Isakhiwo sikahulumeni e-United States singafaniswa ne-inshorensi eyinkimbinkimbi, lapho amazinga ahlukene egunya namandla esebenza ngesikhathi esisodwa. Ukuqonda ukuhlukanisa phakathi kukahulumeni, umbuso, nohulumeni bendawo kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela izinqumo ezenziwa ngayo nendlela izimiso ezisetshenziswa ngayo. Isilinganiso ngasinye sinezindima ezihlukile ezichazwa yi-U.S. uMthetho-sisekelo, isiqalo esingokomlando, nesidingo esisebenzayo. Lesi sihloko siqeda lokhu kungafani, sihlola izisekelo zomthetho sisekelo, futhi sihlola indlela lezi zingqimba ezisebenza ngayo embusweni yansuku zonke.

Ukubukeza Izinga Likahulumeni

Uhulumeni wase-U.S. uhlukaniswa ngamazinga amathathu ayinhloko: uhulumeni, umbuso, nezindawo. Isigaba ngasinye sinesimiso saso sombuso nemithwalo yemfanelo, ngezinye izikhathi esingaholela ekudidekeni ngokuthi ubani ophethe lokho. Isimiso siklanyelwe ukulinganisela igunya ukuze kungabi nalinye izinga elinamandla kakhulu. Lesi sakhiwo, esaziwa ngokuthi i-constarianism, sidala amandla lapho kokubili kuhlanganyelwa khona futhi kwahlukaniswa khona, sivumela ukuvumelana ekusingatheni imibandela yesizwe ilungelelane nezindawo zokuzivikela.

Uhulumeni Ozimele

Uhulumeni kahulumeni uphakeme kakhulu wegunya eUnited States. Unecala ngezindaba zesizwe nezezizwe zonke, kuhlanganise:

  • Izentengiselwano zamazwe angaphandle
  • Ukuqhuba ubuhlobo nezivumelwano zakwamanye amazwe
  • Ukuvikela izwe
  • Ukumisa imithetho yokufuduka
  • Ukuphatha izintela zikahulumeni nokusebenzisa imali
  • Ukulondoloza isimiso seposi
  • Ukuvikela impahla yongqondo (izisebenzi nezincwadi zomgunyathi)

Uhulumeni kahulumeni usebenza eWashington, D.C., futhi imibuso yawo ihlelwe [ eqenjini I loMthetho-sisekelo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukuchazwa kwalamandla kuye kwanwetshwa ngemithetho yeNkantolo Ephakeme ne-Emfanele ne-Faned Clause, okwenza uhulumeni wamazwe ukuba alungise izinselele zempilo, umthetho wendawo ezungezile, kanye ne-inthanethi.

Uhulumeni WoMbuso

Ohulumeni boMbuso basebenza ngaphansi kwegunya elinikezwa uMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. uhulumeni ngamunye unomthetho - sisekelo wawo, indikimba yemithetho, igatsha eliphethe, nesimiso sokwahlulela. Imibuso yawo ihlanganisa:

  • Ukuqondisa ezentengiselwano zamazwe angaphandle
  • Ukumisa nokwengamela ohulumeni bendawo
  • Imfundo egunyaza izinqubo zemfundo (K-12 nemfundo ephakeme)
  • Ukubona ngokweqile imishini yokuhamba (imigwaqo emikhulu yasenyakatho, i - DMV)
  • Ukuqondisa impilo nokuphepha komphakathi (kuhlanganise nokugunyazwa kodokotela nabahlengikazi)
  • Ukuthatha imithetho yobugebengu nokugcina amaphoyisa kahulumeni
  • Ukunqanda umshado, isehlukaniso nomthetho womkhaya
  • Ukulawula imithombo yemvelo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwenhlabathi

Ohulumeni bakahulumeni bayiziqondiso eziyinhloko zezici eziningi zokuphila kwansuku zonke, kusukela kumalayisense okushayela kuya kuma-accer. IsiHlanzi seTenth sigcina wonke amandla angaphathiswanga uhulumeni kahulumeni ezindaweni noma kubantu, okwenza igunya likahulumeni libe likhulu futhi libe elibalulekile.

Uhulumeni Wendawo

Ohulumeni bendawo basebenza edolobheni, idolobha, noma izinga lesifundazwe. Bathola amandla abo kumthetho-mthetho wezwe nasemithethweni, bewenza iziqalo zezwe. Imithwalo yabo yemfanelo ihlanganisa:

  • Ukulungiselela izinkonzo zomphakathi (amanzi, ugesi, ukuphatha imfucumfucu)
  • Ukuqondisa ukugcinwa komthetho nendawo nezinkonzo zokucima umlilo
  • Ukuqondisa izindawo nendawo (okungakhiwa kuyo)
  • Ukuqondisa izikole zendawo (amabhodi esikole)
  • Ngiqhuba ukhetho lwemeya yendawo, umkhandlu wedolobha, namanye amahhovisi
  • Ukulondoloza imigwaqo yendawo, amapaki nemitapo
  • Ukugunyaza imithetho yokwakha nemithetho yempilo

Ohulumeni bendawo bawuhulumeni ozohlanganisa izakhamuzi eziningi. Basingatha izindaba zansuku zonke ezinjengemigodi, ukuqoqwa kwemfucumfucu, namaphoyisa endawo. Kunohulumeni bendawo abangaphezu kuka - 90 000 e-United States, kuhlanganise nezindawo ezibalwayo, amadolobha, amalokishi, nezifunda ezikhethekile (isib., izigodi zesikole, izikhulu zamanzi).

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Samandla

I-Constitution yase-U.S. ihlela ukusakazwa kwemibuso phakathi kwamazinga ahlukene kahulumeni. IsiHluzi seshumi esiqondile semithetho egciniwe asiphathiswanga uhulumeni wezwe nabantu. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kwegunya kusemqoka emqoka wobuhulumeni futhi bekuyindaba yempikiswano kusukela ekuFumeni.

Amandla Atholakele

Imibuso ehlangene yileyo enikezwa uhulumeni kahulumeni ngokuqondile nguMthetho-sisekelo. Lemiya ihlelwe ngokuyinhloko eSiphakamisweni I, Ingxenye 8. Izibonelo eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

  • Amandla okukhokha intela nokusebenzisa imali elungiselelwe inhlalakahle evamile
  • Amandla okumemezela impi
  • Amandla okulawula ezentengiselwano zamazwe angaphandle
  • Amandla okukhokha imali nokulawula ukubaluleka kwayo
  • Amandla okumisa amahhovisi eposi nemigwaqo
  • Amandla okuphakamisa nokusekela amabutho nebutho lempi

I-Naclessary ne The Fact Claus (Incazelo I, Ingxenye 8, u-Claus 18) inikeza uMkhandlu igunya lokwenza yonke imithetho "edingekile nefanele" yokufeza amandla ayo akhahliweyo. Lo mshongo uchazwe kabanzi, usenza uhulumeni wezwe ukuba wandise ukufinyelela kwawo ezindaweni ezifana nebhanki, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, kanye namalungelo omphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, iNkanto ephakeme yaseNkantolo Mcloch v. Maryland[FLT:] [18]]) wasungula ukuthi uMkhandi , ngisho noma amandla engekho obala, ngoba angenza ukuba kuqondwe amandla afana nentela.

Amandla Agciniwe

Imibuso egciniwe yileyo engasohlwini loMthetho-sisekelo futhi ngenxa yalokho igcinelwe izifundazwe.ISichibiyelo seshumi sakha isisekelo salemibuso. Izibonelo zihlanganisa:

  • Ukuphazamisa umshado nesehlukaniso
  • Ukumisa nokuqondisa ohulumeni bendawo
  • Ukuqhuba ukhetho (ukumisa izimfanelo zomvoti, ukuvota)
  • Ukuqondisa izimiso zemfundo kuzo zonke amazinga
  • Ukulawula ezentengiselwano zamazwe angaphandle
  • Imisebenzi yokugunda (abaphuzi, odokotela, abagundi bezinwele)

Imibuso egciniwe yaziwa futhi ngokuthi amaphoyisa ngoba ivumela amazwe ukuba anqumele impilo, ukulondeka, inhlalakahle, nokuziphatha kwezakhamuzi zawo. Yingakho amazwe engabeka isilinganiso sejubane, afune ukugoma kwezingane zesikole, futhi avimbele amabhizinisi athile ngamaSonto (imithetho yebhulunu).

Amandla Akhona

Imibuso yamanje yileyo ehlanganyelwa ohulumeni bombuso nohulumeni. Lezindawo zidinga ukubambisana futhi zingaholela ezimisweni ezilandelwayo. Imibuso ehlangene evamile ihlanganisa:

  • Igunya lokukhokha intela (yomibili ingaba nemali yentela, impahla, nokuthengisa)
  • Amandla okwakha imigwaqo nezakhiwo
  • Amandla okwakha izinkantolo ezincane (izinkantolo zesifunda nezinkantolo zikahulumeni)
  • Amandla okuboleka imali ngesikweletu
  • Amandla okuphoqelela imithetho nokusebenzisa ubulungisa
  • Amandla omthetho wamabhange nezinhlangano

Uma imithetho kahulumeni nombuso iphikisana namandla akhona, u-Claus womthetho-sisekelo (Artle VI) umisa umthetho kahulumeni. Yingakho kungavunyelwe ngokomthetho ukuthi kubekwe okuthile okuvinjelwa uhulumeni kazwelonke, nakuba ukuqashelwa kwemithetho kuvumela ukungaboni ngaso linye.

Ukusebenzelana Phakathi Kwamaqembu Kahulumeni

Ukuqonda indlela ohulumeni abahlangene ngayo, abaphethe, nabasendaweni abasebenzelana ngayo kubalulekile ekuqondeni ngokugcwele izinga lokubusa e - U.S. lokhu kusebenzelana kungaholela kokubili ekubambisanani nasekuxabaneni. Ukuba yinkimbinkimbi kwezimpikiswano zanamuhla ngokuvamile kudinga amazinga kahulumeni amaningi ukuze asebenze ngokuxubana, kodwa izinto eziza kuqala nezichazwa ngokungefani ezingokomthetho kungadala ukungezwani.

Ukuhlobana

Ukwakhiwa kwemali kwenzeka lapho amazinga ahlukene kahulumeni esebenza ndawonye ukuze kufinyelelwe imigomo efanayo. Lokhu ngokuvamile kuthatha uhlobo lwe- oluyi-in-aid, lapho izimali zikahulumeni zigelezela khona ezifundeni nasezindaweni ezithile ezinezimo ezithile. Izibonelo zihlanganisa:

  • Imali ehlangene yokusekela imisebenzi yezesisekelo (amabhuloho aphezulu, amabhuloho, ukuthuthwa komphakathi) ngezinhlelo ezinjenge-Federal-Aid Highway Act
  • Imizamo yokuhlinza yokusabela enhlekeleleni, eqondiswa i - FEMA ezindaweni zikahulumeni nezinhlangano eziqondisa isimo esiphuthumayo zendawo
  • Izinhlelo zemfundo ezihlanganyelwayo kanye nokuxhasa ngemali, njengesihloko Engisinikelayo ezikoleni ezikhokhelwayo eziphansi nakubantu ngabanye abakhubazekile eMthethweni wemfundo (IDEA)
  • Izindlela zempilo yomphakathi njenge CDC's ukubambisana neminyango yezempilo kahulumeni ekuhloleni izifo nasemikhankasweni yokugoma

Lendlela ebambisanayo ngezinye izikhathi ibizwa ngokuthi i- cooperativeism noma "i-marble kheturationism," lapho imigqa phakathi kwamazinga ifiphale, futhi wonke amazinga asebenza ndawonye ukuxazulula izinkinga. [USA.gov inikeza ukucubungula okuwusizo kokusebenza kwale misebenzi yobuhlobo obuhlangene.

Ukuxabana

Kungaphakama ukuxabana lapho imithetho kahulumeni noma yendawo iphikisana nemithetho kahulumeni. Lokhu kuvame ukuholela ekuphikiseni komthetho nasezimpikiswaneni eziphathelene namalungelo ezwe kanye negunya likahulumeni. Izindawo eziyinhloko zokushukuma kwemizwa zihlanganisa:

  • i-State jum esemthethweni nenqatshelwe uhulumeni: Kusukela ngo-2024, amazwe angaphezu kuka-20 aye agunyaza insangu yokuzijabulisa, kodwa ihlala iyishiyodi lokulawula iShedyuli Engalawulwa umthetho kahulumeni. Uhulumeni wezwe ngokuyinhloko uye wakhetha ukungaphoqeleli ukunqatshelwa kwemithetho egunyaziwe, kodwa lokhu kwakha izindawo ezimpunga ezingokomthetho zamabhizinisi nabantu ngabanye.
  • Amadolobha okuhlalisana nokugcinwa kwezindawo kuhulumeni: Amanye amadolobha nezifunda ezithile zilinganisela ukubambisana neziphathimandla zezokufuduka zikahulumeni, zikhomba izinto eziza kuqala zendawo kanye nezikhathalela amalungelo omphakathi. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ezimpini zasenkantolo nasezisongweni zokugodlela izimali zikahulumeni.
  • Izimiso ezingokomsuka ezihluka phakathi kwezindawo nezindinganiso zikahulumeni: iCalifornia ivame ukumisa isilinganiso semoto esiqinile kunesohulumeni, ifuna umxoshi kwi-Evironmental Protection Agency (EPA). I-guvernstrup yasusa iziphethu ezinjalo, okuholela ekuqhutshekisweni ngokuqhubekayo.
  • Imithetho yokunakekela isimilo ingqubuzana: I-Affordble Care Act (ACA) yabekelwa inselele yizimo eziphikisa ukuthi yadlula amandla entengiselwano kahulumeni entengiselwano, nakuba iNkantolo ePhakeme yayiyisekela kakhulu. Izwe futhi linokuhlakanipha ekunyuseni iMedicaid, okuholela ekukhokheni i-medicaid.

Lezingxabano zixazululwa ngesimiso senkantolo, neNkantolo Ephakeme esebenza njengomhlengi wokugcina. Imfundiso ye ingumthetho ophakathi: uma umthetho kahulumeni uveza umthetho wezwe ngokuqondile noma uwehlula ngokuphelele umthetho wezwe, umthetho kahulumeni kumelwe ukhiphe. Nokho, uma uMkhandlu ungahlosile ukukhulula, amazwe agcina igunya lawo. Lokhu kulinganisela kuyavivinywa njalo.

UbuFederalism

Isici esibalulekile sobuhlobo phakathi kohulumeni yi- uhulumeni wezwe ."ukugeleza kwemali phakathi kwamazinga kahulumeni."Federal inikeza imvume ezindaweni nasezindaweni ngengxenye enkulu yohlelo lwemali kahulumeni, ngokuvamile enezintambo ezinamaqoqo. Lokhu kunikeza kungaba okunqumayo (ngenjongo ezithile ezifana nemfundo noma isithuthi) noma iziqobo ezinikeza (ngokuvumelanayo). Ngokwesibonelo, i-Medicaid iyisimiso sesifunda sezwe esihlangene lapho uhulumeni uhulumeni ufaka khona imali esekelwe eqenjinini elithile. Lokhu kudala izisusa zokuhlanganisa izibopho kodwa futhi izibopho zihlela uhlelo lwemithetho engokomthetho. Chon.[FFF:3]

Izinkinga Nezimpikiswano Zesikhathi Esizayo

Izimpikiswano zanamuhla eziningana zibonisa ukuziphendukela okuqhubekayo kobuzwe baseMelika:

Umbuso Autonomy

Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi uhulumeni kahulumeni udlule imingcele yawo engokomthetho-sisekelo, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinjengemfundo (No Child Lend Behind Act, All Scheeds State), umnyango wezempilo (ACA), kanye nomthetho wendawo ezungezile (I-Devil Air, Clean Water Act). Abasekeli bale mithetho bawashicilele amalungelo [[] aphikisa ngokuthi amazwe anelungelo elingcono lokuqonda izidingo zendawo nokuthi imigaqo ehlangene nemithetho ehlangene nemithetho efuna zonke izinhlelo zemvelo ayisebenzi. Abaphikisa kulombono baphikisa ukuthi izinkinga zesizwe zidinga izixazulu zokungcola zesizwe futhi ukuthi awana ukulawula kahle ukungcoliswa noma amalungelo omphakathi.

Indima Yohulumeni Bendawo Esizweni Esinesithunzi

Ohulumeni bendawo baye baba izinkundla zezimpikiswano zesizwe, kusukela ekufuyweni kobumbosi phakathi nobhadane lwe-COVID-19 kuya ekwakheni imithetho ethinta ukukhokha kwezindlu. Ezimweni eziningi, amazwe aye asula imithetho yendawo, njengokuvimbela ukulawulwa kwendlu noma ukuvinjelwa kwemithetho yedolobha lengcwele. Lokhu kuye kwabangela igagasi elisha [ lobuzwe [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [[FLT]]] ukulawula kwemithetho eyimfihlo. izingxabano zesizwe]. Ingqungquthelano yeSizwe yombuso [[FLT] ] inikeza imithombo yemithetho engaphandle nemiphumela yayo.

Ukushintsha Kwezombangazwe NobuProfethi

Umehluko uvame ukubonakala ebuhlotsheni bezwe nombuso. Uma iWhite House nohulumeni belawulwa yizimpi ezihlukene, izingxabano ziyanda. Izibonelo zamuva zihlanganisa ukumangalela uhulumeni wezwe ngenkambiso yokufuduka, imithetho yendawo ezungezile, nemithetho yokuvota. Lokhu kungayiholela ku "checkard" yemithetho ezweni lonke, lapho ukukhomba okungokomthetho njengokukhipha isisu, amalungelo empilweni, noma ukukhipha izibhamu ezimpompolo ezisemzileni kuxhomeke khona esizweni. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme sa 20222 [FL:0]. Imithetho yabesifazane ingaholela e-Dobbboards v. i-Jackyrown's Health Organization , lapho igumbula umthetho, ibuyisela khona ukukhishwa komthetho, i-rode ebonakalisa kahle indlela yokuguqula isilinganiso se-gromementaldernment.

Ukuqonda Okungaqondakali: Izincwadi Eziwusizo

Kubantu abahlala ezindaweni ezihlukene, ukuhamba ngemfutho yemibuso kahulumeni kungaba yindida. Isenzo esilula njengokushayela imoto sihilela amazinga amaningi: izindinganiso zokuphepha zikahulumeni zemoto (NHTSA), ukufakwa kwemithetho yomshayeli nemithetho yezimoto, nokugcinwa kwezimoto endaweni. Ngokufanayo, ukuqala ibhizinisi kudinga ukuvumelana nemithetho yentela kahulumeni (IRS), ukubhaliswa kwemoto nokubekwa kwemvume, kanye nebhizinisi lendawo. Le nqubo eqinile iye yaholela ekubizeni kwemvume yokulungisa imoto, kodwa izinguquko zezimoto zendawo zidinga ukumiswa komthetho-mthetho-siseko noma isenzo somthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho, okuyinto engavamileyo.

Isihluthulelo siwukuthi isimiso seU.S. sivuselelwe ngamabomu futhi sifuywe ukuze sivimbele ukugcwala kwamandla. Nakuba lokhu kungadala i-ifficiencies nezingxabano, futhi kunikeza amathuba amaningi okuhlanganyela nokulungisa. Izakhamuzi zingahlanganyela ezingeni lendawo (amabhodi esikole, imikhandlu yamadolobha), izinga lombuso (iziqu, amajaji), kanye nesilinganiso sikahulumeni (umongameli, umongameli). Ukuqonda ukuthi iliphi izinga likahulumeni elinecala lalokho okubangela ukuhlanganiswa kwezivumelwano zomphakathi eziphumelelayo.

Isiphetho

Ukuqonda ukuhluka kwemibuso ehlangene, ezweni, nasezindaweni ezihlukene kubalulekile kubafundi nakothisha ngokufanayo. Kuhlomisela abantu ukuba basebenzise ulwazi oluyinkimbinkimbi lokubusa futhi bahlanganyele ezingxoxweni zomphakathi. Ukudideka kukahulumeni akuklanyelwanga ukuba kube lula, kodwa kunalokho ukubonakalisa izidingo nezindinganiso zesizwe esikhulu, esiziphindaphindayo. Ngokuqaphela indima ehlukile, izisekelo zomthetho-sisekelo, nokusebenzelana okunamandla phakathi kwamazinga, singaqonda kangcono indlela izimiso ezingenziwa ngayo, zifakwe futhi ziphikiswe inselele. Lolwazi lusinika amandla okuhlanganyela ngokunenzuzo edemokhrasinithi ngokhetho lwendawo ukuze siqonde izinqumo zeNkathi Ephakeme. Ukulinganisela kwamandla akwenziwangafinye; kuvela nakukhetha, umthetho, nokubusa, ukwenza imfundo eqhubekayo ngezinga elibalulekile ekwakhelweni.