Umsuka Nenjongo YamaKomiti Ombuso

Isimiso sekomiti siyigumbi lenjini le-United States Congress. Lapho i-First Congress ihlangana ngo-1789, umsebenzi wawulula, futhi umsebenzi wemithetho eminingi wawenziwa yindlu egcwele noma iSishaya-mthetho. Njengoba isizwe sasinwetshwa futhi uhulumeni kahulumeni wathatha imithwalo emisha yemfanelo ngqa ngqa mayelana nezentengiselwano zamazwe, ukuqondisa amazwe omphakathi, kanye nokwakha izimali zemali zakhula kakhulu. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, womabili amaqembu aqaphela ukuthi ayedinga amaqembu angaphansi kakhulu ukuze aphathe iqoqo eliphelele lobubusi.

AmaKomiti amiswa ngokusemthethweni ukuze avumele ukuhlukaniswa kwemisebenzi. Kunoma yiliphi ilungu lendlu yabameleli (435 amalungu) noma iSigele (amalungu ayikhulu) siphikisana ngohlu ngalunye lwemali, amakomiti athatha umthetho ohlongozwayo ngokuningiliziwe, abize ofakazi, aqoqe ukwaziswa, futhi atuse izinguquko. Lesi sakhiwo senza ukuba inqubo yemithetho iphumelele ngokwengeziwe futhi sivumele amalungu ukuba athuthukise ulwazi olujulile ezindaweni ezithile zemithetho, kusukela kwezolimo kuya kwezezobuchwepheshe.

Isimiso sekomiti sisebenza futhi njengomgcini wesango. Imali eningi ayikwenzi ngekomiti. Lemisebenzi yokuhlanganisa ivimbela ukunqotshwa ngezicelo ezicatshangelwe kabi noma eziphansi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amakomiti anikeza i-orm yemibono emincane. Ngisho noma iqembu lilawula iningi, amalungu ekomiti elimbalwa anganikeza ezinye izici, ahlongoze ukunqanda, futhi aphoqelele ukuphikisana komphakathi ezindabeni eziphikisanayo.

Ukuchazwa Kwezinhlobo Zamakomiti

Umhlangano uhlela umsebenzi wawo ngezinhlobo eziningana ezihlukene zamakomiti, ngayinye enendima ekhethekile nesikhathi esiqondile.

Amakomiti Amile

Lezi iziphakamiso ezihlala njalo ezikhona kusukela kwenye yeziKhongolo kuya kwenye. Zingamahhashi asebenzayo egatsheni lemithetho. Ikomiti ngayinye emile iphethe indawo ebanzi yenkambiso − njenge- Committee yendlu eHlolwayo ne-Furture[ [intela nemali ekhona], iKomiti ephethe eMasimu e-Mastern Relationstions [[FLT]], noma iKomiti yendlu ye-Agriculture[FLT:]. Amalungu avame ukukhonza kula komiti iminyaka eminingi, ukwakha ulwazi. Amakomiti amile anegunya okubika umthetho egumbini eligcwele, futhi anawo wonke amanye amagumbi. [FLTLT]

Khetha amaKomiti

Futhi ezibizwa ngokuthi amakomiti akhethekile, lezi izindikimba zesikhashana ezakhelwe ukuphenya umagazini othile noma ukutadisha inkinga engaphandle kwegunya lamakomiti okuma akhona. Ngokwesibonelo, i- House Committee yokukhetha i-Pinigate the Desert the January 6th Attack eUnited States Capitol[[FLL:1] yaba yikomiti ekhethiwe. Uma ikomiti ekhethiwe iqeda ukuhlola kwayo futhi ikhiphe umbiko wayo wokugcina, iyancitshiswa. Ikhetha ukuthi amandla okubika umthetho ngokuvamile, nakuba ingatusa ukuba ikomiti emile ngegunya elikhulu lithathe isinyathelo.

AmaKomiti Ahlangene

Lamakomiti ahlanganisa amalungu avela kokubili eNdlu kanye neSishayamthetho. Asetshenziselwa ukusingatha izindaba ezithinta amagumbi womabili, ukuhlanganisa ukuqondisa kwenhlangano yezinhlangano ezithile, noma ukuhlola izindaba eziphindwayo. Izibonelo zihlanganisa iKomiti Yezentengiselwano eMakamelweni neKomiti ehlangeneyo eMtatsheni wezincwadi [[FLT]]]. Amakomiti ahlangene awavamile ukubika umthetho ngokuqondile; kunalokho, akhipha imibiko noma asiza ekuxhumaniseni ngokwethukela. Nokho, anganethonya iKomiti yezentengo yobuthelo. [FLT] inikeza izilinganiso zemali ezikweleta intela.

AmaKomiti Engqungquthela

Lapho iNdlu neSigele kudlulisa izinguqulo ezihlukene zesivumelwano esifanayo, kumiswa ikomiti yengqungquthela ukuze ilungise ukungefani. Lena ibhodi yesikhashana eyakhiwa amalungu aphezulu asemakomitini ombuso egumbini ngalinye. Ikomiti yengqungquthela iveza isikhwama esisodwa sokuhlehla, bese ibuyela emuva kuzo zombili izindlini ukuze kuthathwe amavoti aphezulu noma abekwe phansi. Ikomiti yengqungquthela iyisinyathelo elibucayi enqubweni yemithetho, inikeza iningi egumbini ngalinye ithuba lokulungisa umphumela.

Indlela Amakomiti Athonya Ngayo Umthetho

AmaKomiti awabukezi nje kuphela izikweletu; azilolonge ngenkuthalo, futhi le nqubo ilandela ukulandelana okuhleliwe.

Ukubuya Kwemizwa Nezindlebe

Uma isikweleti sesenziwa kunoma yiliphi igumbi, isikhulu esiphethe sibhekisela ekomitini efanelekayo esekelwe endabeni yayo (inqubo ebizwa ngokuthi i-metaryral). EHouse, uSwepher ulawula kakhulu ama-metary, kanti eSigele, isikhulu esiphethe silandela imithetho yegumbi kodwa ngokuvamile sihlonipha imithetho yekomiti. Ngemva kokuba i-parectorral, ikomiti ingaba nokwaziswa okungaqoqwa. OFakazi bangahlanganisa ochwepheshe, izikhulu zikahulumeni, abameleli bemboni, nabameleli. Izindlebe zivulelwe umphakathi futhi zivame ukunikeza ukukhanya enqubweni yokushaya imithetho. Izakhamuzi zingafaka ubufakazi obubhaliwe noma ngisho nezicelo zokuvela kumuntu othile.

Ukuphawuleka Nezinqumo

Ngemva kokuzwa, ikomiti ihamba iye “ekuphawuleni” [1] isiqephu lapho amalungu ephikisana khona ngokuya emgqeni wesibhaka-bhaka. Ukubhaka kungathatha isikhathi eside futhi kube nombango. Isihlalo ngokuvamile silawula uhlelo lwezinqumo, kodwa iqembu elincane linganikeza ezinye izindlela. Ukuguqulwa komthetho osuka ekuhlomeleni kwemali ngokuvamile kuhlukile kakhulu esingenisweni sakuqala. Lokhu kulapho ukuhlehla kwemithetho kuphikiswa khona. Ngokwesibonelo, isimemezelo semithetho yendawo elawulayo singathuthukisa ukugcinwa kwemithetho ngesikhathi seneze yandisa ukugcinwa kwemisebenzi yezentengiselwano.

Ukuhalalisa Nokubika

Lapho ukuchongwa sekuphelile, ikomiti ivota ukuthi ingabika noma ingawufaka umbiko wemali egumbini eligcwele. Iningi liyidlulisa imali engekho ekomitini. Ikomiti ikhipha umbiko ochaza injongo yemali, izilunga ezenziwe, nokucabanga ngemva kwayo. Uma kubikwa kabi ukuthi imvume (igunyaza noma ingekho) ingayikhipha phansi, nakuba kungevela kancane. Izindleko eziningi zifa ekomitini ngenxa nje yokuthi isihlalo sivele singafuni ukuhlela ukuvota noma ukuvota. Lokhu “ukuphuma kwezindleko” kuyithuluzi elinamandla lengxenye enkulu yokubulala umthetho ngaphandle kokuvota.

Imisebenzi Yamakomiti Namandla

Ukuthatha ikomiti eyiyo eyiyo kungesinye sezinqumo ezibaluleke kakhulu ezenziwa yilungu loMkhandlu. Isabelo sisekelwe ekukhuleni, ekuholeni kweqembu, nasezithakazelweni zelungu nezidingo zesigodi. Ummeleli wesifunda sezolimo cishe uzofuna isihlalo eKomitini Yezolimo. I-senator evela ezweni elisogwini lingase lihlosele intengiselwano noma imvelo nemisebenzi yomphakathi.

Abaholi beqembu egumbini ngalinye − uSpeaker we House noMholi weMajority eSigele () basho okokugcina ukuthi yimaphi amalungu ahlala phezu kwalawo makomiti. Banquma futhi isilinganiso seningi kumalungu amancane. Ngomhlangano, iningi lilawula isihlalo samakomiti onke. Isihlalo sihlela uhlelo, sinquma ukuthi ukuzwa nokuhalalisa kwenzeka nini, futhi siphatha izisebenzi zekomiti. Ilungu elisesikhundleni esiphezulu (ilungu elikhulu kunawo wonke leqembu) lihola ukuphikiswa phakathi kwekomiti.

Amandla phakathi kwekomiti awasabelwa ngendlela efanayo. Isihlalo singasebenzisa amandla e-subpulpoena [ ukuphoqelela ubufakazi noma amabhukwana, uhlelo noma amavoti, nokuhlela imithombo. Izihlalo ezingaphansi zekomiti nazo zinethonya elikhulu. Ukwethembeka kweqembu, kodwa ukwethembeka kweqembu kanye nokuxhasa imali kuye kwaba baluleke kakhulu emashumini eminyaka amuva. Amakomiti anamandla abizwa ka- “A” amakomiti, izindlela ne-ASPropriact, iMini (Indlu) neMalimeta (Imali), iMithetho, iMithetho, ne-DLAS. Amalungu ala makomiti athengizimu aye athola ithonya elingcono ekusebenziseni imali, intela, nemithetho.

Ukubonisa Imbonakalo Nokuhlanganyela Komphakathi

Amakomiti e-Congregational aklanyelwe ukuba avuleke kumphakathi, nakuba izinga lokubona lihlukile. Izindaba eziningi zekomiti zisobala futhi zisakazwa emawebhukwini asemthethweni egumbi ( Indlu.gov [[FLT]]] ne [FLT]] SATE. .gov[ [izingamela] [indlela]). Amarekhodi amaningi atholakala ngezindawo ezincane ezinendawo yokuhlala elinganiselwe.

Izakhamuzi zingahlanganyela ngezindlela eziningana:

  • Ukuhlolwa phambi kwekomiti: Ngenkathi ofakazi abaningi bemenywa ngesihlalo noma ilungu eliphezulu, izakhamuzi ezivamile ngezinye izikhathi zingacela ukufakaza. Amaqembu anesithakazelo avame ukuxhumanisa ubufakazi ngezindaba zomuntu siqu ezihlobene nesivumelwano.
  • Ukubhala izinkulumo ezibhaliwe:[ Amakomiti ngokuvamile ayakwamukela ukukhulumela komphakathi ngokubeka umthetho noma izimpikiswano ezifundwayo. Lamazwi ahlanganisiwe embhalweni ongokomthetho.
  • Ihlongoza ukuqulwa kwecala: Izindlebe eziningi zivuliwe emphakathini. Hlola ingosi yekomiti ukuze uthole izimfuneko zezimiso nokulondeka.
  • Ukuxhumana nommeleli wakho noma i-senator: Ukuxhumana okuqondile nehhovisi lelungu kungathonya izinto eziza kuqala kumakomiti. Abaqondisi abasebenza esabelweni sekomiti yelungu ngokuvamile balandela izinhlamvu ezifikayo, ama-imeyili, nezingcingo.

Nokho, akuwona wonke umsebenzi wekomiti obonakala. Izingxoxo ezilandela impela zenzeka ngemva kweminyango evalekile, phakathi kwabaholi beqembu nezihlalo zamakomiti. Izindleko zokulungisa zingaqedwa emihlanganweni yangasese, kushiyeke ithuba elincane lomphakathi lokuthonya umbhalo ngaphambi kokuba ube umthetho. I-Indlu Imithetho ye-, ngokwesibonelo, isebenza ngesilinganiso esiphakeme sokufihla. Inquma ukuthi izindleko zithatha isikhathi esingakanani, ukuthi impikiswano ithatha isikhathi esingakanani, nokuthi iziphi iziphendumiso zivunyelwe ukubekwa ngokufanelekile kwemithetho yomdlalo wendlu yonke.

Ukuziphendukela Okungokomlando KwamaKomiti

Isimiso sekomiti asizange siqale sakhiwa ngokugcwele. Ekuqaleni kwawo-1800, uMkhandlu wancika “ekukhetheni amakomiti” ekhankasweni ngalinye. Lokhu kwabonakala kungasebenzi kahle, futhi ngawo-1820, womabili amagumbi aqala ukwakha amakomiti amile. Ngekhulu lama-20, isimiso sase sikhule saba amakomiti angaphezu kwekhulu namalungu angaphansi. [Legistative Reorganization Act ka 1946 sanciphisa kakhulu inani lawo futhi sacacisa izakhiwo zakhona, simisa izinguquko ezengeziwe ku-1970. Izinguquko ezengeziwe ezisezindlini ezigunyaziwe, ukubonakala, namandla alinganiselwe ekomiti yezihlalo.

Namuhla, kunamakomiti angu-19 amile eNdlu futhi angu-16 eSigele, kanye namakomiti amaningi amancane namakomiti akhethayo. Isimiso siyaqhubeka siguqula. Ngokwesibonelo, Jan. 6 Khetha iKomiti [ eMkhandlwini we-117 osebenza ngaphansi kwemithetho engavamile, futhi wawungamiswanga amalungu amancane ngemva komholi weNdlu yezeNdlu yenqaba ukuhlanganyela. Lokhu kwabonisa ukuthi ikomiti ekugcineni iyisinqumo sezombangazwe, hhayi imfuneko yomthetho-mthetho-mthetho.

Ukulinganiselwa Nokugxekwa Kwesimiso Sekomiti

Nakuba amakomiti ebalulekile, awawona amaphutha.

  • [[I-FLT:0] I-fridbock nolibaziselo: izihlalo zamakomiti zingavala umthetho unomphela. Imali ethandwayo ingafa ngaphandle kwevoti uma isihlalo simelana nayo.
  • Ithonya lesithakazelo: amalungu amaKomiti amukela iminikelo engalinganiyo evela ezimbonini ngaphansi kwegunya lawo. [u-“umgcini wesango wesibopho”[ umphumela usho ukuthi amalungu ambalwa angavimbela izinguquko ezingalimaza abanikeli abanamandla.
  • Izabelo zamakomiti ezinhlobonhlobo: zithonywe kakhulu ukukhula, okusho amalungu amasha (ngokuvamile abonisa kangcono isimo somphakathi wezwe). Abesifazane namalungu amancane babekwa ngokungenakulinganiswa “ezingeni eliphezulu” amakomiti, njengalawo asebenzelana nezindaba zomphakathi kunokuba avikele imali noma isivikelo.
  • Ukuguqula: abaholi beQembu ngokuqhubekayo badlula izinqubo zenqubo zakudala zamakomiti. Abaholi bangasebenzisa “ukuthatha ukushaya isisho esimisiwe” noma ukumisa imithetho evalekile evimbela idlanzana ekunikezeni izisusa eziphansi. Lokhu kululaza umsebenzi owenziwe ngamakomiti.

Naphezu kwalezi zinselele, amakomiti ahlala eyimoto eyinhloko yokwenza izimiso ezingokomthetho eSishaya - mthetho. asikho esinye isimiso esiye saphumelela kakhulu ekuqondiseni umsebenzi omkhulu kahulumeni womthetho.

Indlela Yokusebenza Ekomitini Yokuqondisa Izincwadi

Kudingeka izakhamuzi ezifuna ukulandela isikweletu noma impikiswano ethile, ukuba matasa kakhulu emsebenzini wamakomiti. Nazi izinyathelo ezisebenzayo:

  1. Yiphawule ikomiti ngokulawula. Sebenzisa amawebhusayithi ekomiti yendlu ne-Gatenal-iningi bhala i-gade yayo, i-roster eyilungu, kanye nezindaba ezizayo.
  2. Hlola i-[QUE:0] Irekhodi le-Cultrorional [ kanye nomshini wokunyathelisa wekomiti. Amakomiti amaningi amemezela ukunqwabelana nokuzwa okungenani isonto elilodwa ngaphambi kokuba kukhulunywe.
  3. Sebenzisa izinqola zesithathu njenge GovTrack. noma Conreg.gov ukuthola izixwayiso kwizenzo zamakomiti.
  4. Bheka izindlebe ezihlala noma ezigcinwayo eziteshini zamaYouTube ezilondolozwa amakomiti ngamanye noma eNdlu engokomthetho naseSigele sigobhoza emapulatifomu.

Ukuqonda amakomiti kunika izakhamuzi amandla okubeka abameleli bazo icala. Uma amathengi emali ebhaliswe, isizathu sivame ukuba isihlalo sekomiti senqabe ukuhlela ukuvota. Ukwazi ukuthi isiphi isihlalo sekomiti esinesibopho sokuvota, futhi ukuthi isiphi isifunda noma isifunda esimele, zenza abavoti basebenzise ukucindezela ngesikhathi esifanele.

Ikusasa Lamakomiti

Ubuchwepheshe buyimisebenzi yekomiti elungisayo. IziNkathi zokulalela manje zihlala zikhona, futhi ukukhulumela komphakathi kungathunyelwa kuyi-intanethi. Imininingwane ye-data ivumela amakomiti ukuba alandele ithonya lomthetho ngokuqondene. Nokho, amandla ayisisekelo (-partidantia, i-actation, ukuqamba, nokuphikisana okukhethekile. Njengoba i-Congress ibambene nenqubo entsha njengenselele yokushintsha isimo sezulu, amakomiti angadinga ukuvumelana nemithetho yawo kanye nezakhiwo. Abanye abameleli bacele amakomiti ahlangene ukuba afake imingcele yokulawula izihlalo zekomiti ukuze anciphise amandla. Noma iziphi izinguquko ezizayo, amakomiti ahlala enhliziyweni yenqubo yomthetho, futhi aziqonda ukuthi ziwumsebenzi obalulekile wanoma yisiphi isakhamuzi.