ISigele sase-United States singenye yezindikimba zemithetho ezinamandla nezihlukanisa kakhulu emhlabeni. Njengetshe lesisekelo lentando yeningi yaseMelika, iSigele sifeza indima ebalulekile ekulolongeni isimiso sesizwe, sihlole amandla okulawula, futhi simelele izithakazelo zemibuso ethile ngaphakathi kwesimiso sethu sombuso. Ukuqonda isakhiwo seSigele, imibuso, nemithwalo yemfanelo kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda ukuthi iMisebenzi kahulumeni waseMelika nendlela imithetho eyenziwa ngayo eRiphabliki yethu engokomthetho-mthetho.

Siyini Isigele Sase - United States?

ISigele singenye yeziteshi ezimbili zeSishayamthetho, esinamalungu ayikhulu, isifundazwe ngasinye simelelwe izifebe ezimbili. Lokhu kumelelwa okulinganayo kuqinisekisa ukuthi izifundazwe ezincane zinezwi elifanayo eSigeqeni, ezinabantu abaningi kakhulu, (isimiso esiyisisekelo esivela eMhlanganweni Omkhulu woMthetho-sisekelo wango-1787.

Izihlalo ze-tenator zisebenza amagama anyaka wesithupha anyaka anyakazayo, aqinisekisa ukuqhubekeka nokuhlangenwe nakho ngaphakathi egumbini. Ngokungafani nendlu yabameleli, lapho wonke amalungu ebhekana khona nokhetho njalo eminyakeni emibili, cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezihlalo zesikhongozelo incintiswana kunoma imuphi umjikelezo wokukhetha. Ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu kuphela ekhethwayo njalo ngemva kweminyaka emibili (isithathu samalungu ama-anta ihlala ingamalungu amanje). Ngakho, i-Garate iyindikimba eqhubekayo.""

Isakhiwo seSigele sigcizelela ukucabangela, izimiso zesikhathi eside, nombono wesizwe obanzi uma kuqhathaniswa nendlu. Lomklamo ubonisa inhloso yabasunguli yokwakha indikimba yemithetho engenza kube namandla aqinisayo, ilula kakhulu ekufuneni umbono womphakathi ngokushesha futhi igxile ekucabangeleni ngokucophelela izindaba eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Indawo YeSigele Egatsheni Elingokomthetho

ISiphakamiso I soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. sinikeza wonke amandla emithetho e-badamal Congress: Indlu yabameleli neSigele esiwumphumela "Wokuhlehla Okukhulu" ukufuna ukulinganisela imiphumela yezekhono ezidumile nezithakazelo zezwe. Lesi sakhiwo se-bidamaral sidala isimiso lapho zombili izingodo zisebenza khona ndawonye ukumisa umthetho, ukunikeza izingqimba eziningi zokubukeza nokucabangisisa.

Amagumbi amabili ngokuyisisekelo alingana ezindima nasemisebenzini yawo yokushaya umthetho. Indlu kuphela engasungula umthetho wenzuzo, futhi iSigele kuphela esiqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli nezivumelwano ezivumayo, kodwa ukumiswa komthetho ngaso sonke isikhathi kudinga ukuba womabili amakamu avumelane ngokuhlukana nencwadi efanayo ngaphambi kokuba ayinike uMongameli.

ISigele sihlangana esakhiweni sikaCapitol e-United States eWashington, D.C., lapho amanxusa eqhuba khona ibhizinisi lawo lezenyusela-mthetho, egcina amakomiti amacala, futhi ephikisana ngezindaba ezibhekene nesizwe. Igumbi elincane uma liqhathaniswa nendlu yabameleli yama-435 livumela impikiswano enkulu futhi linikeza abasekeni ngabanye ithonya elikhulu kakhulu enqubeni yemithetho.

Imisebenzi Nemithwalo Yemfanelo YeSigele

Lemithwalo yemfanelo ihlanganisa ukwengamela, ukuqinisekisa, nokuhlola kokubili amandla omphathi nokwahlulela.

Igunya Lomthetho

ISigele sinemisebenzi eminingana eyinhloko, eyokuqala ukumiswa. Ngokuphathelene nalowomsebenzi negunya laso lokuhlela imali, futhi, nendlu, yengamela izinhlangano eziphethe igatsha nohulumeni. Wonke amaqembu omthetho kahulumeni kumelwe adlule kokubili eNdlwini yeSigele nakuyindlu yabameleli ngaphambi kokuba athunyelwe kuMongameli ukuze asayinwe.

Inqubo yomthetho eSigele ihluke kakhulu kuleyo eseNdlu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imithetho yeSigele nezinqubo, kungcono ukuhlobana ngokuthatha isinyathelo ngokushesha, njengoba inikeza izikhulu ezizimele amandla aphawulekayo okusungula. Lokhu kusho ukuthi impikiswano eSigele sikhulu kakhulu, futhi abasizi ngabanye banamandla amakhulu okuthonya, ukulibala, noma ukuvimbela umthetho kunabanye babo eMzini.

I-Brills ingaqalwa yinoma imuphi umsekeni futhi ibhekiswe ekomitini efanelekayo ukuze ihlolwe. Ikomiti ngayinye emile ingacabangela, ilungise, futhi ibike izindleko eziwa ngaphansi kwegunya layo. Ngemva kokubukeza kwekomiti, izikweletu zidlulela esitezini seSigele ukuze kuxoxwe futhi kuvote. Ukungaqondi okusemthethweni kweSigele seNkathiwe kusho ukuthi ukuvumelana nokuxoxisana kuyizingxenye ezidingekile zenqubo yomthetho.

Iseluleko Namandla Avunyelwe

Amandla achazayo esiGaqekezi ikhono laso lokululeka nokuvuma ezindabeni eziyinhloko zomphathi nokwahlulela. Leligunya lifeza indima eyinhloko ekulolongeni ukuhola kukahulumeni kahulumeni nokwakheka kwakhe ngaphandle. Lomthetho-sisekelo unikeza ithonya elibalulekile lesiGeqebhene ukuthi ubani okhonza ezikhundleni eziyinhloko kuwo wonke uhulumeni.

UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza umongameli "uzakumisa, futhi ngeSiluleko nangemvume yeSigele, uzakumisa amanxusa, ezinye izikhonzi zomphakathi kanye namaKhonsasi, abaHluleli beNkantolo Ephakeme, kanye nabo bonke abanye abaphathi be-United States... (Ingxenye 2, Ingxenye 2). Lombuso uqinisekisa ukuthi iSigeqe sisebenza njengesehlo esinzima ekumisweni kukamongameli.

ISigele sinegunya elikhethekile lokuqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli ezikhundleni eziphakeme, njengamajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme, amajaji kahulumeni, namalungu ekhathektha. Inqubo yokuqinisekisa iqala ngokuqulwa kwamacala amakomiti, lapho imineinee iphendula khona imibuzo nokuhlola ubuso kobuso. Ngokuvamile, ummeli ungumuntu wokuqala ozoqulwa phambi kwekomiti yeSishaya-mthetho. Ngemva kwalokho, ukumiswa kwesinqumo kucatshangelwa yi-Stellar.

Nakuba ekugcineni kuqinisekiswa ukuthi izikhulu eziningi zinamandla okwenqaba ukumiswa kwamagama eSigele asebenza njengesheke elibalulekile egunyeni eliphethe. Iningi lama-mineine liyaqinisekiswa; nokho, emacaleni amancane unyaka ngamunye, amakomiti eNkampane ahluleka ngamabomu ukuthatha isinyathelo sokumisa isiqu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umongameli ngezinye izikhathi ususa iziqu lapho kubonakala kungaqiniseki. Ngenxa yalokhu, ukulahlwa okusobala kwezintambo ezisesiteji kuvamile.

Isivumelwano Sokunqanda Izindawo

UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza iSigele amandla okuvuma, ngezivumelwano ezithatha izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu, ezenziwa igatsha eliphethe. Lesidingo sokuthola imvume enkulu siqinisekisa ukuthi izivumelwano zomhlaba wonke zisekelwa kabanzi ngaphambi kokuba i-United States yenze kanjalo.

Izivumelwano ezixoxwe umongameli kumelwe zigunyazwe yivoti eyizingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu eSigele ngaphambi kokuba zibe isibopho esingokomthetho. Lokhu kuthatha isikhundla esiphakeme kusho ukuthi omongameli kumelwe basebenzele ukwakha ukusekela kwe-bipartisan ukusekela kwabo imithetho yakwamanye amazwe, futhi inikeza ithonya eliqinile ezibophweni zezizwe zonke zaseMelika.

Enqubweni yezomthetho, izivumelwano ziphathwa njengezikweletu: zibhekiselwa e-Freign Relations Committee, lapho zingase zihlolwe khona futhi zibikwe. ISigele singabheka isivumelwano esisesiteji phansi ngaphansi kwezinqubo ezifanayo ezisetshenziswa njengomthetho. I-Freign Relations Committee ifeza indima ebalulekile ekuhloleni izivumelwano futhi ituse iSigele esigcwele.

Ukuzimela Ekulingweni

Ngaphezu kwalokho, inomthwalo wemfanelo okhethekile futhi ophelele wokuqulwa kwemibuzo, ukuqinisekiswa komongameli, nokubekwa kwesivumelwano. Inqubo yokugunyazwa imelela omunye wemithwalo yemfanelo engathi sína kakhulu iSigele esiyithathayo, esebenza njengendlela yokuhlola ekugcineni ekuziphatheni okubi kwezikhulu zikahulumeni ezithatha isikhundla esiphakeme.

ISiphakamiso I, Ingxenye yesithathu ye-3, u-Claus 6 woMthetho-sisekelo uthi: "ISigele siyoba namandla okuzama zonke iziphakamiso... futhi akukho muntu ozakulahlwa ngaphandle komthetho owenqabela izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zamalungu akhona." Lomthetho sisekelo wenza iSigele sibe isigebengu sokugcina emacaleni amacala angafanele.

Isikhulu siyaphoqelelwa uma nje indlu ivota ukuvuma isihloko sokungagunyazi. Indlu khona - ke ithumela isigwebo - izihloko zokungagunyazi – eSigele, esizenza ilungu lejaji. Phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala, iSigele sizwa ubufakazi, silalele izimpikiswano ezivela nhlangothi zombili, futhi ekugcineni sivote ukuthi kufanele siboshwe yini futhi sikhiphe isikhulu ehhovisi.

ISigele sinamandla futhi okubeka isikhulu esiphethe noma esahluleli ngevoti ethatha isithathu sokuqulwa kwecala elingafanele. Lemfuneko enkulu iqinisekisa ukuthi ukususwa ehhovisi kudinga ukuvumelana okukhulu futhi akunakufezwa ngamavoti avamile ahlukene.

Indlela Abaculi Ababoniswa Ngayo

Ukukhethwa kweSigele kuqhutshwa ngoLwesibili lokuqala ngemva koMsombuluko wokuqala ngoNovemba eminyakeni ewunombolo, uSuku Lokhetho, futhi kwenzeka ngesikhathi esifanayo nokhetho lwendlu yabameleli. Iziphathi zikhethwa umbuso wazo uwonke. Lomthetho wezwe lonke uhlukanisa izigebengu kumalungu endlu, ezimelela izigodi ezithile zengqungquthela ezisezindaweni ezingaphakathi.

Isimiso samanje sokukhetha okuqondile kwabavoti sasingesilo icala ngaso sonke isikhathi. Ekuqaleni, uMthetho-sisekelo wawuhlele ukuba izinyunyana zikhethwe yizishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni. Lokhu kwashintsha ngokuhlaziywa kweSichibiyelo seSeventeenth ngo-1913, esamisa ukukhethwa okuqondile kwama-senator ngevoti ethandwayo. Lenguquko yayihloselwe ukwenza iSigele sisabele abantu sithathe indiva futhi sinciphise ukonakala enqubweni yokukhetha.

Ezifundazweni ezingu-45, ukhetho oluyinhloko luqhutshelwa kuqala amaqembu eRepublican ne-Democratic, futhi amalungu ambalwa akhethiwe esithathu, kuye ngokwezwe, ngokukhetha okuvamile ngemva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa kamuva. Eziningi zalezi zifundazwe, i-minee ingathola ubuningi kuphela. Kwezinye izifundazwe, kudingeka ukukhishwa uma kungekho bani abafinyelelwa. Imithetho ekhethekile elawula ukhetho lwezigelethi iyahluka ngokombuso, ibonisa isimo sombuso kahulumeni waseMelika.

Ngenxa yokuthi izinketho zeSigele ziyiminyaka eyisithupha futhi ukhetho luyashaqiswa, ukumiswa kweSigele kushintsha kancane kancane kunendlu yabameleli. Ilungu ngalinye lendlu livulela ukukhethwa noma ukukhethwa futhi njalo eminyakeni emibili, kodwa iSigele sinesimiso esinyakazayo lapho i-Senator eyodwa kwezintathu kuphela ehliswa khona ukuze ikhethwe noma inyuswe futhi njalo eminyakeni emibili. Kungenzeka ukuba iNdlu ishintshe ngezinga elikhulu (ngokwezimo zokulawula iqembu) njalo eminyakeni emibili, kodwa izinguquko zihamba kancane eSihlalweni.

Ukuhola Nenhlangano Yesigele

Isakhiwo sobuholi seSigele sihluke kakhulu kwesendlu yabameleli. Indlu iholwa uSikhulumi onamandla, umholi weSigele usakazwa kakhulu futhi ungabi yisikhulu.

Isekela Likamongameli Nomongameli

Umongameli ongumsekeli ubhekwa njengoMongameli weSigele kodwa angavota kuphela uma kunesibopho.

UMthetho-sisekelo ugunyaza iSigele ukuba sikhethe umongameli i-pirpore (ngesiLatini isho "umholi wesikhathi esithile"), ophatha igumbi lapho umongameli engekho futhi ngokwesiko, umphathi weqembu elikhulu onomlando omude wenkonzo eqhubekayo. Nokho, njengomongameli ongumongameli, umongameli we-propixere akaphathi iSigele, kodwa ufaka izithunywa eziyinhloko zokwengamela isigaba esikhulu esiphethe iSigele, ngokuvamile ephethe ihora elilodwa ngesisekelo esijikelezayo.

Ngokuvamile, abasanda kumiswa (amalungu asanda kukhethwa) bayacelwa ukuba bengamele ukuze bajwayelane nemithetho nezinqubo zomzimba. Lokhu kusiza abasunguli abasha ukuba bafunde imithetho yegumbi lapho benikeza izikhulu ezidingekayo zezengamele zebhizinisi lesimiso.

Abaholi Abakhulu Nabancane

KuyiSigele, abaholi abaningi nabambalwa basebenza ndawonye ekuxoxeni nawo wonke amalungu ukuze bathole isimiso. Lendlela yokubambisana ibonisa isakhiwo seSigele sobucukubhede obuncane nezikhulu ezinamandla eziphethe imithetho yeSigele.

Umholi weningi ukhonza njengomkhulumeli omkhulu weqembu labo futhi ufeza indima ebalulekile ekumiseni uhlelo lwezishaya-mthetho, nakuba amandla abo elinganiselwe kakhulu kunawe House Speaker. Umholi wedlanzana ngokufanayo umelela izithakazelo zeqembu labo futhi usebenzela ukuthuthukisa izinto zabo eziza kuqala zomthetho noma ukuvimbela izinyathelo zokushaya umthetho uma kudingekile.

Abaphathi Nezisebenzi ZaseSigqeni

Isikhulu esiphethe iSigele singunobhala weSigele, ogcina amarekhodi omphakathi, okhipha amaholo, oqondisa ukutholakala kwesiteshi nempahla, nomphathi womabhalane. Esinye isikhulu sisesanjini ezikhalini, esiphethe isikhulu somthetho esiphethe iSigele, esigcina ukuhleleka nokulondeka ezikhungweni zeSigele.

Lezi zikhulu, kanye namanye amalungu amaningi ezisebenzi, zisekela imisebenzi yeSigele futhi zisiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi igumbi lingasebenza ngokuphumelelayo. ISigele sisebenzisa futhi umphathi wephalamende oluleka isikhulu sezengamele ngezindaba ze-procedture futhi sisiza ekuchazeni imithetho eyinkimbinkimbi yegumbi.

Isimiso SeKomiti YeSigele

Umsebenzi omningi weSigele wenziwa emakomitini, lapho kuhlolwa khona ngokuningiliziwe umthetho, ukuqondisa kwezinhlangano eziphethe, nokucabangela ukumiswa kwemifantu. Isimiso sekomiti sivumela abameli ukuba bathuthukise ubuchwepheshe ezicini ezithile zezimiso nokuziphatha ukubukezwa ngokucophelela kwezindaba eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Umsebenzi wekomiti eminingi wenziwa amakomiti amile ayi-16, ngalinye eliphethe insimu enjengezezimali noma ukuhlangana kwezizwe. Lamakomiti amile ayimikhakha ehlala njalo esukela kwenye i-Congress kuya kwenye, enikeza ulwazi lwenhlangano nokuqhubekela phambili.

Ikomiti ngayinye emile icabangela ukumiswa kukamongameli emahhovisi ahlobene negunya layo. Ngokwesibonelo, iKomiti yamaJaji icabangela iziqu zokwahlulela, futhi i-Freign Relations Committee icabangela izikhundla zomnyango we-Divince of State. Lengxenye yezisebenzi ivumela abameli abanolwazi olufanele ukuba baqhube ukuhlola okuningiliziwe kwe-minee.

Amakomiti akhona aqondisa iminyango nezinhlangano zegatsha eliphethe. Lo msebenzi wokwengamela ubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukulandisa egatsheni eliphethe futhi uhlole izinkinga ezingase zifike noma ukuziphatha okubi.

Lapho efeza imisebenzi yawo, amakomiti amile anamandla okubamba ukuqulwa kwamacala nofakazi abangaphansi komthetho nobufakazi. Lamandla ahlolayo enza amakomiti akwazi ukuqoqa ukwaziswa, ukuphoqelela ubufakazi, nokuhlola izindaba ngokucophelela ngaphansi kwegunya lawo.

Amandla Nezenzo Eziyingqayizivele Zesigele

ISigele sinezici eziningana ezisihlukanisayo neNdlu Yabameleli futhi sisinikeza indima eyingqayizivele enqubweni yokushaya umthetho kwaseMelika.

I - filibuster Ne - clow

ISigele sinomlando omude wokusebenzisa igama elithi filbuster +a elisukela emuva kuma-1850 e-United States(*) ukulibala impikiswano noma umthetho wovimbela. I-finbuster ivumela abameleli ukuba banwebe impikiswano ngokungenasiphelo, ngokuphumelelayo ivimbele ukuvota ngomthetho ngaphandle uma isikhulu esiphambili sivumelana nokuqeda impikiswano.

Amandla eSigele ahlanganisa ikhono lokuvala umthetho nge-filbuster, okungadinga ukuba amavoti avelele angu-60 aqede impikiswano. Leli thuluzi lezemfundo linikeza amandla aphawulekayo eqenjini elincane nakumalungu alo, okufuna ukuba iningi lakhe ukuvumelana okukhulu ngenxa yomthetho ophikisanayo.

Inqubo yokuqeda i-filbuster yaziwa ngokuthi i-ambrecure. Nakuba umnyango oqondile wokuvota usushintshile ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, umthetho wamanje udinga amavoti angu-60 ukuvuselela amahlule ezintweni eziningi. Ukuphakamisa imibuzo eminingi kudinga ukuvota kwesithathu se-Iagrand kodwa ihlule ingabizwa ngomnyango olula.

I-filbuster inemiphumela ephawulekayo ekwenzeni izinqumo zomthetho njengoba ivumela abakhomishane abambalwa ukuba banwebe impikiswano futhi bavimbele amavoti ezikweletini, ifuna ngokuphumelelayo ukuphumelela kwamavoti angu-60 okumelwe anqotshwe. Lokhu kungaholela ekubeni kubekwe i-group eKhongolo, kukwenze kube nzima ukuba umthetho omkhulu udlulise futhi uthonye indlela imithetho ephumelela ngayo.

Imithetho Yesigele Nezinyathelo

ISigele sibuswa umthetho-sisekelo, isimiso semithetho emisiwe, izenzakalo ezimiswe ngenqubo yenqubo yomthetho, nemithetho ekhethekile yenqubo ethathwa ngemithetho yezinhlobo ezithile zomthetho. Lemithetho inquma indlela izikweleti nezinqumo ezishukunyiselwa ngayo engxenyeni edluliswayo, isakhiwo samakomiti eNkathi, indlela impikiswano eqhubeka ngayo egumbini lokuvota, nendlela amalungu avota ngayo.

Ngokungafani nendlu, ethatha imithetho emisha ekuqaleni koMkhandlu ngamunye, imithetho yeSigele iyaqhubeka isuka kuMkhandlu owodwa iye komunye. Lokhu kuqhubeka kuqinisa isimo seSigele njenge "umzimba oqinile" futhi kunengxenye ekugcizeleleni kwegumbi esikweni nasendulo.

Imithetho yeSigele ngokuvamile inikeza impikiswano esobala futhi inikeza izinyunyana ngazinye amathuba engeziwe okuthonya umthetho kunokuba imithetho yendlu inike abameleli. Lokhu kuthulula isifuba kungaholela ekucazululeni okucophelela kakhulu kodwa futhi kungenza kube nzima kakhulu ukudlulisa umthetho ngokushesha.

Amanye Amandla Omthetho - sisekelo

ISiphakamiso I, ingxenye 5, yoMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. inikeza ukuthi "Indlu ngayinye [yeSishaya - mthetho] inganquma imithetho yayo, ijezise amalungu ayo ngenxa yokuziphatha okungahlelekile, futhi, ngokuvumelana kwama mithathu amabili, ixoshe ilungu." Leligunya lokuzilawula livumela iSigele ukuba silondoloze isiyalo nezindinganiso phakathi kwamalungu aso.

I-Censure uhlobo lwesiyalo esisetshenziswa yiSigele ngokumelene namalungu aso (ngezinye izikhathi okubhekiselwa kuso njengokulahla noma ukulahla). Amazwi angokomthetho okungamukeleki, ukusola akumsusi umphathi wasehhovisi. Lokhu kunikeza indlela yokuveza ukungakwamukeli ukuziphatha kwelungu ngaphandle kwesinyathelo esinzima sokuxoshwa.

Indima Yesigele Ekuhloleni Nokulinganisela

ISigele sifeza indima ebalulekile esimisweni saseMelika sokuhlola nokulinganisela, sisebenza njengenhlolo - vo kokubili emagatsheni aphethe nawamahluleli kuyilapho silinganisela neHouse yezikhulu eziphambili nabezokwahlulela.

La mandla afeza indima ebalulekile esimisweni sokuhlola nokulinganisela okuklanyelwe ukulinganisela igunya eliphethe futhi aqinisekise ukuthi izinqumo ezibalulekile ziyahlolwa futhi ziyavunyelwa indikimba ehlukene yemithetho. Ngokufuna imvume yeSigele ekumisweni okuyinhloko nezivumelwano, uMthetho-sisekelo uqinisekisa ukuthi uMongameli ngeke athathe isinyathelo ngaphandle kokuzimela kulezi zindawo ezibalulekile.

Ikhono legatsha ngalinye lokusabela ezenzweni zamagatsha alo yisimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela. Igatsha ngalinye likahulumeni lingashintsha izenzo zamagatsha amanye: umongameli angawubeka umthetho owenziwe yiSishaya-mthetho. ISigele, singawunqoba umongameli we-vetoes ngevoti eyi-3 ezimbili (ekuhlanganisweni nendlu) futhi singasenqaba ama-minene kanye nezivumelwano zomongameli.

ISigele sifeza indima ebalulekile esimisweni sezombangazwe saseMelika, siphikisa iNdlu yabameleli negatsha eliphethe. Nakuba lendlu ngokuvamile ibonisa imizwa yomphakathi esheshayo, iSigele sinikeza umbono owengeziwe, wesikhathi eside ngomthetho nokubusa.

Ukungafani Phakathi KweSigele Nendlu Yabameleli

Nakuba zombili lezi zikhundla zoMkhandlu zihlanganyela igunya lomthetho, zihluke ngezindlela eziphawulekayo ezithinta indlela ezisebenza ngayo nezindima zazo kuhulumeni waseMelika.

Usayizi kanye nomelelo

Nakuba kunezihlalo eziyikhulu eSihlalweni seSigele (amanxusa amabili avela esifundazweni ngasinye), kunezihlalo ezingu-435 eNdlu yabameleli (ummeleli oyedwa ovela kwesinye sezifunda ezihlukahlukene zesifundazwe ngasinye, onenani lezifunda zezindawo zomhlangano esifundeni ngasinye ezinqunywe inani labantu). Lomehluko oyisisekelo lobukhulu nomfanekiso uveza amandla ahlukile egumbini ngalinye.

Izimemezeli zimelela zonke izifunda zabo, kodwa amalungu endlu amelela izigodi ngazinye. Inani lezifunda ezisesifundazweni ngasinye linqunywa inani labantu bombuso. Lokhu kusho ukuthi abameli bakhona bamelela izikhungo ezinkulu nezihlukene kakhulu kunamalungu endlu, angathonya izinqumo zabo eziza kuqala nezibalo zezombangazwe.

I-senetor ivame ukuphatha amandla ngaphezu kwelungu ngalinye elivamile lendlu ngoba limelela sonke isifunda esiphakathi kwesifundazwe. Lokhu kuvumelana okukhulu, kuhlangene nobukhulu obuncane beSigele, ngokuvamile kwenza izigele ngazinye zibonakale futhi zibe nethonya kakhulu kunelungu ngalinye lendlu.

Amazwi Ehhovisi Nezinqumo

Abaququli bakhethwa ngeminyaka eyisithupha, kodwa abameleli bendlu banemisho yeminyaka emibili kuphela ngaphambi kokuba kudingeke bafune ukukhethwa. Lomehluko wegama ubude usho okukhulu ngendlela amalungu egumbi ngalinye abheka ngayo imisebenzi yawo.

Imithetho yeSigele ende ivumela amajenali ukuba athathe umbono wesikhathi eside ngezindaba zesimiso futhi angenza izinqumo ezingase zingathandeki esikhathini esifushane kodwa ezizuzisayo ekugcineni. Amalungu endlu, abhekene nokhetho njalo eminyakeni emibili, angase athathe isinyathelo esingcono kakhulu ezinkathazweni ezisheshayo nombono womphakathi wamanje.

Izimfuneko Zehhovisi

Amalungu endlu kumelwe abe neminyaka engamashumi amabili nanhlanu ubudala nezakhamuzi iminyaka eyisikhombisa. Izigebengu zineminyaka engaba ngamashumi amathathu ubudala futhi zihlala ezindaweni ezineminyaka engu-9. Leminyaka ephakeme nezimfuneko zesizwe kubaphathi be-Ismeter zibonisa inhloso yabasunguli ukuba iSigele sibe yindikimba engcono emele ukuhlaziywa kwabantu abanolwazi olungaphezulu.

Amandla Aphelele

Igumbi ngalinye linemibuso ethile ekhethekile elinye elingahlanganyeli. ISiphakamiso I, Ingxenye 7 yoMthetho-sisekelo isho ukuthi izikweletu ezihloselwe ukuphakamisa imali kumelwe zivele endlini. Lokhu kungomunye womehluko omkhulu phakathi kwendlu neSigele. Lombuso ubonisa indima yendlu njengegumbi eliseduze kakhulu nabantu, okumelwe ekugcineni bathwale umthwalo wentela.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iSigele sinamandla okuvuma kuphela izivumelwano zakwamanye amazwe nezivumelwano zezikhulu zezomthetho, kuhlanganise nokumiswa eNkantolo Ephakeme. Lemibuso ekhethekile inikeza ithonya elikhulu enkabeni yemithetho yakwamanye amazwe nasemagatsheni aphethe nahluleli.

Ezimweni zokungagunyazi (ngokwesibonelo, uAndrew Johnson ngo-1868 noBill Clinton ngo-1998), lendlu inquma ukuthi isikhulu singamangalelwa yini, futhi iningi lalabo abavotayo livume noma lilahle ukufakwa kwamacala (inqubo yokukhokha). Uma ivunyelwe, iSigele sisebenza njengendikimba yophengululo noma yezomthetho ukuze sinqume ukuthi imvume yokususa isikhulu esimangalelwe ehhovisi laso noma ehhovisi.

Umehluko Okhona

Ngokuphindwe kane kwamalungu, iNdlu ilandela izinqubo eziseduze futhi ibeke imingcele. Impikiswano cishe ayinamingcele eSigele futhi wonke amalungu anethuba lokuhlanganyela kakhulu. Lomehluko ezimpikiswaneni uhlela indlela igumbi ngalinye elisebenza ngayo.

Indlu, kanye namalungu ayo amakhulu, idinga izinqubo ezihlelwe kahle ukuze isebenze. Ubuncane beSigele nesiko lempikiswano esengeziwe kuvumela ukudingidwa okucophelelayo kwezindaba kodwa kungaholela futhi ekuthatheni isinyathelo somthetho kancane.

Ithonya LeSigele Ekubuseni KwaseMelika

Isakhiwo esiyingqayizivele seSigele namandla kunemiphumela emikhulu endleleni i-United States ebuswa ngayo nendlela enziwa ngayo umthetho kahulumeni.

Ukumelela Izithakazelo ZoMbuso

Isakhiwo sesigele siqinisekisa ukuthi isifundazwe ngasinye simelela isifundazwe ngendlela efanayo, silinganise ukumelelwa kwenani labantu eNdlu. Lomklamo uvikela izithakazelo zikahulumeni enkambisweni kahulumeni, kuhlanganise nezomnotho, ukulondeka, nezimiso zomphakathi. Amazwe amancane aneziphakamiso ezifanayo eSigeqeni kanye namazwe amakhulu, aqinisekisa ukuthi isithakazelo sawo asinakunqotshwa ngokuphelele yimibuso enabantu abaningi.

Lokhu kumelelwa okulinganayo kwakuyintethelelo ebalulekile eyenza ukuba uMthetho-sisekelo ukwazi, isingatha ukukhathazeka kwezifunda ezincane ukuthi zaziyobuswa amazwe amakhulu esimisweni esisekelwe ezakhamuzini kuphela. Iyaqhubeka ihlela ezombangazwe zaseMelika namuhla, njengoba izinyunyana ezivela emazweni angenalutho zingaba nethonya elikhulu phezu kwesimiso sezwe.

Ukukhuthaza Inkululeko Nenkululeko

Isimiso seSigele nemithetho ikhuthaza ukucabangisisa nokwakha ukuvumelana okukhulu. Imfuneko yokuvota okukhulu ezindabeni ezithile, i-banbuster, nesiko lempikiswano ebanzi konke kuphoqelela izinyunyana ukuba ziyekelele ekuxazululeni kunokuvumelana nje komthetho omkhulu.

Ngalemithwalo yemfanelo, iSigele sisiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi umthetho ucatshangelwa kahle nokuthi amalungelo awo womabili amazwe nabantu avikelwe phakathi kwesimiso esibanzi sentando yeningi yaseMelika. Lomsebenzi owehlisa imingcele usebenza njengesephulelo esithatha isinyathelo esisheshayo futhi usiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi izinguquko ezinkulu zesimiso zinokusekela okukhulu.

Ukuphatha Nokulandisa

Imithwalo yemfanelo yeSigele isiza ekuqinisekiseni ukulandisa kuwo wonke uhulumeni. Ngomthetho wekomiti, uphengululo, nenqubo yokuqinisekisa, abameli bahlola izenzo zezinhlangano eziphethe futhi babeke izikhulu zikahulumeni icala ngezenzo zazo.

ISigele sithweswa umsebenzi wokusingatha ukuqulwa kwecala kwezikhulu zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise nomongameli, ngaleyondlela sifeza indima ebalulekile ekulondolozeni ukulandisa phakathi kukahulumeni.

Izinselele Nezimpikiswano Zesikhathi Esizayo

ISigele sibhekene nezinselele nezimpikiswano ezihlukahlukene enkathini yanamuhla, njengoba ukushintsha kwethonya lezombangazwe nokuveza amathemba omphakathi kuvivinya imikhuba nezinqubo ezingokwesiko zalesi sikhungo.

I - partisan Polaryation

Ukwanda kokuhlukaniswa kwabantu kuye kwathinta indlela iSigele esisebenza ngayo, okwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukwakha i-bipartisan ukuvumelana ngokuthi imithetho namasiko aleligumbi akhuthaza. Izimpi zokuqinisekisa ezimpini zokwahlulela nabaphathi ezibekwayo ziye zaba yingxabano, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwe-monicbuster sekuye kwathatha isikhathi eside futhi kwaba yizinsalela.

Lokhu kuhlukana kungaholela ekufuneni i-rock lock, lapho umthetho obalulekile uvala khona ngoba akekho umbutho ongaqoqa amavoti angu-60 adingekayo ukuze kunqotshwe i-nfinbuster. Abanye abaqapheli baphikisa ngokuthi le ntambo ivimbela isinyathelo esidingekile ekucindezeleni izindaba zesizwe, kuyilapho abanye bephikisa ngokuthi ivikela emthethweni ocatshangelwe ngokuxhamazela noma ngokungemthetho ocatshangelwa kahle.

Izimpikiswano Ngemithetho Yezigele

Imithetho yeSigele, ikakhulukazi i-finbuster, ibilokhu iyindaba yempikiswano eqhubekayo. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi i-banbuster iyithuluzi elibalulekile lokuvikela amalungelo amancane nokukhuthaza ukucabangisisa, kuyilapho abanye bephikisa ngokuthi ivumela idlanzana ukuba liphazamise intando yeningi futhi livimbele isinyathelo esidingekile ezindabeni ezibalulekile.

Ukushintshwa kwemithetho yeSigele, ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene ne-finbuster, kuye kwenzeka eminyakeni yamuva. Umnyango wokukhuphula amahlule ekuhlobiseni uncishiswe kwabambalwa, okwenza kube lula ukuqinisekisa abamisiwe umongameli kodwa futhi kunciphisa ikhono leqembu elincane lokuvimbela ukufakwa kwezitho zomjovo.

Ukumelela Nokubusa Ngentando Yeningi

Ukumelela okulinganayo kweSigele sezifunda, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izakhamuzi zinjani, kuye kwadala impikiswano mayelana nokumelelwa kwentando yeningi. Abagxeki baveza ukuthi izigele ezimelela idlanzana lomphakathi waseMelika zingavimbela umthetho oxhaswe yizikhulu ezimelela iningi lamaMelika. Abavikeli baphikisa ngokuthi lesi sakhiwo sivikela ubuzwe futhi sivimbela amazwe amakhulu ukuba alawule amancane.

Lezimpikiswano zibonisa izingxabano eziqhubekayo embusweni wentando yeningi waseMelika phakathi kokubusa kweningi namalungelo amancane, phakathi kobunye besizwe nobukhosi bombuso, naphakathi kokuphumelela nokuzicabangela kokubusa.

Inqubo Yomthetho ESigele

Ukuqonda indlela umthetho ohamba ngayo ngeSigele kusiza ekukhanyiseni indima yegumbi kuhulumeni waseMelika nezinselele zokumisa umthetho kahulumeni.

Ukucabangela Isingeniso Nekomiti

Imithetho ingaqalwa yi-seminary, oba umxhasi wezezimali. Izincwadi zibhekiselwa ekomitini efanelekayo esekelwe endabeni yazo yendaba. Isigaba sekomiti sibalulekile, njengoba kulapho ukuhlola okuningiliziwe nokulungiswa komthetho kuvame ukuvela khona.

AmaKomiti athatha icala ukuze aqoqe ukwaziswa futhi alalele kochwepheshe, abagcini bezimali, nabathathi-mdlandla abathakazelayo. Angalungisa izikweletu, azihlanganise nomthetho, noma akhethe ukungathatheli phambili kuzo. Icala elingatholi mvume yekomiti lifa lingenakho ukufika esitejini seSigele.

Ukucabangela Ubuhle Nempikiswano

Uma isikweleti sesikhishiwe ekomitini, singahlelwa ukuba sihlolwe phansi. Isiko leSigele lempikiswano engenamkhawulo lisho ukuthi izinyunyana zingakhuluma kabanzi ngomthetho, zinikeze izinguquko futhi ziphakamise izikhalo.

Le ngxoxo esobala ivumela ukuba kuhlolwe ngokucophelela umthetho kodwa futhi kungasetshenziselwa ukulibazisa noma ukuvala izikweletu nge - filbuster. Ukuvumelana kokwakha nokuvumelana ngokuvamile kuyadingeka ukuze kuqhutshekiswe umthetho, ikakhulukazi ezindabeni eziphikisanayo.

Ukukhangisa Nokudlula

Umthetho omningi ufuna ukuba iningi elivamile lidlulise iSigele. Nokho, ukunqoba i-monibbuster kudinga amavoti angu-60 ukuze kuvulwe umthetho ophikisanayo, okwakha igebe eliphezulu. Ezinye izindaba, njengokuhlanganisa isivumelwano nokuqiniseka ekuqulweni kwecala, zidinga amavoti angu-60 aphezulu.

Uma la magumbi amabili edlulisa izimemezelo ezihlukene, kumelwe alungise ukungezwani, ngokuvamile ngekomiti yengqungquthela, ngaphambi kokuba kuthunyelwe inombolo yokugcina.

Indima Yesigele Ekumisweni Kwangaphandle

ISigele sifeza indima ebalulekile ekulolongeni isimiso saseMelika sakwamanye amazwe ngamandla aso esivumelwano negunya lokuqinisekisa ukumiswa kwezinxulumani.

Imfuneko yamavoti amabili-sithathu ezivumelwano ze-rarefy inikeza iSigele amandla aqinile ezivumelwaneni zomhlaba wonke. Omongameli kumelwe bacabangele umbono weSigele lapho bexoxa ngezivumelwano zesivumelwano kanye nomsebenzi wokwakha ukusekela kwezimiso zabo zakwamanye amazwe. Lokhu kungaholela ekulungiseni izivumelwano ukuze kuxazululwe izinkathazo zeSigele noma, kwezinye izimo, ukwenqatshwa kwezivumelwano ezingasekelwa ngokwanele.

ISigele isebenza njengesihluthulelo sokuhlola izindaba zezimiso zakwamanye amazwe nokucabangela izivumelwano nokuzwana kwezindaba. Ukuqulwa kwamacala ekomiti kunikeza amathuba abameli ukuba babuze izikhulu eziphethe ngezimiso zakwamanye amazwe nokuhlela impikiswano yomphakathi ezindabeni zomhlaba wonke.

Ngokuqinisekisa amandla ayo phezu kwamanxusa nezinye izikhulu zezikhulu zezokuxhumana, iSigele sibuye sithonye futhi esimelela i-United States phesheya futhi esihola izinhlangano eziyinhloko zezimiso zakwamanye amazwe. Lo mbuso uvumela abameli ukuba baqinisekise ukuthi izikhundla zobumeli zigcwaliswe abantu abafanelekayo abahlanganyela inkambiso yezomthetho weSigele yakwamanye amazwe.

Ukuphatha Kwesigele Igatsha Eliphethe

Ngaphandle kwemithwalo yayo yemithetho nokuqinisekiswa, iSigele sifeza indima ebalulekile yokwengamela, siqondisa ukumiswa kwemithetho yegatsha eliphethe nokusetshenziswa kwezimali ezifanele.

Amakomiti eSigele ahlale eqondisa amacala ukuze ahlole indlela izinhlangano eziphethe eziwenza ngayo umsebenzi wawo, ukuthi ziyavumelana nomthetho, nokuthi ziyisebenzisa kanjani imali ekhokha intela. Lezi zimemezelo zingambula izinkinga, ukuchithwa kwendle, noma ukuziphatha okungafanele futhi zingaholela ezinguqulweni zomthetho noma ezinguqulweni zezindlela zokuhlela.

Amandla esigele okuqinisekisa noma ukulahla abaphethe umongameli anikeza enye indlela yobubonisi. Phakathi nokuqinisekiswa, izigebengu zingangabaza izimfanelo zazo, imibono yazo ngezindaba zemithetho, nendlela abangayisingatha ngayo imithwalo yabo yemfanelo. Le nqubo ivumela iSigele ukuba sithonye isiqondiso sezinhlangano eziphethe futhi siqinisekise ukuthi abantu abafanelekayo bamiswe ezikhundleni eziyinhloko.

Imibuso yophengululo yeSigele, kuhlanganise nekhono lofakazi abangaphansi kwe-popoena kanye nezincwadi, kusenza sikwazi ukuhlola ngokucophelela imisebenzi yegatsha eliphethe. Uphenyo olukhulu lungaguqula ukuqonda komphakathi izindaba ezibalulekile futhi luholele ezinguqulweni eziphawulekayo zenqubo noma izinguquko ezingokomthetho.

Ukubaluleka Kokuqonda ISigele

Ukuqonda indlela iSigele esisebenza ngayo kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda uhulumeni waseMelika futhi ahlanganyele ngokuphumelelayo ezinqubweni zentando yeningi. Isakhiwo esiyingqayizivele seSigele namandla kwenza kube yinhlangano ebaluleke kakhulu esimisweni sikahulumeni waseMelika, esihlela isimiso esiphethe futhi esisebenza njengesehlo kumandla aphethe.

Kuzo zonke izakhamuzi, ukuqonda iSigele kuyasiza ekuchazeni ukuthi kungani kumiswa imithetho ethile kuyilapho abanye bema, kungani izimpi zokuqinisekisa zingaba nezingxabano, nokuthi abasizi bazo bamelela kanjani izithakazelo zabo eWashington. Kuqokomisa futhi ukubaluleka kokhetho lwezigele kanye nethonya izikhulu ngazinye ezingaba nalo esimisweni sezwe.

Indima yeSigele esimisweni sokuhlola nokulinganisela ibonisa isibopho soMsunguli sokuvimbela ukugxilisa amandla nokuqinisekisa ukuthi izinqumo ezinkulu zithathwa ngokucophelela. Nakuba izinqubo zeSigele ngezinye izikhathi zingabakhungathekisa labo abafuna isinyathelo esisheshayo ezindabeni eziphoqelelayo, futhi bavikela ezinqumweni ezinamawala futhi baqinisekise ukuthi imibono emincane iyacatshangelwa.

Njengoba ukubusa ngentando yeningi kwaseMelika kuqhubeka kuguquka, iSigele sihlala siyinhlangano ebalulekile, sijwayelana nezinselele ezintsha kuyilapho silondoloza imisebenzi yaso eyinhloko yokumelela, ukucubungula, nokwengamela. Ukuqonda lelinhlangano nendlela elisebenza ngayo kuyisihluthulelo sokuqonda uhulumeni waseMelika nokuhlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo esimisweni sethu sentando yeningi.

Imithombo Yokufunda Okwengeziwe NgeSigele

Kulabo abanesithakazelo sokufunda okwengeziwe ngeSigele nangendlela esisebenza ngayo, kunemithombo eminingi. Ikhodi elingokomthetho linikeza ukwaziswa ngabaphathi be-intenet bamanje, imisebenzi yekomiti, ibhizinisi lomthetho, nomlando weSigele nezinhlelo. Indawo inikeza ukufinyelela ezimisweni zamakomiti, imicimbi yasesiteji, namaphepha omlando.

I-website .gov. i-, ilondolozwe yi-Muzi - zincwadi we-Congress, inikeza ukwaziswa okubanzi ngomthetho, imibiko yamakomiti, nomsebenzi wobungqungquthela. Abasebenzisi bangalandelela izindleko, bafunde imibiko yamakomiti, futhi bafinyelele ingcebo yokwaziswa ngenqubo yemithetho.

USA. amagatsha kahulumeni ikhasi anikeza izincazelo ezifinyelekayo zendlela iSigele esihlangana ngayo nokwakhiwa okubanzi kukahulumeni waseMelika nendlela esisebenzelana ngayo namanye amagatsha.

Izinhlangano zemfundo, iziteshi zezemfundo, nezinhlangano zezindaba zinikeza imithombo eyigugu yokuqonda iSigele. I-C-SPAN inikeza i-arhente ephilayo yezindaba zeSigele, ivumela izakhamuzi ukuba ziqaphele uhulumeni wazo usebenza. Omagazini bezokuxhumana nezincwadi zezimiso zinikeza ngokucubungula okukhulu imisebenzi yeSigele kanye nezihlongozo zaso zokubusa kwaseMelika.

Isiphetho

ISigele saseUnited States simi njengenhlangano eyingqayizivele nenamandla phakathi kukahulumeni waseMelika.

Kusukela ekuqinisekiseni amajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme kuya ekugunyazeni izivumelwano zezizwe zonke, kusukela ekuqhubeni izivumelwano zokuqulwa kwecala kuya ekudluliseleni umthetho, iSigele sisebenzisa imibuso ethinta kakhulu indima yokuphila kwaseMelika naseMelika. Amasiko aso angenaluzwela nemithetho ehleliwe ikhuthaza ukucabangela ngokucophelela izimpikiswano eziyinkimbinkimbi kanye nokwakhiwa kwezivumelwano ezibanzi, ngisho nanjengoba ngezinye izikhathi zingaholela ekuzinzeni nasekukhungathekeni.

Ukuqonda iSigele (isakhiwo seSigele), amandla, izinqubo, nendima kuhulumeni waseMelika (ibalulekile) kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda indlela i-United States ebuswa ngayo. Njengenye yezinhlangano eziyinhloko ezasungulwa nguMthetho-sisekelo, iSigele siyaqhubeka sibumba idemokrasi yaseMelika ngemva kwamakhulu amabili eminyaka ikhona, sijwayela izinselele ezintsha lapho silondoloza imisebenzi yaso eyisisekelo yokumelelwa, ukucubungula, nokuqondisa.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumfundi kahulumeni, isakhamuzi esithembiswe ukubopha, noma othile nje ofuna ukuqonda indlela idemokrasi yaseMelika esebenza ngayo, ulwazi ngeSigele nangendima yaso kuhulumeni wethu kunikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile ngesimiso sezombangazwe saseMelika nendlela izinqumo ezenziwa ngayo ezithinta izigidi zabantu. ISigele siseyisisekelo sedemokrasi yaseMelika, sihlanganisa izimiso zobuhulumeni, ukucubungula, namandla alinganiselwe abaQaphi baso ababefuna ukumisa eRiphabliki yethu engokomthetho.