Isingeniso: Isizathu Sokuqonda Izindaba Zikahulumeni Wase - United States

Isakhiwo sikahulumeni wase-U.S. singabonakala siyinkimbinkimbi, kodwa siklanyelwe ukuba siqonde futhi sifinyeleleke. Lokhu kuhlola okucacile kolimi kuchaza amagatsha amathathu kahulumeni, imisebenzi yawo, nendlela asebenza ngayo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uyisakhamuzi esisha, umfundi, noma othile ofuna ukubopheka kakhulu kwezombangazwe, ukwazi ukuthi amandla akusiza kanjani ukuba ulawule ukuphila komphakathi futhi ugcine abaholi benobuphindu. Isimiso somthetho-sisekelo esakhelwe yi-U.S. ngo-1787 siye sakhuthazela amakhulu amabili eminyaka, sizama ukushintsha kuyilapho silondoloza isimiso esiyisisekelo sokuthi akukho muntu oyedwa noma iqembu elimele libambise igunya.

UMthetho - sisekelo: Umthetho Oluhlaza Kahulumeni

Ngaphambi kokuhlola amagatsha, kubalulekile ukuqonda incwadi eyawadala. Umthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. uwumthetho ophakeme wezwe. Umisa uhlelo lukahulumeni wezwe futhi ubeke amalungelo abantu. UMthetho-sisekelo uqala nge-Pregagery, esho imigomo kahulumeni: ukwakha i-Union ephelele ngokwengeziwe, ukumisa ubulungisa, ukuqinisekisa ukuthula kwasekhaya, ukunikeza isivikelo esifanayo, ukuthuthukisa inhlalakahle evamile, nokuvikela izibusiso zenkululeko.

Umthetho-sisekelo uhlukaniswa waba yizihloko eziyisikhombisa. ISiphakamiso Isakha iGatya Lemithetho, iSiphakamiso III sakha iGatya Eliphethe Icala, futhi iSiphakamiso III sakha igatsha lokwahlulela. Izihloko ezisele zihlanganisa ubuhlobo phakathi kwamazwe, inqubo yokulungisa, ukuphakama kwesizwe, nokubekwa i-ratiation. UMthetho-sisekelo uhlanganisa nezinguquko ezingu- 27. Ishumi lokuqala, elaziwa ngokuthi i-Bill of Rights, iqinisekisa inkululeko eyisisekelo njengenkulumo, inkolo, nengqungquthela. Kamuva ukuqedwa kokusetshenziswa kwezigqila, amalungelo ehlwisana nezindawo zokuvota, nokubekwa komongameli okucaciswe.

Umqondo oyinhloko: Umthetho-sisekelo awuyona ibhukwana elikhona. Ungalungiswa ngenqubo edinga ukuvumelana okukhulu: amavoti angamashumi amabili anesithathu kuzo zombili izindlu zoKhongolo nokuhlanjululwa ngeziphakamiso ezintathu zezindlu zomthetho (noma ngemihlangano ekhethekile). Lokhu kuvumelana komthetho kuvumela uhulumeni ukuba uzenze ngaphandle kokuguquka kobudlova.

Amagatsha Amathathu Kahulumeni

Uhulumeni wase-U.S. uhlukaniswa waba amagatsha amathathu ayinhloko: iGatsha eliphethe umthetho, igatsha eliphethe i-Adminitive, negatsha lokwahlulela. Igatsha ngalinye linemithwalo yalo yemfanelo namandla, liqinisekisa isimiso se- nama-aces kanye nemali ye-asethi. Alikho igatsha elingathatha isinyathelo ngokuphelele; kumelwe lihlanganyele amandla futhi lincintisane, okuvikela ekucindezeleni.

Igatsha Elingokomthetho (Isifunda)

IGatya Lemithetho linomthwalo wokwenza imithetho. Yakhiwa amagumbi amabili: iNdlu yabameleli neSigele. Ndawonye bakha i-United States Congress. Website ye-Congress inikeza umsebenzi wamanje wemithetho kanye nokulalela kwamakomiti.

  • Indlu yabameleli: ihlangene namalungu ovota angu-45, ngalinye limelela isifunda sesifunda senhlangano esisekelwe emphakathini womphakathi. Basebenzisa amagama athatha iminyaka emibili futhi ngokuvamile banamathela kakhulu ezinkathazweni zendawo. Indlu inamandla akhethekile okusungula izikweleti zemali (umthetho wentela) kanye nezikhulu zikahulumeni ezihambelanayo, kuhlanganise noMongameli.
  • Ukumisa: Abasekeli bamalungu ayikhulu, ababili abavela esifundeni ngasinye, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bakhulu kangakanani. Abakhokhi basebenzisa imibandela ethatha iminyaka eyisithupha, bayinikeza umbono owengeziwe ngezindaba zesizwe. ISigele siqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli (amalungu e-cabinet, abahluleli, amanxusa) futhi sifaka izivumelwano ngenani elikhulu.

Inqubo yokusetshenziswa kwemali, enquma ukuthi bawakhokha kanjani amasheya, ingenye yemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu yoKhala. Zombili izikhungo kumelwe zidlulisele izinombolo ezifanayo zemali ngaphambi kokuba zithunyelwe kuMongameli ukuze zithole imvume noma i-veto.

Igatsha Eliphethe

Igatsha Eliphethe linomthwalo wemfanelo wokumisa imithetho. Liqondiswa uMongameli, osebenzisa igama elithatha iminyaka emine futhi angaphinde akhethwe ngelinye igama (ISichibiyelo sama-22 silinganisela umongameli ngokwezimfuneko ezimbili ezikhethiwe). Umongameli ongumKhosi uvotelwa futhi ethikeni elifanayo. Iwebhusayithi yendlu emhlophe inikeza ukwaziswa okuningiliziwe ngezimiso zezempatho neziqondiso zezikhulu.

  • : UMongameli usebenza njengoMphathi-Mphathi-iSikhathi wamabutho ahlomile, uqhuba inkambiso yangaphandle, futhi uqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho ikhishwe ngokwethembeka. UMongameli angakhipha iziyalo zezikhulu, anikeze izintethelelo (ngaphandle kwamacala angekho ewabekiwe), futhi abeke umthetho odluliswe yiSishaya-Mkhandlu. UMongameli umisa amajaji kahulumeni namalungu ekhabethe, anikezwe isiqinisekiso seSishaya-gele.
  • UMongameli weVit: UMongameli ongumsekeli usekela uMongameli futhi athathe izinyathelo lapho uMongameli engakwazi ukufeza imisebenzi. UMongameli ongumsizi ukhonza futhi njengoMongameli weSigele, ekhipha amavoti uma kudingeka.
  • Ikhabinet: Ekhiwe ngamakhanda eminyango ephethe (Iziqu ZoMbuso, unobhala wezokuvikela, uSosiba we-Attorney, njll.), iKhabhinet yeluleka uMongameli futhi isize ekusebenziseni izimiso. Kukhona iminyango engu-15 yesikhulu, ngayinye enomthwalo wemfanelo wendawo ethile enjengeyolimo, imfundo, noma impilo.
  • Izimo ezizimele: Ngalé kwekhabethe, kunezinhlangano ezinjenge-EPA Protection Agency (Epa), NASA, ne Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) esebenza ngenkululeko ethile kodwa ezisalawulwa yisikhulu.

Igatsha Eliphethe lihlanganisa nesimiso esikhulu sikahulumeni, esisebenzisa izigidi zezisebenzi zikahulumeni ezisebenza nsuku zonke njengemisebenzi kahulumeni yokukhipha amapasi okungena kwamanye amazwe, ukuqoqa izintela nokuqondisa amapaki esizwe.

3. Igatsha Lokwahlulela

Igatsha lokwahlulela lichaza imithetho futhi liqinisekisa ukuthi isetshenziswa ngokulinganayo. Yakhiwa iNkantolo Ephakeme nezinkantolo zikahulumeni eziphansi. Isakhiwo seNkantolo engokomthetho inikeza imibono, izimpikiswano zomlomo, nokwaziswa okuphathelene necala.

  • Inkantolo ephakeme: Inkantolo ephakeme kakhulu ezweni, iNkantolo Ephakeme inesiphetho sokugcina ezimpikiswaneni ezingokomthetho nasezimpikiswaneni zomthetho-sisekelo. Ihlanganisa amajaji ayisishiyagalolunye — iJaji eyodwa nesishiyagalombili ezihlangene — emiswe uMongameli futhi iqinisekiswe iSigele. INkanto izwa inani elilinganiselwe lamacala unyaka ngamunye, ngokuvamile 70-80, ngaphandle kwezinkulungwane zezicelo. Izinqumo zayo zibekwe njengesibonelo esinesibopho kuzo zonke izinkantolo eziphansi.
  • Izinkantolo ze-Lowder: Lezi zihlanganisa iziNkantolo Zokudlulisa Amacala (izinkantolo zecala) kanye nezinkantolo zesigodi ezingu-94 (izinkantolo zenkantolo zezenkantolo). Izinkantolo zesigodi zisingatha amacala ezakhamuzi namacala amacala ekuqaleni. Izikhalo ezivela ezinkantolo zesifunda ziya ezinkantolo zesifunda zokudlulisa izikhalo. Icala lingase lidluliselwe eNkantolo Ephakeme, nakuba iNkantolo ikhetha ukuthi yimaphi amacala okuqulwa.
  • [[FLT: 0] Jodicial Review:[ Amandla ezinkantolo okumemezela imithetho noma izenzo zezikhulu ezingagunyaziwe ashiwonga ngokucacile kuMthetho-sisekelo kodwa amiswa embonini yecala `````Marbury v. Madison' . Lo mandla uyitshe legumbi letshe lendlela nezimiso.

Ama - vicket Nokulinganisela Okusebenzayo

Uhulumeni wase-U.S. usebenza esimisweni samasheke nezilinganiso ukuze uvimbele noma iliphi igatsha elilodwa ukuba lingabi namandla kakhulu. Igatsha ngalinye linemibuso ekhethekile engalinganisela eminye. Nazi izibonelo ezimbalwa eziqinile:

  • Igunya elisemthethweni vs. Isikhulu: Umkhandlu ungadlula uMongameli u-veto ngobukhulu obuyisithathu emagumbini amabili. UMongameli angawugunyaza umthetho, kodwa uMkhandlu ungazama ukuwulawula. UMkhandlu ulawula futhi ukuxhasa ngemali; uma uMongameli efuna ukuqala uhlelo olusha, uMkhandlu kumelwe uvumele uhlelo lwemali. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iSigele siqinisekisa noma senqaba ukumiswa komongameli nezivumelwano.
  • Izenzo zomthetho. UMongameli umisa amajaji kahulumeni, kuhlanganise namajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme, kodwa lawo malungiselelo adinga isiqinisekiso seSishaya-mthetho. Uma sekuqinisekisiwe, abahluleli bakhonza ukuphila futhi abazimele kuMongameli. UMongameli angakhipha intethelelo, izinkantolo ezingenakuyigumbuqela.
  • Judicial vs. Imithetho: Izinkantolo zingamisa imithetho edluliswa yiKhomishane engekho emthethweni. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uMkhandlu ungaveza izinqumo zomthetho-sisekelo zokugumbuqela isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme (ngokwesibonelo, iSichibiyelo se 16 sivumele intela yemali ngemva kokuba iNkantolo ihlasele uhlelo lwangaphambili). ISishaya-Hulumeni sibuye silawule inani lokwahlulela eNkanto Ephakeme futhi singaba abahluleli abahluleli abangokomthetho.

Akukho gatsha elingathatha isinyathelo sokwenza izinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ezweni, okuphoqelela izingxenye ezihlukahlukene zikahulumeni ukuba zixoxe futhi zakhe ukuvumelana.

Uhulumeni: Ukwahlukana Kwemibuso Phakathi Kohulumeni Besizwe NoMbuso

Ngalé kwamagatsha amathathu, uhulumeni wase-U.S. uveza isakhiwo esinemipheme esaziwa ngokuthi i- dederal [. Amandla ahlanganyelwa phakathi kukahulumeni wezwe (ikhorali) nohulumeni bezwe abangu-50. Lesimiso sivumela ukuba kuzibuse ezindabeni zendawo kuyilapho kusele ingxenye yenyunyana enkulu kahulumeni.

  • Ohulumeni bezwe: Umbuso ngamunye unemithetho-sisekelo yawo, indikimba yemithetho (ngokuvamile isishaya-mthetho se-bimagellal ngaphandle kwe-Nebraska), igatsha eliphethe liholwa umbusi, nesimiso sokwahlulela. Ezweni lisingatha izindaba ezinjengemfundo, ezentengiselwano zezwe, imithetho yomshado, ukugcinwa komthetho (i-police), nempilo yomphakathi. I-Remendementmentmental arentidentidentivement ehulumeni kahulumeni wezwe lonke noma kubantu.
  • Uhulumeni wezentengiselwano: usingatha izindaba ezithinta lonke izwe, njengezokufuduka, isimiso sangaphandle, ukuzivikela kwesizwe, ezohwebo ezisezweni, nezindawo zokugunyaza. Umthetho kaFederal uphakeme kakhulu kumthetho kahulumeni uma izimpi ezimbili, njengoba kushiwo kuyiSupremacy Claus of Artic VI.
  • Amandla akhona: Zombili izinga likahulumeni zingayifaka intela ye-vy, izimali, iboleke, isungule izinkantolo, futhi yenze imithetho edingekile enhlalakahleni yomphakathi. Ezindaweni eziningi, njengomthetho wendawo noma ezokuthutha, ohulumeni bezwe nohulumeni babambisana ngezipho nangemibango.

I-Federalism ngezinye izikhathi ingaholela ekucindezelekeni — ngokwesibonelo, lapho izifundazwe zigunyaza insangu ngokomthetho naphezu kokuvinjelwa uhulumeni. Lezingxabano zivame ukuxazululwa ngesinqumo senkantolo noma ngezinguquko zenqubo. I-Federalism futhi ivumela amazwe ukuba asebenze “njengemisebenzi yentando yeningi,” ukuzama izimiso ezihlukile ezingase zithathwe kamuva ngokwesizwe.

Indlela Uhulumeni Akuthinta Ngayo Ukuphila Kwakho Kwansuku Zonke

AmaMelika amaningi asebenzelana kakhulu nohulumeni kahulumeni kunokuba ecabanga. i-crital ye-U.S. iqoqo lezinkonzo ze-Social Security and Medicare ezisezingeni lokusebenza nakukhokhwa kweposi lokungena enqanaweni nakubafundi ababolekiswayo. Nazi izindlela ezimbalwa uhulumeni athinta ngazo imisebenzi yansuku zonke:

  • [ Amatheki:[ I-IRS iqoqa izintela zeholo, eziqoqa yonke into kusukela ekuvikeleni kwesizwe kuya emigwaqweni emikhulu. Uhulumeni nohulumeni bendawo bathengisa intela, impahla, neholo.
  • Ukuphepha kobuPublic: I-FBI noMnyango Wezokuphepha we Homeland isingatha ukusongela kwesizwe, kuyilapho umbuso namaphoyisa endawo kuphoqelela imithetho eminingi yobugebengu. Isimiso senkantolo sixazulula izingxabano futhi siqinisekise ubulungisa.
  • IHealth ne Environment: I-FDA evumelayo, i-EPA imisa izindinganiso zokungcola, kanye ne-CDC i-stadess diseases. Izwe liphethe izinhlelo ze-Medicaid futhi lilawula izibhedlela.
  • [[FLT: 0] Imfundo: UMnyango Wemfundo unikeza izimali nokugcinwa kwamalungelo omphakathi, kodwa izikole eziningi zilawulwa endaweni yazo. Imali yomfundi kaFederal nemali yempawo yokusiza izigidi zabantu ukuba zingene ekolishi.
  • Security and Medicare: Lezinhlelo zikahulumeni zinikeza iholo nomshuwalense wempilo kwabathatha umhlalaphansi, abakhubazekile, nabantu abanesifo se-renal sesigamu sokugcina.

Ukuqonda uhulumeni wakho kukusiza ukuba usebenzise lezi zinkonzo, uvumelane nemithetho, futhi ukhuthaze izinguquko ozikholelwayo.

Inqubo Yesichibiyelo: Indlela Umthetho - sisekelo Oshintsha Ngayo

Abakhi bayazi ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo wawuzodinga ukushintshwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. ISiphakamiso V sinikeza izindlela ezimbili zokuhlongoza ukulungisa: amavoti amabili-ntathu kuwo womabili amagumbi oMkhandlu, noma ngomhlangano womthetho-sisekelo obizwa ngama-3-3 ama-padromagnome kazwelonke (owamuva awuzange usetshenziswe). Ngesinye isikhathi kuhlongozwa, ukulungisa kumelwe kugunyazwe ngeziphakamiso ezintathu kwezine zezifunda, kungaba ngamakhemisiwo-ndlu noma ngemihlangano ekhethekile yokuqinisa.

Le nsimbi ephezulu iqinisekisa ukuthi izinguquko ezisekelwa kabanzi kuphela ziba yingxenye yoMthetho-sisekelo. Kusukela ngo-1789, kuye kwahlongozwa izinkulungwane zenguquko, kodwa ngu- 27 kuphela oye wagunyazwa. Izinguquko ezisobala zihlanganisa i-13 (ukufakwa kobugqila), ye-19 (ubugqila babesifazane), neye-26 (ukususa inkathi yokuvota kuya ku-1818. Inqubo yokulungisa iveza ukuqina nokuqina kwesimiso.

Imikhosi Nezikhundla Zezombangazwe

Nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo ungakhulumi ngamaqembu ezombangazwe, afeza indima eyinhloko kuhulumeni wase-U.S. Amaqembu amabili ayinhloko — iDemocratic and Republican — ahlela abazothatha i-tecture, amapulatifomu, namavoti. Amaqembu esithathu avele awine kodwa akuvamile ukuwina amahhovisi amakhulu ngenxa yesimiso sokukhetha esiphumeleleyo.

Izimiso zokukhetha zenzeka kuzo zonke izinga: uhulumeni (umongameli, uKhongolo, uhulumeni), isifundazwe (umbuso, isishaya-mthetho) kanye nendawo (noma, umkhandlu wedolobha, ibhodi lesikole). Isimiso sokhetho siyinkimbinkimbi: ukhetho lukamongameli lusebenzisa iElectoral College kunokuba luvotelwe ngokuqondile; uhulumeni ngamunye uthola abavoti abalingana nokumelelwa kwawo okuphelele. Iningi lisho ukuthi bonke abavoti ukuze banqobe ivoti ethandwayo kahulumeni. Lesimiso singaholela ekuwineni kukamongameli iEle u-Electoral Collegery kodwa ulahlekelwe yivoti ethandwayo (njengoba kwenzeka ngo 2000 nango-2016).

Ukuthatha isinyathelo somsila kuyisisekelo sedemokrasi. Ukubhalisa ukuvota, ukucwaninga, nokufaka ibhola kuyizindlela eziqondile zokuhlela uhulumeni. Ukhetho oluyinhloko luvumela amaqembu ukuba akhethe abameleli bawo, kuyilapho okhetho oluvamile lunquma ukuthi ubani ophethe isikhundla. Izifundazwe eziningi zivumela futhi ukuthatha ama-collem nama-resendum, okwenza izakhamuzi zivote ngokuqondile emithethweni.

Ukuba Izakhamuzi Ezikhuthele: Ukuhlanganyela Nohulumeni Wakho

Nazi izindlela eziwusizo ongazenza:

  • Ukuvota kunoma yiluphi ukhetho, kusuka ebhodini yesikole sendawo kuya kumongameli. Ukhetho lwe-Midterm (lapho uMkhandlu ukhethwa ngaphandle kukamongameli) lubaluleke njengokhetho lukamongameli ngoba banquma ukuthi yiliphi iqembu elilawula iSishaya-Mkhandlu.
  • Hlanganisa abameleli bakho. Ungabiza, i-imeyili, noma ubhale izincwadi emalungwini oKhongolo. Amahhovisi abo alandela imibono ehlangeneyo, ikakhulukazi emthetho osele ukhona.
  • [ Izikhulu eziqashelwe emahholo asemadolobheni kanye nemihlangano yomphakathi. Izikhulu eziphakanyisiwe zivame ukuvula amakhompathimenti ezifundeni zazo. Lawa amathuba okubuza imibuzo nezindaba.
  • landela amawebhusayithi kahulumeni anjenge-Congress.gov, USA.gov, neFederal Register ukuba kulandele imithetho nezimiso ezintsha.
  • Umsebenzi wobujukujelezi. Isibopho somphakathi esisekela ngokuqondile ubulungisa nobuqotho begatsha lokwahlulela.
  • [ Cela ukugijimela ihhovisi noma ukuzimisela kumkhankaso. Amahhovisi amaningi endawo njengebhodi yesikole noma umkhandlu wedolobha anemiphumela emikhulu ekuphileni kwansuku zonke futhi ngokuvamile awaphikisani.

Isazi sezakhamuzi esinolwazi sibalulekile empilweni yeRepublic. UMthetho-sisekelo uqala ngokuthi “Thina bantu,” ugcizelela ukuthi igunya likahulumeni ekugcineni livela ezakhamuzini zalo. Ngokufunda indlela isimiso esisebenza ngayo nokusebenzisa amalungelo akho, usiza ukuba aseMelika aqhubeke ezama ukuphila.

Isiphetho

Isakhiwo sikahulumeni wase-U.S. (nezingalo ezintathu, ukuhlola nokulinganisela, nokuhlukanisa uhulumeni wezwe) kungabonakala kuyinkimbinkimbi, kodwa kwakhiwe ezimisweni ezicacile: ukuvimbela ubushiqela, ukuvikela, nokukhonza abantu. UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza uhlelo oluqinile oluye lwamelana nempi yangaphakathi, ukuwohloka kwezomnotho, nezinxushunxushu zezenhlalo. Igatsha ngalinye linendima echazwe kahle, futhi isakhamuzi ngasinye sinendima ekusekeleni lowohulumeni. Ngokwazi ukuthi iGajistative, isikhulu, i-Davity, isebenza futhi isebenza ngokubambisana.