IZisekelo Zomthetho - sisekelo Ze - Oath Engumongameli

Isifungo somongameli wehhovisi singenye yezimfuneko ezibaluleke kakhulu zomthetho-sisekelo kunoma ubani othatha umongameli wase-United States. Siqanjwe i-Action II, Ingxenye 1, u-Clause 8 woMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., lesi sifungo simelela isithembiso esiqinile umongameli ngamunye okumelwe asenze ngaphambi kokuba asebenzise amandla esikhundla. Amagama aqondile ashiwo nguMthetho-sisekelo afundeka kanje:

“ Ngiyafunga (noma ngivume) ukuthi ngiyolisebenzisa ngokwethembeka iHhovisi LikaMongameli wase - United States, futhi ngizolisebenzisa ngokusemandleni ami, ngilondoloze, ngivikele futhi ngivikele uMthetho - sisekelo wase - United States.”

Lombhalo awuzange ushintshe kusukela ngo-1788 uMthetho-sisekelo wagunyazwa ngo-1788, uwenza ube esinye sezici ezihlala njalo zobubusi bomthetho-sisekelo waseMelika. Isifungo sisebenza kokubili umsebenzi ongokomthetho nongokomfanekiso, sibophela umongameli esindinganisweni sokuziphatha esidlula izombangazwe ezihlukanisayo nesifiso somuntu siqu. Ukuqonda lesifungo kudinga ukuhlola imvelaphi yaso, ulimi lwaso oluqondile, nezimpikiswano ezichazayo eziye zasizungeza kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika.

Umsuka Nokushintsha I - oath Claus

Abahleli boMthetho-sisekelo basebenzisa izenzakalo zesiNgisi namakoloni lapho beklama isifungo sobumongameli. Umthetho wesiNgisi kwase kuyisikhathi eside ufuna izikhulu zomphakathi ukuba zifunge isikhundla, futhi imithetho eminingana yombuso yamukela izimfuneko ezifanayo ngemva kokwehlukana. Ulimi oluqondile lwesifungo sobumongameli lwavela eKomitini yeMithetho eMhlanganweni woMthetho-sisekelo ka-1787, eyayisebenza ngokuveza uhlelo olusebenzayo loMthetho-sisekelo.

UJames Wilson wasePennsylvania, omunye wabameleli abanethonya kakhulu emhlanganweni, wafeza indima enkulu ekulolongeni amagama esifungo. Uhlelo lwekomiti ekuqaleni lwasikisela ukuba umongameli afunge ukuthi "eqedileyo abulale ihhovisi likaMongameli wase-United States" kanye "lokuvikela, nokuvikela uMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States". Ngemva kwenkulumo - mpikiswano, izihambeli zamukela lolulimi ngaphandle kokulungisa, ziqaphela ukuthi isifungo sasidinga kokubili ukuba sicaciswe futhi sifishwe kabanzi.

Abafaki bamafomu bahlanganisa ngamabomu enye indlela "noma ukuqinisekisa" ukuvumela abamelene nenkolo abangenakusifungela ngonembeza omuhle. Lelungiselelo labonisa ukulinganisela okucophelelayo koMthetho-sisekelo phakathi kwesibopho senkolo nesomphakathi , uqinisekisa ukuthi akekho umuntu ongenakuvinjelwa kumongameli ngenxa yemigqomo yenkolo yokufunga.

OKhisimusi Ababili Besicathulo

U - "Fathernal Service" Claus

Isifungo sokuqala sidinga umongameli ukuba "achithe ngokwethembeka iHhovisi likaMongameli wase-United States" lolulimi luphoqelela umsebenzi wokwethembeka odlulela ngalé komthetho womthetho. Izazi ezingokomthetho zichaze ukuthi "ukwenza ngokuthembeka" ukucela umongameli ukuba enze ngokuvumelana nokholo oluhle, ngaphakathi kwemingcele yegunya lomthetho-sisekelo, futhi athathe izithakazelo zesizwe kuqala engqondweni.

Lesi sisho sihlanganisa futhi ne-Ake Care Claus of Article II, isiqephu sesithathu, esiqondisa umongameli ukuba "Qaphelisisa ukuba iMithetho iqedwe ngokwethembeka" sihlangene, la malungiselelo amisa umsebenzi womthetho-sisekelo wokwethembeka kwezikhulu ongenakuncishiselwa esibophekweni esingokomthetho noma esingaphenduli. Isibopho sikamongameli sokukhipha ihhovisi sisebenza ngokwethembeka kuzo zonke izinqumo ezithiwe, zonke iziyalezo ezikhishwe, futhi zonke izenzo zithathwe lapho esehhovisi.

"Isivikelo, Isivikelo, noMvikeli" u-Claus

Isisho sesibili sidinga umongameli ukuba "avikele, avikele futhi avikele uMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States. Lolulimi luphoqelela umsebenzi odlulela ngalé kokulalela uMthetho-sisekelo. Umongameli kumelwe alwenze ngenkuthalo uhlelo lomthetho-sisekelo ekusongelwani abantu bangaphandle nasekhaya. Isenzo "siqinisekisi," "sivikele,"" ne "defend" ngalinye linencazelo ecacile emisa umsebenzi omkhulu wokuqapha komthetho ngokomthetho.

[[FLT:] Ukulondoloza [[FLT:] kusho ukugcina uMthetho-sisekelo usesimweni sawo sakhona, ukwenqaba imizamo yokululaza izakhiwo zawo noma izimiso ngezindlela ezingaphezulu. ukuvikela[ kusho ukuvikela iMicikilisho yokugumbuqela noma ukususa uhlelo lomthetho, kuhlanganise nokusetshenziswa okungokomthetho okuyindlela yokuhlasela, ukuvukela amaqoqo, noma ngisho naphakathi kwegatsha eliphethe. Ukuvikela ngenkuthalo kusho ukumelana nemizamo yokugumbuqela noma ukuvimbela uhlelo lomthetho, kuhlanganise nokusetshenziswa komthetho omthetho owenziwe ngokubangela ukuvukela noma ukuvukela.

Zizonke, lezizenzo zimisa umsebenzi ongaphakathi nongaphandle. Umongameli kumelwe avikele uMthetho-sisekelo hhayi nje kuphela ezitheni zangaphandle kodwa nasekukhukhulekeni okuphakathi kukahulumeni ngokwawo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukucindezela kokwephula amalungelo omthetho, ukuthatha imithetho yokwahlulela, noma amandla okuthatha izintambo eMkhandlwini noma ezizweni. Ezinye izazi zomthetho-sisekelo ziye zaphikisa ukuthi lo msuka uyisibopho esingaphansi kakhulu esifungweni sobumongameli [, njengoba udinga isenzo sokuyekelela kunokuba nje sithathwe.

Intuthuko Engokomlando Yokuphatha Kwezinkomo

Ukuvuleka Kwakuqala

Ukwamukelwa kokuqala kukaGeorge Washington ngoApril 30, 1789, kwabeka isibonelo sendlela isifungo esasiyokwenziwa ngayo. Umphengululi uRobert R. Livingston waseNew York wanikeza isifungo ngaphandle eFederal Hall eDolobheni laseNew York. Washington wanezela amagama athi "ngangisiza ngisize uNkulunkulu" ngemva kokuphindaphinda indlela yomthetho-sisekelo, umkhuba oye walandelwa omongameli abaningi abalandelayo kodwa ohlala uyinto yesiko kunemfuneko somthetho-sisekelo.

UMthetho-sisekelo awuchazi ukuthi ubani okumelwe afake isifungo. Ngokwesiko, uMahluleli oyinhloko weNkantolo Ephakeme yase-United States unikeza isifungo lapho kunikezelwa umphakathi, kodwa lomkhuba awuzange ufane kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika. UJohn Adams wafungela uMahluleli omkhulu u-Oliver Ellsworth, kuyilapho uThomas Jeffer wafungela iJaji elinguNkosi uJohn Marshall. Nokho, lapho amongameli beye bathatha isikhundla ngemva kokufa noma ukuyeka konduleli, lesifungo siye sasetshenziswa njalo umahluleli ophansi, noma ngisho nesakhamuzi esizimele ezimweni ezithile.

Izinduna ZeOath Ceremonia Ngemva Kokufa Komongameli

Imikhosi yezifungo evusa amadlingozi kakhulu iye yenzeka ngemva kokufa okungalindelekile kukamongameli ohlezi. Lapho uWilliam Henry Harrison efa ngo-1841, uMongameli uJohn Tyler wafakwa esifungoni ekuseni futhi wenza isifungo ekamelweni lakhe phambi komahluleli wesifunda. UTyler wachaza amandla agcwele kamongameli, kunokuba avele enze njengomongameli, wamisa isiqalo sokuthi isekela likamongameli libe ngumongameli lapho kufa umsizi wesifunda.

Ngokufanayo, ngemva kokubulawa kuka-Abraham Lincoln ngo-1865, u-Andrew Johnson wafunga egumbini lakhe lehhotela phambi kukaMahluleli omkhulu uSalmon P. Chase. Ngemva kokubulawa kukaJohn F. Kennedy ngo-1963, uLyndon B. Johnson wafunga emoyeni waMbutho Odwa phambi koMahluleli weSigodi wase-U.S. uSara T. Hughes, ephawula okokuqala lapho owesifazane ephethe isifungo sobumongameli. Imikhosi ngayinye yalempisivumo ephuthumayo yabonisa amandla oMthetho-sisekelo wokuqinisekisa ukuqhubeka kombuso ngisho nangezikhathi zenhlekelele yesizwe.

I-oath Ceremonies yangasese

UMthetho-sisekelo awudingi ukuba kwenziwe idili lomkhosi wasobala ukuze kwenziwe isifungo. Omongameli abaye bathatha isikhundla phakathi kwesikhathi esithile ngokuvamile baye basenza ngasese isifungo ngaphambi kokuba basiphinde emcimbini wasobala esikhathini esizayo. Ngokwesibonelo, ngemva kokuyeka kukaRichard Nixon ngo-1979, uGerald Ford wafunga eMpumalanga House eButhweni Lelungu phambi kokuhlangana okuncane kwezikhulu namalungu omkhaya. Ngokufanayo, ngemva kokuyeka kukaSpiro Agraw njengesekela likamongameli ngo-19737, uGerald wathatha i-secreald yesekela likamongameli emkhosini wase-ofisini kamongameli esitejini yendlu yabameleli.

Lokhu kuvumelana kwezifungo kuveza amaqiniso asebenzayo okubusa komthetho-sisekelo. Okukhathaza kakhulu ukuthi isifungo sithathwe ngokushesha ukuze umongameli angaphumi, ngisho nangokwesikhashana. Indlela nohlelo lomkhosi, nakuba kubaluleke ngokomfanekiso, kulandela imfuneko engokomthetho-sisekelo yokuba isifungo sithathwe ngaphambi kokuba umongameli asebenzise noma imiphi imibuso engokomthetho.

Izimpikiswano Nezimpikiswano Zokuchaza

Incazelo Yesithi “Ukusebenzisa Ngokwethembeka ”

Enye yezimpikiswano eziphikelela kakhulu iphathelene nencazelo eqondile yenkulumo ethi "isebenzisa iHhovisi likaMongameli ngokwethembeka". Ezinye izazi ziphikisa ngokuthi lenkulumo iphoqelela umsebenzi ongokomthetho ophoqelelwayo ngokunganaki futhi mhlawumbe ngokubukeza kokwahlulela. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi lenkulumo ngokuyinhloko iwukufisa, ibeka indinganiso yokuziphatha kwezombangazwe kunokuba ibekwe ngokomthetho.

Ukumangalelwa komongameli uAndrew Johnson, uRichard Nixon, noBill Clinton bonke bahilela izimpikiswano ngokuthi umongameli wayewuphule umsebenzi wokubulala ngokwethembeka. Esimweni ngasinye, iNdlu yabameleli yathi umongameli uthathe isinyathelo ngezindlela ezilulaza ubuqotho behhovisi. Ukulahlwa kweSigele kokubili uJohnson noClinton, nokungasamukeli kwe-Nixon phambi kwevoti egcwele, kwashiya imibuzo eminingi emayelana nesibopho sesifungo.

Izazi ze-Legal ziye zahlongoza imibono eminingana ephikisanayo [ yalokho "ukwenza ngokwethembeka" okudingekayo. Inkolelo-mbono yenkolo igomela ukuthi umongameli kumelwe asebenze njengophathiswe abantu baseMelika, enze izinqumo ezisekelwe ethakazelweni lomphakathi kunayinzuzo yomuntu siqu. Inkolelo esekelwe ekubhaleni imibhalo ikholelwa ukuthi lenkulumo idinga ukuvumelana kuphela nama-Constitution nomthetho owesizwe. Inkolelo elungile yokholo isho ukuthi umongameli kumelwe enze ngokwethembeka nangezisusa ezifanelekile, ngisho noma izenzo ezithile kamuva zibonakala ziyiphutha noma zingekho emthethweni.

I - oath-Professic Nomthetho - sisekelo

Isifungo siye saba nokubaluleka okukhethekile phakathi nezikhathi zenhlekelele yomthetho-sisekelo. Phakathi neMpi Yombango, uMongameli uAbraham Lincoln wenza isifungo ekunikezelweni kwakhe kwesibili ngo-1865 nesizwe esahlukaniswe yimpi. ULincoln wasebenzisa inkulumo yakhe yokuqala ukuchaza isifungo ngokucabangela impi eqhubekayo, ememezela ngokudume ukuthi ngeke aphazamise ubugqila lapho babukhona kodwa wayeyosekela uMthetho-sisekelo futhi alondoloze i-Union ngazo zonke izindlela ezingokomthetho.

Phakathi nenhlekelele yeWatergate ye-1970, isifungo sabekwa phambili kakhulu ezimpikiswaneni eziphathelene nokuziphatha kukaMongameli Nixon. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukuhileleka kukaNixon ekusithekeni kwezehlo endlunkulu yeDemocratic National Committee kwaphula isifungo sakhe sokuphula imithetho ngokwethembeka. IKomiti ye House Judicary yaveza isifungo njengesinye sezikhungo zokungagunyazi, iphikisa ngokuthi uNixon wayene "uphule uMthetho-sisekelo" futhi waphula umsebenzi wakhe ofunwe yisithembiso. Ukuyeka kukaNixon ngo- 1974 kwagwema ukuthethwa kwecala lonke ngokuthembeka, kodwa lesi senzakalo sagcizelela ukuqonda ukuthi isifungo sibeka izibopho ezingokomthetho.

Muva nje, isifungo siye sasetshenziswa ezimpikiswaneni eziphathelene namandla kamongameli phakathi nezimo eziphuthumayo zezwe. Ezinye izazi ezingokomthetho ziye zaphikisa ngokuthi lesi sifungo sidinga ukuba umongameli athathe isinyathelo esiwujuqu sokuvikela isizwe, ngisho noma leso sifungo sithatha noma sidlula igunya lomthetho. Abanye baye baphikisa ukuthi isifungo sidinga ukunamathela emingceleni engokomthetho-sisekelo, ikakhulukazi phakathi nezikhathi zenhlekelele lapho isilingo sokudlula leyomingcele sikhulu. Lobuzwanobungqabavu phakathi kokhuseleko nenkululeko buhlala buyindaba engcono kakhulu emthetho womthetho-mthetho-mthetho. Ukuze bachaze ngokuningi indlela amongameli abachaze ngayo izifungo zabo phakathi nezinkinga, bona imithombo yeSishayamthetho-National Center yeSiphakathi II[FLT].[FLT]

I - oath Ekukhetheni Okuhlolwayo

Isifungo futhi siye sahileleka ezimpikiswaneni eziphathelene nokhetho lobumongameli. Uma umphumela wokhetho ungaqinisekile, kuphakama imibuzo mayelana nokuthi ubani onelungelo lokufunga nokuthi ubani yini. Isenzakalo esidume kakhulu senzeka ngo-1876, lapho ukhetho phakathi kukaRutherford B. Hayes noSamuel Tilden luphikiswana ezizweni eziningi. UMkhandlu wakha i-Electoral Commission ukuze ixazulule impikiswano, futhi ekugcineni uHayes wamiswa njengomnqobi. Wafunga ngasese ngoMarch 3, 18877, ngaphambi kokuba unyulo lwasobala ngoMarch 5, kukhathazwe ukuthi i-Facean ingagcwaliswa ngesikhathi.

Kulenkathi yanamuhla, ukhetho luka- 2000 phakathi kukaGeorge W. Bush no-Al Gore lwaphikiswana esikhathini esingaphezu kwenyanga ngaphambi kwesinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme ku-Bush v. IGore yawuxazulula ngokuphumelelayo umncintiswano. Uma impikiswano ithathelwe isikhathi esidlule, uMthetho-sisekelo awunikezi nqubo ecacile yokunquma ukuthi ubani okufanele afunge. ISiphakamiso II neSimemezelo se-1970 sicabangela ukuthi igama likamongameli liqala emini emini ngoJanuary 20, kodwa akukho lungiselelo elikhulumayo ukuthi kwenzekani uma umphumela wokhetho uhlala ungaqiniseki ngaleso sikhathi. Lo mklamo womthetho awuzange uqashelwe izazi kodwa awukaze uvinywe.

Ukhetho lwama-2020 lwaphakamisa imibuzo eyengeziwe ngokuphathelene nesifungo, njengoba uMongameli uDonald Trump enqaba ukuvuma ukunqotshwa futhi wamangalela ukukhwabanisa okusakazekile. Ezinye izingqapheli ezingokomthetho zaphikisa ngokuthi uTrump waqhubeka esho ukuthi ukhetho lwebiwe, ngemva kokuba izinselele zakhe ezingokomthetho zenqatshwe izinkantolo eziningi, zaphula isifungo sakhe sokuvikela, nokuvikela uMthetho-sisekelo. Abanye baphikisa ukuthi lesi sifungo asinqabeli umongameli ekuncintiseni imiphumela yokhetho ngezindlela ezingokomthetho, kuhlanganise nokusho obala ngezimo ezicatshangelwa njengezingavumelani. Isiphithiphithiso somthetho sikaCapitol sango ka-January 6, 20211, saletha lemibuzo ecacile, njengoba amalungu athile eMkhandluni yomthetho nomhlazi womthetho waveza ukuthi izenzo zika-Curmp sasingaphulwayo ngokomthetho wakhe.

Izincazelo Zokwahlulela Nokuphoqelelwa

Izinkantolo ngokuvamile bezinqikaza ukuphoqelela isifungo sobumongameli ngokuqondile. Ayikho inkantolo eyake yachitha isenzo sobumongameli ngenxa yokuthi saphula isifungo, futhi ayikho inkantolo eyala umongameli ukuba athathe izenzo ezithile ezisekelwe esifungweni kuphela. Lokhu kunqanda ukwahlulela kubonisa ukwehlukaniswa kwemibuso nombono wesiko wokuthi isimiso esiyinhloko sokuphoqelela isifungo singowezombangazwe kunokuba kube ngokomthetho.

Nokho, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yakhomba isifungo ezicabeni eziningana ezibalulekile. E-United States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corp. (1936), uMahluleli uGeorge Sutherland wabhala ukuthi isifungo sikamongameli siphoqelela isithembiso so"kubulala okuthembekile" okungahlangani nanoma isiphi isiqondiso somthetho. ESelel Seirizare Case (Intsha i-Whown Comment le & Tube. v. Sawyer, 1952), uMahluleli kamongameli uRobert Jackson wanxusa isithembiso esidumile njengesikhumbuzo sokuthi amandla kamongameli alinganiselwe ngumthetho womthetho. Muva nje, eTrump v. (20178), iNkanto ecabangela ukuthi ukuvinjelwa kukamongameli u-Clauslaus, ngokuphikisana nokumangalela kwe-mthetho wobumongameli ngokumelene nokumangalela kwakhe umongameli ngomthetho, futhi uvikela u-Sulustnerner, u-"unistrison, u-"evinistrist, useke, u-"omuststrist, muva nje.

Indima yesifungo ekuhlolweni kwezenqubo imelela uhlobo oluqondile lokuqinisekisa. UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza ukuba umongameli angayilelwa "Isizathu, Ukufumbathisa, noma ezinye izifungo eziphakeme noMcimbi]. ” Nakuba isifungo singabalwanga ngokucacile njengendawo yokungagunyazi, izazi eziningi ziphikisa ngokuthi umongameli owephula isifungo uveza icala elingamelwe ngenxa yokuthi isifungo sichaza umsebenzi oyisisekelo womthetho-mthetho. Indlu yabameleli iye yakhomba isifungo njengesisekelo sokungathathi ngokomthetho ezimweni eziningi, ikakhulukazi ezingenisweni ezimelene nomongameli Nion.

Ngaphandle komongo wesifungo, isifungo ngokuyinhloko sisebenza njengesimiso esilawula ukuziphatha komongameli. Omongameli bayaqaphela ukuthi izenzo zabo ziyokwahlulelwa ngokwendinganiso ebekwe isifungo, futhi lokhu kuqaphela kuthonya ukwenza izinqumo ngezindlela okunzima ukuzilinganisa kodwa ngokunokwenzeka okubalulekile. Isifungo sisebenza njengesimiso somthetho-sisekelo esinqandelwe ngisho nalapho kungekho zimiso ezingokomthetho zokuphoqelela. Ukuhlola kabanzi ukuthi izifungo zomthetho ngokomthetho zihlangene kanjani nesimiso somthetho-mthetho-mthetho, bona i-mcaciso yeSiko seSivumelo sokwaziswa sokwaziswa esingokomthetho [[FLT]].

IOya Namandla Omongameli

Isihlwathi Njengomthombo Wegunya

Abanye amongameli nezazi ezingokomthetho baye baphikisa ngokuthi lesifungo asiphoqeleli nje kuphela imisebenzi kodwa futhi sinikeza igunya. Impikiswano iyashesha: ngoba umongameli ufungile ukulondoloza, ukuvikela, nokuvikela uMthetho-sisekelo, umongameli kumelwe abe namandla adingekile ukuze afeze leso sifungo. Lenkolelo-lwazi, ngezinye izikhathi ebizwa ngokuthi inkolelo-lwazi yamandla obumongameli, ikholelwa ukuthi isifungo sinikeza umongameli igunya eliyifa lokusebenza nesithakazelo sesizwe, ikakhulukazi ezindabeni zakwamanye amazwe nakwesilondeko, ngisho nangaphandle kwemvume yokugunyaza umthetho.

Lombono uye waphikiswana kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika. UThomas Jefferson wacela isicelo lapho egunyaza iLouisiana Purchase naphezu kokungabaza ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo wanikeza uhulumeni amandla okuthola indawo. UAbraham Lincoln wawucela lapho ebeka i-habeas corpus futhi enza ezinye izinyathelo ezingavamile phakathi neMpi Yombango. Muva nje, amongameli baye bacela isifungo sokuthethelela isenzo sempi ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa kwesivumelwano, ukuhlasela kwezakhamuzi zaseMelika ezisezweni zakwamanye amazwe, nokusetshenziswa kweziqondiso zemithetho ukuze basebenzise izinto eziza kuqala.

Abagxeki benkolelo yegunya elikhulu baphikisa ngokuthi kususa injongo yesifungo. Baphikisa ngokuthi, isifungo siyisici esiphoqelele amandla kamongameli, hhayi umthombo waso. Umongameli ufunga ukuvikela uMthetho-sisekelo, okusho ukuvumelana nemingcele yawo egunyeni eliphethe. Uma umongameli enza okungaphezu kwaleyo mikhawulo, umongameli uphula isifungo kunokuba asifeze. Le ngxoxo iyaqhubeka ihlela izombangazwe zomthetho kanye nemfundo engokomthetho, ngaphandle kwesinqumo esicacile.

Izingxabano Phakathi Komongameli Nabanye Abakhulu

Isifungo somongameli sikhona kanye nezifungo ezithathwa ezinye izikhulu zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise namalungu eSishaya-mthetho, amajaji kahulumeni, nezikhulu zegatsha eziphethe. Lezi zifungo zakha uxhaxha lwezibopho zomthetho-sisekelo ezingase zingene ezimpikiswaneni ngezinye izikhathi. Ngokwesibonelo, uma umongameli eyala isikhulu sezempi ukuba sithathe isinyathelo esikholelwa ukuthi asivumelani nemithetho, isifungo sesikhulu sokusekela nokuvikela uMthetho-sisekelo singadinga ukungawulaleli umthetho kamongameli. Ngokufanayo, uma iSishaya - sisekelo sidlulisa umthetho okholelwa ukuthi umongameli ungumbhishobhi ongo, isifungo somongameli singasetshenziswa ekuthetheleleni umthetho noma ukwenqaba ukugcinwa komthetho.

Isibonelo esiphawuleka kakhulu sokuphikisana ngezifungo senzeka phakathi nendaba yama-Iran-Contra yango-1980, lapho izikhulu zegatsha eziphethe zihileleke ekuthumbeni izikhali ezicashe ngokungemthetho zikhuluma ngokuthi iSishaya-mthetho sasinqabele ngokucacile. Uphenyo lwe-Independent Counsence Lawrence Walsh lwaphetha ngokuthi izikhulu eziningana zaziphule izifungo zazo ngokufihla ukusebenza kweKhomishane nabesembukisi abadukisayo. Ukuqulwa kwamacala okwalandela kwaphakamisa imibuzo eyinkimbinkimbi ngokuphathelene nesithi isiphi isifungo esithathe indawo yokuqala lapho izibopho ziphikisana.

Izikhulu zempi zibhekene nezimpikiswano ezinkulu kakhulu, njengoba kumelwe zilinganisele umsebenzi wazo wokulalela igunya lazo lokuvikela uMthetho-sisekelo. I-Uniform Code of Military Justice ikwenza kube icala ukungayilaleli uhlelo olungokomthetho, kodwa futhi kudinga ukuba izisebenzi zempi zenqabe imithetho engekho emthethweni. Ngokwesiko, izikhulu zezempi zivumelana neziqondiso zobumongameli uma umthetho ungekho ngokomthetho. Isifungo sinikeza indinganiso yomthetho yokwenza lesi sahlulelo esinzima, kodwa asinikezi isiqondiso esingokomthetho sokuxazulula izindaba ezinzima.

Imibono Eqhathaniswayo Nge - Oath Engumongameli

I-United States ayiyodwa efuna isifungo esingokomthetho senhloko yayo yezwe, kodwa isifungo sikamongameli waseMelika sihlukile ezicini eziningi. Ngokungafani nezimiso eziningi zephalamende, lapho inhloko yesifungo sikahulumeni, lapho isifungo somongameli sivame kakhulu khona, isifungo sobumongameli saseMelika sithwele umthetho-sisekelo ongaphansi ngenxa yokuthi umongameli usebenzisa amandla okulawula azimele. Isifungo sikamongameli siwukuhlolwa kwalelogunya, sikhumbuza umongameli ukuthi ihhovisi liyisibopho okufanele sisetshenziswe phakathi kwemingcele engokomthetho.

Ezinye imibuso yentando yeningi engokomthetho-sisekelo ithatha izindlela ezingafani. EFrance, uMongameli weRepublic ufunga ukuthi uzoba "nenhlonipho futhi uqinisekise inhlonipho ngoMthetho-sisekelo" futhi "ulondoloze ukuzimela kwesizwe nobuqotho bezwe laso." EJalimane, uMongameli we-Federal ufunga ukuthi uzokwenza ‘ isiqinisekiso sokuthuthukisa imizamo yami ekuthuthukiseni abantu baseJalimane, ukuthuthukisa izithakazelo zabo, ukuvimbela ukulimala kwesizwe, nokusekela nokuvikela uMthetho oyisisekelo nemithetho yeNhlangano." Ngazinye zalezizinkulumo ziveza amasiko omthetho-sisekelo nezindlela zezombangazwe zezwe eziphikisanayo.

Ukusebenzisa indlela yaseCanada kunikeza umehluko ofundisayo. UMbusi omkhulu, omelela inkosi njengenhloko kahulumeni, ufunga u "kahle futhi ngempela ukhonze iNdlovukazi yangasese" futhi "enza ngokwethembeka imisebenzi yesikhundla." lesifungo sigcizelela ukwethembeka kuMbuso kunakumthetho-sisekelo onjalo, ubonakalisa ukubusa komthetho ngokomthetho weCanada. Umphathi-nkulu, njengenhloko kahulumeni, ufunga isifungo esihlukile njengelungu lePriviy Councilty, ufunge u-"inceku yeqiniso nethembekile kuMfuyokazi." Lokhu kuveza ukuqina kwesiko nezifungo ezingokomlando. Ukuqhathanisa kwezimiso zemithetho ye-comfestrialctive, [[FLD] iProvition Projective provision ehlolwe yi-unistrusalment [Foctal]

Izinselele Zanamuhla Nezimpikiswano

Izindlu Ezingokwenkolo Nendawo Yokukhulekela

Ilungiselelo loMthetho-sisekelo lokuvuma kunokuthuka inhlamba liye laxazulula kakhulu ukungavumelani kwenkolo ekufungeni, kodwa imibuzo iphakama ngezikhathi ezithile mayelana nokuhlangana kwenkolo nesifungo. Abanye amongameli baye bakhetha ukunezela ulimi olungokwenkolo emkhosini, ngokuvamile ngokuphetha ngesifungo ngo "ngakho ngisize uNkulunkulu". Nakuba lesi sifungo singesona isiko, asidingeki, futhi abefundisi abaningana baye basikhipha. UFranklin Pierce waqinisekisa kunokuba afunge isifungo, kanti uTheodore Roosevelt wasilahla isifungo senkolo.

Eminyakeni yamuva, kuye kwaphakanyiswa imibuzo ngokuthi ingabe umkhuba wokubeka isandla eBhayibhelini ngesikhathi sisenza isifungo uwephula u-Claus Wesichibiyelo Sokuqala. Izinkantolo ziye zasekela njalo ukuthi lomkhuba ungokomthetho ngoba uyisiko elingokwesiko kunokuba uvumelo lukahulumeni wenkolo. Abaholi bakhululekile ukukhetha incwadi noma incwadi ehloselwe ukufunga, futhi amaBhayibheli amaningana aye akhetha ngokubaluleka komuntu siqu noma komlando. UJohn Quincy Adams wasebenzisa incwadi yomthetho, eveza isizinda sakhe njengommeli nomphathi wesizwe. Ukuvumelana komthetho kugcizelela imfanelo yezifungo njengemfuneko yomthetho ezingavumelana nezimo.

Isenzakalo Esibucayi Enkathini Yemithombo Yezindaba Yomphakathi

Isimo sezezindaba sanamuhla siye sadala izinselele ezintsha zokuchaza nokumisa isifungo sobumongameli. Manje abameli bakhuluma ngokuqondile nomphakathi ngezindawo zezenyuziyamu zezenyuziyamu, bephakamisa imibuzo yokuthi izifungo ezithile ziyaphikisana yini nemfuneko yesifungo sokukholeka. Abanye abahlaziyi basemthethweni baye baphikisa ngokuthi amongameli abasebenzisa imithombo yezokuxhumana engokwenhlalo ukuba bahlasele abahluleli, abashushisi, noma abaphikisi bezombangazwe kungenzeka ukuthi balulaza inhlonipho ngokubusa komthetho ngezindlela eziphikisana nesifungo. Abanye baye baphikisa ngokuthi isifungo asiyibekeli imingcele inkululeko kamongameli yokukhuluma ngokwethembeka nokuthi ukukhulumela kwezombangazwe siyingxenye engokomthetho yenkulumo yentando yeningi.

I-Divince of Justice of Legal Council ikhiphe imibono ngokuphathelene nobubanzi besifungo esiphathelene nokuxhumana nomongameli, kodwa lemibono iye yathatha umbono obanzi ngokwahlulela komongameli. Ayikho inkantolo eye yathi izifungo zomongameli ziphula isifungo, kodwa umbuzo ulokhu uyindaba ephambili yengxoxo yezazi. Isimo sokuxhumana kwezenhlalo yezokuxhumana sisho ukuthi le ndawo yomthetho ngokomthetho cishe iyaqhubeka ikhula iminyaka eminingi ezayo.

Icala LobuPhostoli Nelokuba Umongameli

Omunye wemibuzo yanamuhla ecindezela kakhulu uphathelene nokuthi lesifungo sihlobene kanjani nezinye izinqubo zokulandisa komongameli, kuhlanganise nokungagunyazi, ukuququlisa ubugebengu, nokuhlola kokwahlulela. Ezinye izazi ziye zaphikisa ngokuthi lesifungo sinikeza indinganiso engokomthetho yokuhlola ukuziphatha komongameli okungasekelwe emthethweni noma ezimisweni zomthetho womthetho wobugebengu. Ngaphansi kwalombono, ngisho nokuziphatha okungekhona okungekhona okungokomthetho okungekhona okungokomthetho kungase kuphule isifungo uma singqubuzana nesibopho sokubulala ngokwethembeka noma isibopho sokuvikela uMthetho-sisekelo.

Lencazelo ebanzi yesifungo iye yasetshenziswa ezimpikiswaneni eziphathelene nokuthethelelwa komongameli, iziyalezo eziphetheyo, nokusetshenziswa kwebutho lezempi. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukwandisa ukufinyelela kwesifungo kungadala ukungaqiniseki ngokuziphatha komongameli obusayo futhi kungamema abadlali bezombangazwe ukuba basebenzise isifungo esimelene namongameli abamelene naye. Abavikeli baphikisa ngokuthi isifungo sibanzi ngamabomu ngoba umongameli uyisikhundla sokuphathiswa okukhulu futhi uMthetho-sisekelo uklanyelwe ukudinga ukuthembeka kobuphathi obuthembekile kunokumane nje ukuthobela uhulumeni.

Impikiswano ngesilinganiso sesifungo ibonisa ukungavumelani okukhulu ngokuphathelene nesimo somthetho-sisekelo wokubusa e-United States. Labo abakhetha incazelo elinganiselwe yesifungo babheka uMthetho-sisekelo ngokuyinhloko njengesimiso semithetho elawula isenzo sikahulumeni. Labo abakhetha ukuchazwa okubanzi babheka uMthetho-sisekelo njengohlelo oluphoqelela imisebenzi eqondile ezikhulwini zikahulumeni. Lemibono ephikisanayo iye yaguqula isiko lomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo waseMelika kusukela ekusungulweni, futhi abakwazi ukunqunywa yinoma iyiphi incazelo yolimi lwesifungo.

Isiphetho

Isifungo sobumongameli sesikhundla, nakuba siveza amagama angamashumi amane nanye kuphela, achaza izibopho eziyisisekelo zomthetho-sisekelo ezichaza umongameli waseMelika. Isifungo sidinga umongameli ukuba asebenzise ihhovisi ngokwethembeka futhi alondoloze, avikele, futhi avikele uMthetho-sisekelo. Lemisebenzi iyizibopho ezingokomthetho nezingokokuziphatha, ezihlanganisa zonke izici zokuziphatha komongameli.

Umlando wesifungo ungokomlando wokuchaza nempikiswano. Kusukela ekuqalweni kokuqala kukaGeorge Washington kuya okhethweni nezinkinga zomthetho-sisekelo eziphikiswayo zenkathi yanamuhla, isifungo siye sasebenza njengesisekelo sezingxoxo eziphathelene namandla kamongameli, ukulandisa, nemingcele yegunya lobuphathi. Isifungo siye sancengwa amongameli abafuna ukwandisa igunya labo nabagxeki abafuna ukulinqanda. Sikhonjiwe ezimpikiswani zokwahlulela, ezinkonzweni zokwahlulela, nasezingxabanweni zasobala ngokuphathelene nendima efanele yesenzo sikamongameli.

Ukubaluleka okuhlala njalo kwesifungo kusebukhoneni baso bokukhumbuza omongameli nomphakathi ukuthi umongameli akayona into yakhe kodwa uyimpahla ewumthetho-sisekelo. Umongameli usebenzisa amandla hhayi ngokulungile kodwa ngokuvuma, futhi imvume ilinganiselwe ekubulaweni kokwethembeka nasekuthembekeni komthetho-sisekelo. Wonke umongameli kumelwe aphendule umbuzo onikezwa yisifungo: uzakuzinikela kumthetho-sisekelo, ngisho nalapho ukwenza kanjalo kunzima, kungathandeki, noma kuphambene nesithakazelo somuntu siqu? Impendulo, ebhalwe embhalweni womthetho-mthetho-sisekelo futhi iphindaphindwa njalo ekunikezelweni, isho ukuthi umongameli kumelwe akwenze futhi uyothanda.

Ukuqonda isifungo sobumongameli nezincazelo zaso kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda isimiso somthetho-sisekelo waseMelika. Isifungo asisona nje inqubo yenkolo kodwa imfuneko engaphansi yomthetho-sisekelo elawula ukuziphatha komongameli futhi enikeza indinganiso yokuhlola ukusebenza komongameli. Njengoba isizwe siqhubeka siphikisana ngesilinganiso esifanele samandla esikhulu, lesifungo siyohlala siyiphuzu eliyinhloko ezimpikiswaneni eziphathelene nokuthi umongameli ungaba yini nokuthi singaba yini.