axoxisane.

Ukuphatha Okungokomthetho Kwesikhulu

Ngaphandle kohlelo, izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni ziqondisa ngamakomiti aqondisa ukumiswa kwemithetho. Zingabiza izikhulu zegatsha ukuba zifakaze, zifune amabhukwana, futhi zikhiphe iziphakamiso. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ezinye izishaya-mthetho ziye zamisa amahhovisi okuqondisa azimele ukuze zihlole ukusebenza kwezinhlangano ngesisekelo esiqediwe. Lo msebenzi wokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso uqinisekisa ukuthi umphathi akasebenzi endaweni ewubala futhi kumelwe aphendule abameleli abakhethiwe babantu. Ukuze uthole isibonelo sangempela sobuphathi bemithetho esemthethweni, cabangela indima ye- ye-OUPURCTS (NSCS) yesizwe ye-Genectivess (FLLL) [FL:], enikeza abamelelindiswayo imisebenzi engcono kakhulu yokuqondisa.

Igatsha Eliphethe Negunya Lokubusa

UMbusi Ophethe Njengesikhulu

Umbusi usebenza njengenhloko yegatsha eliphethe esifundazweni ngasinye. NjengoMongameli, umbusi unamandla okukhipha imithetho, ukumisa izikhulu zekhabethe, ukuyala izikhulu zikahulumeni zesizwe, futhi ukhipha iziyalo zezikhulu. Nokho, imithetho kahulumeni ivame ukubeka imishini eyengeziwe egunjini le-gubernerator. Ngokwesibonelo, izifunda eziningi zifuna ukuba ukumiswa okukhulu kuqinisekiswe i-senate, futhi ezinye izifundazwe zinesikhulu esiphethe esizikhethele (njengesiphathi-sommeli noma unobhalane wezwe) esihlanganyela amandla embusweni. Lokhu kubekwa kwegunya egatsheni lesikhulu ngokwako kuyisicimbini esivelele sikahulumeni esisekela ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso.

Amandla E - Veto Nemingcele Yawo

Ababusi abaningi banegunya lokukhipha umthetho we-veto odluliswe yisishaya-mthetho. Ezinye izifundazwe zinikeza uvoti, zivumela umbusi ukuba ashaye imigqa eqondile kuleyo-appropria ngaphandle kokwenqaba isilinganiso sonke. Lamandla ayinhlolo - hlulo eziqondile ezingeni lokubekwa kwemithetho. Nokho, izishaya-mthetho zesifundazwe zingawukhipha umthetho ka-inqulu ngevoti enkulu kakhulu (ngokuvamile ama-3636 000 amaqembu ombaxakile). I-panedi phakathi kwe-veto ne-header iyisibonelo esivamile sokuhlola nokulinganisela ezingeni lombuso. Kwezinye izigaba, izishaya-mthetho zingakhumbula isimemezelo esivela edesikini likambusi uma beshintsha izingqondo zabo zisayinwa ngaphambi kokuba kuboniswe umthetho ophakathi kwe-interbran.

Ukuhleleka Kwezisebenzi Nokuhlukana Kwamandla

Isiyalo esiphethe esikhishwa ababusi siye saba umthombo ovamile wokwahlukana kwemibuso. Uma umbusi ekhipha umyalo obonakala uthatha igunya lomthetho ngokwesibonelo, ngokushintsha umthetho noma ngokumisa umthetho ukuthi isishayamthetho senqaba ngamabomu ukudlulisa [1] izinkantolo zamazwe kumelwe zinqume ukuthi lo myalo uwehlela endaweni yezikhulu. Phakathi nobhadane lwe-COVID . Phakathi nomthetho ocacile, izigebengu eziningi zabekela inselele iziyalezo zesikhulu esiphethe ngokuhlukanisa izifunda izifundazwe. Ezindabeni eziningi, izinkantolo zasekela iziyalezo zesikhashana zesikhashana eziphuthumayo kodwa zaxwayisa ngokuthi ukusetshenziswa kwemithetho yezikhulu kungaphula imingcele engokomthetho. Lokhu kugcizelela ukubaluleka kombhalo ocacile wemithetho kanye nokulawula.

Amagatsha Namankantolo Ombuso

Indima Nezakhiwo

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zakha igatsha lesithathu likahulumeni wezwe. Zichaza imithetho kahulumeni nomthetho-sisekelo, zixazulule izimpikiswano phakathi kwamaqembu azimele, kanye namacala aphikisanayo ahilela izinhlangano zikahulumeni. Izifundazwe eziningi zinezikhongozeli ezilandelanayo: izinkantolo zamacala (ngokuvamile ezibizwa ngokuthi izinkantolo eziphakeme noma zezigodi), izinkantolo eziphakathi, nenkantolo ephakeme kakhulu (ngokuvamile ebizwa ngokuthi inkantolo ephakeme, nakuba eNew York inkantolo ephakeme ibizwa ngokuthi iNkantonga lokudlulisa Amacala).

Ukubukeza Ukwahlulela Ezingeni LikaHulumeni

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zinamandla okuhlola ukwahlulela, okusho ukuthi zingamemezela isenzo somthetho noma sokuphatha esingagunyaziwe ngaphansi komthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni. Leligunya liyigunya egunyeni lenkantolo zikahulumeni ngaphansi . [Madison. Ngokuphawulekayo, izinkantolo zikahulumeni zinganikeza isivikelo esikhulu kakhulu samalungelo abantu kuno-U.S. iNkantolo ephakeme ingaphansi komthetho kahulumeni, ngoba imithetho kahulumeni ivame ukuqukethe iziqinisekiso ezibanzi. Isibonelo, izinkantolo eziningana eziphakeme zezwe ziye zathola ilungelo lokuxhasa imfundo ngaphansi kwemithetho yazo yezwe, ngisho noma iNkanto ephakeme yezemfundo. Le nkantolo inqaba ukuqaphela ukuthi imfundo engokomthetho inguwongako “uhulumeni, ngenxa yokuthi imibuso ephakathi kwemibuso ehlangene nemibuso yezwe.

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zifeza indima ebucayi ekuqinisekiseni ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso phakathi kukahulumeni wezwe. Uma umbusi edlula igunya lakhe, noma lapho isigebengu singenela imisebenzi yokwahlulela, izinkantolo zikahulumeni ziyizikhombi zokugcina. Ekuhloleni kwezecala okunethonya, bheka isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme yaseCalifornia [FLT: 0] ku-California Asn. yeHealth Facialties v. Umnyango wezempilo [, owaphula umthetho wegatsha eliphethe ophikisana nemithetho. Lezi zinqumo zibonisa ukuthi ukwahlukana kwemibuso akuyona imfundiso ecatshangelwayo kodwa ephilayo elawulwa abahluleli abazimeleyo.

Ukusebenzelana Nokwehlukana Okuthe Ngqo Kwamandla

Ubuhlobo Obuhlangene Behulumeni

Ukwahlukana kwemibuso akulinganiselwe phakathi kwemingcele kahulumeni. Umqondo kahulumeni uveza ukuhlukana okungathí sina kwemibuso − phakathi kukahulumeni wezwe nezwe − osebenzelana nokuhlukana okuthe ngqo phakathi kwesifundazwe ngasinye. UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. ugcine amagunya athile ezindawo (imibuso ebizwa ngokuthi “iziphathimandla”) kuyilapho unika amandla ahlukaniselwe iSishaya-Provilet. Lenhlangano idala ubukhosi obumbaxabane obuye bavunyelwa njalo yiNkanto. Nokho, ukuxabana kuyaphakama lapho imithetho kahulumeni noma iziqondiso zihlasela izindawo ezilawulwa ngokwesiko, njengemfundo, ukusebenzisa izwe, noma impilo yomphakathi.

Uvivinyo Nemingcele Yalo

Lapho imithetho kahulumeni nohulumeni ingqubuzana, umthetho-sisekelo kaSupremacy Claus wase-U.S. umisa umthetho kahulumeni. Kodwa ukunquma ukuthi uMkhandlu ohloselwe ukukhulula igunya lombuso ngokuvamile kuyindaba enzima. Izinkantolo zisebenzisa icebo lokumelana nokuhlengwa, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezikhathaza uhulumeni ngokwesiko. Eminyakeni yamuva, amazwe aye aphikisa imithetho kahulumeni ephathelene nokufuduka, imithetho yendawo ezungezile, kanye nokunakekela impilo, ephikisa ukuthi uhulumeni wezwe uweqa imingcele yemibuso yawo ehlukene. Lempikiswano iphoqelela izinkantolo ukuba zifake ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso phakathi kwamakhosi amabili.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izimo zezimali zikahulumeni zingasho ukuthi kufanele usebenzise izimiso ezingase ziphikise. Ngokwesibonelo, uhulumeni wagunyaza izimali ezinkulu ezifundazweni eziphakamisa isilinganiso esincane sokuphuza ukuya ku-21. Nakuba iNkantolo Ephakeme yasekela lomkhuba ku-South Dakota v. Dole, kuseyisibonelo esiphikisanayo sokuthi amandla asetshenziswayo angawafiphaza kanjani amagede okuhlukanisa. Ukuhlaziya ngokubanzi kwe-predensition kahulumeni, bheka i-Cornell Reformation Institute engenisa i-preatection [FLT:].

Izinselele Zanamuhla Zokwehlukana Kwamandla Kuhulumeni WoMbuso

Ukwehla Kwemibono Yezombangazwe Nokuvaleka Kwemizwa

Enkathini yokuncintisana okukhulu kobandlululo, izishaya-mthetho nababusi bezwe ngokuvamile bazithola bengezwani. − lapho uhulumeni ohlukene phakathi . lapho iqembu elithile lilawula isishaya - mthetho futhi elinye liphethe isikhulu sombuso(-/can) lihola ekuhleleni ukuma, ukulibala ekumisweni, nokuthatha isikhashana. Nakuba ngezinye izikhathi i-griplock ibhekwa njengendlela engcono yokuhlola umthetho ongahlakaniphile, ukuncishiswa kwezindawo ezingakhoni kakhulu kungaqeda imisebenzi edingekile yombuso. Ezinye izizwe ziye zasabela ngokumisa izinqumo eziqhubekayo zemali ezigcina uhulumeni uqhubeka uhamba ngisho nalapho isishaya - mthetho sokuhlela imali sihluleka ukudlulisa izindleko ngesikhathi. Abanye baye bamukela izimemezelo zokuhlolwa kokunciphisa okuzimele ukuze banciphise ukugcinwa kwe-Gargerryderman futhi bavuse ukuthembana kwenqubo yomthetho.

Ukuphumelela Okuphakeme Namandla Aphuthumayo

Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla aphuthumayo ababusi eminyakeni yamuva, ikakhulukazi phakathi nezinhlekelele zemvelo nezinkinga zempilo yomphakathi. Nakuba imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni inikeza ababusi amandla amakhulu okusingatha izimo eziphuthumayo, isikhathi salawo mibuso singaba yimpikiswano. Izishaya-mthetho zezwe eziningi ziye zamisa imithetho yokulinganisela ubude bezimemezelo eziphuthumayo ngaphandle kokugunyazwa yimithetho. Ngokwesibonelo, ngemva kwe-COVID 7619, amazwe amaningi abukeza imithetho yawo yokuqondisa izimo eziphuthumayo ukuze afune ukuhlolwa kwemithetho ye-gabernera yamandla embusweni ngemva kwesikhathi esithile. Lezinguquko ziveza ukuhlukaniswa kabusha kwemibuso yemithetho emisha.

Ukuthatha Icala Kokwahlulela Nokungahloniphi

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni ziye zabhekana futhi nokugxekwa ngenxa yokuqamba icala. Ezinye izinqumo, njengokukhipha izinqumo ngokwezimali esikoleni noma ukushintshwa komthetho wobugebengu, zibekwa icala lokwenza umthetho ebhentshini. Abalweli baphikisa ngokuthi lapho amanye amagatsha ehluleka ukwenza ngokuvumelana nomthetho, izinkantolo zinesibopho sokungenela. Ukungezwani phakathi kokuvimbela kokwahlulela nokuthatha isinyathelo kuyisici esingapheli sokuhlukanisa imibuso. Ezindaweni lapho abahluleli bekhethwa khona, lokhu kucindezela kuyakhuliswa ngenxa yokuthi abahluleli kumelwe balinganisele ukuzimela kwabo nokuziphendulela ngokwezombangazwe. Indima yokhetho lokwahlulela ekuhlukaniseni kwemibuso iyisihloko esiyinkimbinkimbi esiqhubeka siveza ukucubunga kwemizamo yokufunda nokulungisa.

Ukuhlanganyela Kweqembu Nokuvikela Ukuhlukana Kwamandla

Okwenza Ukuba Umyeni Ahlanganyele Izinto

Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso akukona ukuzihlela. Kuxhomeke ezakhamuzini eziqonda uhlelo lomthetho-sisekelo futhi ezizimisele ukulandisa ngohulumeni. Uma abavoti befundiswa ngezindima ze-province, izikhulu, ne-catement, bahlonyiselwe kangcono ukuhlola abazobhapathizwa nezimiso. Ukubopha i-CPUPU kungathatha izindlela eziningi: ukuya emihlanganweni yasehholo, ukubhalela abashaya umthetho, ukuthatha iqhaza ezimisweni ezihlolwayo, nokusebenza emajajini. Yonke lemisebenzi iqinisa iziphekelele nezilinganiso ezivikela inkululeko.

Ukufundisa Ukuhlukana Kwamandla Ezikoleni

Amakilasi afeza indima ebalulekile ekusekeleni ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso. Ngokufundisa abafundi indlela ohulumeni bombuso abasebenza ngayo nokuthi kungani amagatsha kumelwe ahlale ehlukile, othisha basiza ekuhlakuleleni i-sakha esizazisa imingcele engokomthetho-sisekelo. Izifunda eziningi zihlanganisa izifundo emagatsheni amathathu, kodwa ngokuvamile zigxila kuphela ezingeni likahulumeni. Ngokusekela izimpawu zikahulumeni. imidlalo yezesivumelwano, kanye nendlela inkantolo ephakeme echaza ngayo umthetho wayo siqu.

Indima Yomphakathi Wezindaba Nezakhamuzi

Izintatheli nezinhlangano eziqaphile nazo zisebenza njengemishini yokuhlola amandla ngokwethukela. Umbiko we-Reciotigic ungadalula abaphanjwe umbusi noma inkohlakalo enxuseni lombuso. Amaqembu esithakazelo somphakathi angafaka imithetho ephikisayo ehlukanisayo yemibuso. Labadlali abangabezobuhulumeni abangewona amaprofesta bafeza iziphetho ezingokomthetho ezakhelwe esimisweni somthetho-sisekelo.

Isiphetho

Ohulumeni boMbuso abazona nje izingxenye zokuphatha zesimiso sikahulumeni; bayizinhlangano ezizimele kanye nokuhlukanisa kwabo amasiko. Kusukela kumalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo acacile kuwo wonke amaphepha ngokomthetho kuya ekuxhumaneni kwansuku zonke phakathi kwababusi, abamisi-mthetho, nabahluleli, imfundiso yemibuso ehlukene ihlela indlela izimiso ezihlelwa ngayo, zisetshenziswe ngayo, futhi zibukezwe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ohulumeni bahulumeni basebenza phakathi kwesimiso sombuso esihlanganisa indawo ebanzi enezela ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso.

Ukuqonda indima yohulumeni bezwe kulesi simiso kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofisa ukuqonda ubunkimbinkimbi obuphelele bokubusa kwaseMelika. Abafundisi, abafundi, futhi abathembise izakhamuzi ngokufanayo bazuza ngokuqaphela ukuthi amasheke nezilinganiso ezivame ukuzihlanganisa noWashington, D.C., ziyaphila futhi zihamba kahle ezinhloko-nkulu zabo. Njengoba izinselele ezinjengokubusa ngokwezombangazwe, ukuphamba kwezikhulu, nezenzo zokwahlulela ziqhubeka zivivinya lemingcele, isidingo sokuthembisana ulwazi lwezakhamuzi siyaqina kakhulu. Ngokuvikela ukwahlukana kwemibuso kuzo zonke izingalo, sivikela isimiso sesisekelo sokuthi akukho muntu oyedwa noma amagatsha afanele asebenzise igunya elingagwegwegwesi.