Ukwakhiwa kukahulumeni kwakha umgogodla wanoma yimuphi umphakathi wentando yeningi, kuqinisekisa ukuthi amandla awenziwe futhi agunyazwe, futhi kunikezwa ubulungisa. Nakuba abafundi nothisha abaningi bejwayelene nomqondo wamagatsha amathathu ahlukene (legisiva, umphathi, nokwahlulela) ukujula kwangempela kusekuqondeni ukuthi lamagatsha asebenzelana kanjani, imishini ethile ayisebenzisayo, futhi lezibonelo ezingokomlando nezingokwesikhathi esibonisa imisebenzi yawo. Lesi sihloko sinwebeka kakhulu eziyisisekelo zalemisebenzi emithathu, sinikeza ukubheka okuningi ngokwengeziwe ekusebenzeni kwegatsha ngalinye, isimiso sokuhlola nokulingana okuhlangene kwawo, nokuthi kungani lokhu kuhlala kusemqoka kwemibuso ebalulekile ekuvikeleni amalungelo ezakhamuzi nasekulondolozeni uhulumeni ophumelelayo.

Igatsha Elingokomthetho: Ukwenza Imithetho Yesizwe

Igatsha lemithetho lisolwe ngesibopho esiyinhloko sokwakha, ukuguqula, nokubuyisela imithetho. Ezimisweni eziningi zentando yeningi, leligatsha limelela imvelo, okusho ukuthi amalungu alo akhethwa abantu ukuba akhulume izithakazelo zabo nezinkathazo. Isakhiwo sendlu yomthetho womthetho singahlukahluka kakhulu: amanye amazwe asebenzisa isimiso se-bidameral (amagumbi amabili), kuyilapho amanye athembele esimisweni sobune-gazi (kamelo elilodwa). Ngokwesibonelo, i-United States Congress, i-biamaral, ehlanganisa i-Bhameral neNdry of Mis, isibonelo eklanywe ngamabomu ukuze kulinganiswe ithonya lezifunda ezinkulu nezincane.

Isimiso Sezokuxhumana

Kuyi-bidaral, amagumbi amabili anendima nemibuso ehlukene. Indlu ephezulu (njengeSigele) ivame ukumelela izifunda noma izifunda ngokulinganayo, kuyilapho indlu ephansi (njengendlu yabameleli) imelela inani labantu ngokwesilinganiso. Lesi sakhiwo siqinisekisa ukuthi kokubili isithakazelo somhlaba nesokuba khona kwezakhamuzi sicatshangelwa ngesikhathi sokwenza umthetho. Amazwe anjenge-United Kingdom, iJalimane, neCanada asebenzisa izimiso ze-badamal, nakuba amandla aqondile nokwakheka kwegumbi ngalinye kungahluka. Ngokwesibonelo, i-UK House of Lords imiswe kakhulu futhi isebenza njengegumbi eliphinde lihlolwe, kanti iNdlund Home Commons ikhethiwe futhi iphethe igunya eliyinhloko lokubeka imithetho.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izishaya-mthetho ezingezona ezama-indinganiso zitholakala emazweni anjengeDenmark, i-New Zealand, namazwe amaningi amancane. Lezizimiso zivame ukuphumelela kakhulu ekudluliseleni umthetho kodwa zingase zingahlolisisi okunikezwa igumbi lesibili. Ukukhetha phakathi kwe-baobaral ne-un - badaral kubonisa umongo womlando wezwe ngalinye kanye nezinto eziza kuqala.

Imisebenzi Yangemva Kokwenza Imithetho

Nakuba ukubhala nokuvota emafasiteleni kuyisenzo esibonakala kakhulu, izishaya - mthetho zenza eminye imisebenzi eminingana ebucayi:

  • Ukuqapha kwesikhulu: Imithetho inegunya lokuhlola izenzo zobubanzi, ukuzwa, nokufuna izincwadi noma ubufakazi. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi igatsha eliphetheyo linesibopho sezimiso nezinqumo zalo.
  • Imvume esemthethweni:[[FLT:] Ebuthweni lentando yeningi, uhlelo lwemali oluhlongozwayo lwesikhulu kumelwe luvunyelwe yindlu yomthetho. ‘ Leligunya lesikhwama” linikeza abenzi bemithetho ithonya eliphawulekayo ekusebenziseni imali nakuzinto eziza kuqala kuhulumeni.
  • Imvume nemvume: izindikimba eziningi zemithetho ziqinisekisa ukumiswa kwezindawo eziphezulu, njengamalungu ekhabethe najaji bakahulumeni, ngenqubo yokuqinisekisa. Lokhu kunikeza i-exakelo emandleni omphathi omisa.
  • [[[NT.0] Izinkonzo zobuKhomanisi: Abameli bamelela inzuzo yalabo abahlangene ngokunikeza izikhalo, ukuxhasa imisebenzi yendawo, nokuxhumana nohulumeni.

Inqubo Yokwenza Umthetho Ngokuningiliziwe

Ukumisa umthetho akuvamile ukuba kube yinqubo elula. E-United States Congress, umthetho kumelwe udlule ezigabani eziningi: ukusungula, ukubukeza kwekomiti, ukuphikisana ngephansi, nokuvota kuzo zombili izinguqulo. Uma amagumbi amabili edlula izinguqulo ezihlukene, ikomiti yengqungquthela ihlela ukuthi umehluko ukhona. Isivumelwano sisiya kumongameli, ongawusayina umthetho noma awusayine. Uma i-vetototototo. Uma i-Congress ingadlula i-'inqunywe ngenani elikhulu eliyimithathu egumbini ngalinye. Le nqubo ebanzi iklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho uhlolwa ngokuphelele nokuthi akukho ndikimba eyodwa ingaphonsa imithetho ngokunye. Izinqubo ezifanayo zikhona kwezinye i-democracracy, nakuba izinyathelo eziqondile nezitetholo. Ukubheka okuningi ngokuthi intengo yemithetho ye-atholo kuvela kanjani eUnited States, kubhekisela egunjini yomthetho we-Foctive [Fod.] kumthetho:[1]

Igatsha Eliphethe: Ukushaya Imithetho Nomthetho Osekelayo

Igatsha eliphethe linomthwalo wemfanelo wokumisa nokumisa imithetho edluliswa yisishaya-mthetho. Livame ukuqondiswa umongameli noma undunankulu, osekelwa ikhabethe nenhlangano enkulu yeminyango kahulumeni nezinhlangano.

Indima Yenhloko Kahulumeni Iphikisana Nenhloko Kahulumeni

Ukuqonda igatsha eliphethe kudinga ukuhlukanisa inhloko kahulumeni nomphathi kahulumeni. Ezimisweni zobumongameli njenge-United States, umongameli usebenza njengenhloko yombuso (umholi ongokomfanekiso) nomphathi kahulumeni (umphathi ophethe). Ezimisweni zephalamende, lezi zindima ziyahlukaniswa: umbusi noma umongameli wemikhosi usebenza njengenhloko kahulumeni, kuyilapho undunankulu esebenza njengenhloko kahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, eUnited Kingdom, iNkosi uCharles II iyinhloko kahulumeni, kodwa undunankulu uhulumeni uphethe uhulumeni futhi enze izinqumo zemithetho. Lokhu kuhlukana kungathinta indlela amandla empathiye yesikhulu asetshenziswa ngayo futhi kubeke icala ngendlela isikhulu esisebenza ngayo ekwahlulekeni.

Izimo Zekhatheyini Neziqondisi

Ikhabethe linezikhulu eziphethe, ngokuvamile ezibizwa ngokuthi onobhala noma abefundisi, abaphethe iminyango emikhulu enjengesivikelo, imfundo, impilo, nezindaba zakwamanye amazwe. Laba bantu baluleka inhloko kahulumeni futhi baqondise isimiso somphakathi ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene. Ngaphansi kwekhabethe, inqwaba yezinhlangano nezindawo zokuqondisa isebenza ngemisebenzi ethile − kusukela ekukhipheni amaphasiskup ukuqondisa izindinganiso zendawo ezungezile. E-United States, izinhlangano ezinjenge-Evironmental Protection Agency (EPA) kanye ne-Department of Homeland Security ephethe ngaphansi kwegatsha eliphethe kodwa zingaphansi kwemithetho edluliselwe i-Congresssionerreant nezokwahlulela.

Izinhlangano eziphethe ngokuvamile zikha iziqondiso ezinemininingwane ukuze kusetshenziswe imithetho ebanzi. Lenqubo yaziwa njengokunikeza imithetho futhi ihlanganisa izixwayiso zomphakathi kanye nezimpendulo. Nakuba kudingeka ukuze kuqondiswe impumelelo, inikeza igatsha elikhulu ithonya elikhulu ethonyeni elisebenzayo lemithetho. Ukuze kuthathwe indima yezinhlangano zikahulumeni, USA.gov ukhombo lwezinhlangano zikahulumeni lunikeza ukucatshanga okubanzi.

Izimiso Zokuqondisa Nemithetho Yakwamanye Amazwe

Ithuluzi elinamandla legatsha eliphethe iziqondiso eziphethe. Leziziqondiso zivumela umongameli noma undunankulu ukuba alawule imisebenzi kuhulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni ngaphandle komthetho omusha. Iziqondiso eziphethe izintambo kumelwe zihambisane nemithetho ekhona futhi zingabekelwa inselele enkantolo. Zivame ukusetshenziselwa ukumisa izinguquko zenqubo ngokushesha, kodwa zingabuye zishintshwe futhi umqondisi olandelayo noma ungqongqo wemithetho.

Igatsha eliphethe lihola futhi enkambisweni yakwamanye amazwe neyokuzivikela kwesizwe. umongameli noma undunankulu uxoxa ngezivumelwano (ngokuvumelana nemvume yemithetho), uyala amabutho ahlomile, umisa amanxusa, futhi umelela isizwe ezikhungweni zezizwe zonke. Emazweni amaningi, umphathi unegunya lokuthumela amabutho ezimweni eziphuthumayo, nakuba izimemezelo zempi zidinga ukugunyazwa kwemithetho.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela: Ukuhumusha Imithetho Nokuqondisa Ubulungisa

Igatsha lokwahlulela lisebenza ngokuchaza imithetho edluliswa yisishaya-mthetho futhi iphoqelelwe umphathi. Indima yalo eyinhloko ukuxazulula izingxabano − kokubili phakathi kwabantu ngabanye nohulumeni kanye nohulumeni − ngokwemithetho. Ikomiti yokwahlulela elungile nezimele ibalulekile ekusekeleni ukubusa komthetho, ukuvikela amalungelo ezakhamuzi, nokugcina ukuthembana ezinhlanganweni ezingokomthetho.

Izimiso Zenkantolo

Izimiso zokwahlulela zihlelwe ngokwezinga elivamile ezinhlangothini zababhishobhi. Ngaphezu kwalokho kunenkantolo ephakeme kakhulu, evame ukubizwa ngokuthi iNkantolo Ephakeme noma iNkantolo Yomthetho, elalela izikhalo emibuzweni ebaluleke kakhulu engokomthetho. Ngaphansi ziyizinkantolo zecala (izinkantolo ze-corrit, izinkantolo zokudlulisa icala) ezibukeza izinqumo ezivela ezinkantolo eziphansi. Izinkantolo zenkantolo zilapho kuqala kuqulwa khona amacala, kunikezwa khona ubufakazi, futhi kukhishwa khona izinkantolo zenkantolo (kwezinye izimiso) izinqumo. Isimiso senkantolo yezwe lase United States, ngokwesibonelo, sihlanganisa izinkantolo zesifunda, izinkantolo ezingu-13 zecala, kanye neNkantolo Ephakeme. Izwe ngalinye linezinkantolo zalo siqu, ezisingatha izindaba eziningi zobugebengu nomphakathi.

Emazweni amaningi, kunezinkantolo ezikhethekile ezisekela izici ezithile zomthetho, njengezinkantolo zentela, izinkantolo zemikhaya, noma izinkantolo zokuphatha.

Ukubukezwa Kokwahlulela Namandla Okubulala Imithetho

Enye yemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu yegatsha lokwahlulela ukubukezwa kokwahlulela: amandla okuhlola imithetho nezenzo zobuphathi ukuze kuthole ukuthi iphula umthetho-sisekelo yini. Uma inkantolo ithola ukuthi umthetho uphikisana nomthetho-sisekelo, ingamemezela ukuthi umthetho awusebenzi futhi awunalutho. Lombuso wamiswa ngokudume kakhulu eUnited States ngecala Barbury v. Madison [18,03] futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi useyitshe leNkanto yemithetho elawula imibuso esemthethweni emhlabeni wonke. Ngokwesibonelo, iNkanto ePhakathi yeNkantolo yaseNdiya neSihlalo somthetho-mthetho-mthetho waseJalimane njalo yenza inqubo yokuhlola kokwahlulela okuyisisekelo ukuze ivikele amalungelo ayisisekelo.

Ukubukezwa kokwahlulela kusebenza njengesehlo esibucayi kokubili amagatsha emithetho nezikhulu. Kuqinisekisa ukuthi ngisho nemithetho ebekwe ngedemokrasi ayinakuphazamisa iziqinisekiso zomthetho-sisekelo. Nokho, kuphakamisa imibuzo futhi ngendima efanele yabahluleli .Kudingeka bachaze umthetho-sisekelo ngokuqondene nencazelo yawo yokuqala, noma bavumelane nezimo zanamuhla?

Indima Yokuvelela Nokuzibusa

Izimiso eziningi zokwahlulela zincike esimisweni sestare decis, okusho ukuthi izinkantolo kufanele zilandele izimpawu ezibekwe yizinqumo zangaphambili. Lokhu kuvumelana kunikeza ukubikezela nokuzinza emthethweni, kuvumela abantu namabhizinisi ukuba bahlele izindaba zabo ngokuqiniseka okunengqondo. Nokho, izinkantolo eziphakeme zingagumbula ezazo izenzakalo uma zibhekwa njengezidingekile, njenge-U.S. iNkantolo Ephakeme yenze ezicaleni zesazi semingcele enjenge Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo (11954]) futhi ne[FL:]. . . . . . . .I--R.[FLT.[FLD]

Ukuzimela kokwahlulela kubalulekile ekwenzeni izinqumo ezilungile. Abahluleli kumelwe bakhululeke ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe, ukufumbathisa, noma izinsongo. Amazwe amaningi aqinisekisa lokhu ekuphileni noma emithethweni emide, nangokuvikela amaholo okwahlulela ekuncishisweni. Izinqumo ngokuvamile ziqinisekiswa igatsha lemithetho ukuze kuqinisekiswe abafanelekayo nabalinganiselayo. Ukuhlola isimo sejaji lezwe, vakashela iWebsite ye-U.S.

Amasheke Nokulinganisela: Isimiso Sokuxhumana

Azikho izinkulumo eziphelele ngemisebenzi yemithetho, yezikhulu, neyokwahlulela ngaphandle kokuhlola indlela ezisebenzelana ngayo ngesimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela.

Izinqolobane Zegatsha Ngazinye Eziqondile

Igatsha lemithetho lihlola isikhulu ngezinqubo eziningana: siqinisekisa noma senqaba ukumiswa kwezivumelwano, singanqoba ama-veto, silawule uhlelo lokusetshenziswa kwemali, futhi singakhipha umongameli noma ezinye izikhulu. Sihlola isahlulelo ngokumisa inani lamajaji, simise ukumiswa, futhi sifake imithetho engokomthetho ukuguqula izincazelo zokwahlulela.

Igatsha eliphethe lihlola isishaya - mthetho ngokukhipha izikweletu (izingamelwe zisuswe) nangokubiza izikhawu ezikhethekile zoMkhandlu. Ihlola abahluleli ngamandla ukuba bathathe amajaji agunyaziwe futhi baxolele amacala kahulumeni.

Igatsha lokwahlulela lihlola womabili amanye amagatsha ngokumisa imithetho engekho emthethweni (ukubukeza okungokwezesayensi) nangokuchaza izenzo zezikhulu ukuze ziqinisekise ukuthi zivumelana nomthetho nomthetho-sisekelo. AbaHluleli futhi banamandla okukhipha imiyalo enganqanda izenzo zikahulumeni phakathi nomthetho nomthetho-mthetho.

Izibonelo Zezwe Langempela Zamasheke Asebenzayo

Izibonelo ezingokomlando zibonisa ukubaluleka kwale mishini. Ngo- 1974, iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. yayaleza uMongameli uNixon ukuba aphendule amakhasethi aqoshiwe kuyi- United States v. Icala likaNixon, liqinisekisa ukuthi akekho, ngisho nomongameli, ongaphezulu komthetho. Esinye isibonelo singu-2019 umfundisi kaMongameli u-Trump ngeNd House of Decrections, elandelwa yi-Valectivesssssssssssss. Ngokufana-ae, iSivumelo sisebenzise ukuhlola kwayo ngokuqondile i-mthetho ye-Rogravitions.

Ukubaluleka Kokulinganisela Ekubuseni Kwanamuhla

Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela asisona esingenazingxabano. I-Gridlock ingavela uma amagatsha ahlukene elawulwa amaqembu ezombangazwe aphikisanayo, enciphisa isinyathelo sikahulumeni. Nokho lokhu kuphikisana kuvame ukumiswa ngamabomu: kuphoqelela ukuyekethisa, ukucubungula, nokuvumelana okukhulu ngaphambi kokuba kwenziwe izinguquko ezinkulu zesimiso. Ezikhathini zenhlekelele, njengezimo eziphuthumayo zesizwe, ukulinganisela kungashintsha okwesikhashana njengoba umphathi ethatha isinyathelo ngokushesha, kodwa ulwelo nolwehlulelo lwemithetho kufanele lubuyiselwe ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuxhashazwa.

Kubafundi, ukuhlola nokulinganisela kusho ukuqaphela ukuthi akukho nhlangano kahulumeni okufanele isebenze ngaphandle kokulandisa. Lesisimiso yisona esihlukanisa idemokrasi nemibuso ye-pholic, lapho igatsha elilodwa livame ukubusa abanye. Ukubona ukuwohloka okubanzi kwendlela isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela okusebenza ngayo, i-Libary yezinto zokufundisa ze-Congress [

Isiphetho: Ukubuyiselwa Okuqhubekayo Kwemisebenzi Kahulumeni

Amagatsha alawulayo, aphethe, nahluleli ngalinye lifeza indima ehlukile kodwa ehlangene ekulawuleni umphakathi wentando yeningi. Isishaya-mthetho simisa imithetho, sigunyaze ukumiswa kwayo, futhi izikhulu zitolika. Ngesimiso sezokuhlola nokulinganisela, igatsha ngalinye lihlola futhi libeke amanye imingcele, livimbela amandla okugxilisa indikimba eyodwa. Kubafundi nabafundisi, ukuqonda lezizisekelo eziyisisekelo akuyona nje indlela yemfundo yemfundo, futhi kuyimfuneko ukuqondisa imvume yesizwe engokolwazini. Ukuqonda indlela imithetho ebekwe ngayo, indlela esetshenziswa ngayo, nendlela amalungelo avikeleka ngayo abantu ukuba bahlanganyele ngokunengqondo ekulawuleni kwabo. Njengoba izimiso zezombangazwe zishintsha futhi zibheke izinselele ezintsha zezezobuchwepheshe, isimiso sezulu, nesimiso sokuvikela sembulunga yonke, nezimiso zemibuso ehlukene ziyoqhubekeka kahle nenkululeko phakathi kohulumeni.