Inqubo yokuguqula uMthetho-sisekelo we-United States ingenye yezici eziklanywe kahle kakhulu zikahulumeni waseMelika. ISiphakamiso V soMthetho-sisekelo simisa inqubo yamabomu, enezinyathelo eziningi ezidinga kokubili ukuhlongozwa nokuhlanjululwa, iqinisekisa ukuthi noma yiluphi ushintsho kumthetho wesizwe oyisisekelo lubonisa ukuvumelana okukhulu ezweni lonke. Lesiqondiso esibanzi sihlola zonke izici zokuthi ukulungiseka kuba kanjani ingxenye yoMthetho-sisekelo, kusukela ekuhlolweni kokuqala kuya ekuthathelweni nge-crective.

Ukuqonda Isihloko V: Isisekelo SeSichibiyelo Somthetho - sisekelo

Igunya lokulungisa uMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States lithathwe eSiphakamisweni V soMthetho-sisekelo. Lelilungiselelo lakhiwa ngokucophelela abaFramers ukuba balinganisele ngokunethezeka phakathi kokuvumelana nokuzinza. Lenqubo yayiklanyelwe ukulinganisela phakathi kokuzishintsha njalo nokungaguquguquki, iqinisekisa ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo ungashintsha ngezikhathi lapho uvikela ekulungiseni ngokuxhamazela noma ngokungacabangi kahle.

AbaseFramers baqaphela ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo uzodinga ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ababengenakuzibona kusengaphambili, kodwa futhi baqonda izingozi zokwenza izinguquko eziyisisekelo kalula kakhulu. Umphumela uyinqubo yesiteji eneziteji ezimbili ezidinga iziqu ezinkulu ezingavamile kokubili emazingeni kahulumeni nakahulumeni, ukwakha izindawo zokuhlola eziningi lapho ukuhlelwa okuhlongozwayo kumelwe kubonise ukusekela okusakazekile.

Isinyathelo Sokuqala: Ukusikisela ISichibiyelo

Isihloko V simisa izinqubo zokuguqula uMthetho-sisekelo, njengoba ingxenye enkulu yombhalo weSiphakamiso ikhuluma ngesihlongozo nokulungisa. Isigaba esihlongozwayo siyisithiyo sokuqala esibucayi okumelwe sicaciswe, futhi kunezindlela ezimbili ezihlukene lokhu okungavela ngazo.

Indlela Yokuqala: Isicelo Sengqungquthela

Indlela yokuqala igunyaza uKhongolo-kahulumeni, "noma nini lapho izingxenye ezimbili-ntathu zazo zombili izindlu zizakubheka kudingekile," ukuhlongoza ukulungiswa komthetho-sisekelo. Lena indlela evame kakhulu emlandweni waseMelika. Indlela yokuqala idinga kokubili iNdlu neSigele ukuba kuhlolwe ukulungiswa komthetho-sisekelo ngevoti yamalungu amabili-ntathu akhona ."assum ukumiswa kokukhona kwe-quarum . futhi hhayi ukuvota ama-tria amabili elungu lonke, akhona nangekho.

Lapho uKhongolose ehlongoza ukulungisa, ukwenza kanjalo ngesinqumo esihlanganyelwe. I-Congress isikisela ukulungisa isimo sesinqumo esihlangeneyo, futhi njengoba uMongameli engenayo indima engokomthetho enqubweni yokulungisa, isinqumo esihlangene asiyi eWhite House ukuze sisayinwe noma sivunyelwe. Lokhu kuwukwehla okuphawulekayo enqubeni ejwayelekile yemithetho, lapho kudinga khona ukuvunyelwa kukamongameli ukuze kube yizikweletu ukuze kube umthetho.

Lapho selivunyelwe yiSishaya-Mkhandlu, isinqumo esihlangene esimisa ukumiswa komthetho-sisekelo asidingi ukuvunyelwa umongameli ngaphambi kokuba ithunyelwe ezizweni, njengoba iSiphakamiso V singenayo imfuneko enjengale yokulungisa umthetho- sisekelo okugunyazwe yiKhongolomo. E-Hollingsworth v. Virginia (1798), iNkantolo Ephakeme yaqinisekisa ukuthi akudingekile ukubeka ukubuyiselwa komthetho-mthetho-sisekelo phambi kukamongameli ukuze kuvunyelwe noma kuvunyelwe.

Kusukela ekuFumeni, uKhongolo-mfuno luye lwalandela lenqubo yokuhlongoza ukuhlelwa kwezinguquko ezingamashumi amathathu nantathu zomthetho-sisekelo, ezathunyelwa ezizweni ukuze zihloselwe ukuvuselelwa. Nokho, lokhu kumelela ingxenye encane kakhulu yezinguquko eziye zasikiselwa. Izihlongozo ezingaba ngu-11,985 zokulungisa loMthetho-sisekelo ziye zasungulwa eKhongomeni kusukela ngo-1789, zibonisa ukuthi kunzima kangakanani ukufinyelela inani eliyisithathu elidingekayo kuwo womabili amakamu.

Indlela Yesibili: Isivumelwano Somthetho - sisekelo

Indlela yesibili idinga i-Congress, "ekusebenzeni kwezishaya-mthetho zeziphakamiso ezimbili-ntathu zezifundazwe eziningana" (34 kusukela ngo-1959), "biza umhlangano wokulungisa". Lendlela ehlukile yayihlanganiselwe ukunikeza amazwe indlela yokuveza izinqumo ngisho noma uMkhandlu wawungazimisele ukwenza isenzo.

Naphezu kokubhalwa eMthethweni, akukho nokukodwa kwezingu - 27 zokulungisa uMthetho-sisekelo okuye kwahlongozwa umhlangano womthetho-sisekelo. Lendlela yokulungisa ayikaze isetshenziswe, nakuba kuye kwaba nemizamo eminingana kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika yokukhuthaza lenqubo.

Kathathu ekhulwini lama - 20, abasekeli bezinguquko ezithile benza imizamo ebumbene ukuze balondoloze inani lezicelo ezidingekayo ukuze kumiswe iSiphakamiso V, kuhlanganise nemihlangano yokucabangela izinguquko zokuhlela izinkampani ezidumile zase - United States.

Kusenemibuzo eminingi mayelana nendlela umhlangano weSiphakamiso V ozosebenza ngayo ngempela. Izazi ziyaqhubeka ziphikisana ngezindaba ezihlobene nale mihlangano yeSiphakamiso V, kuhlanganise nokuthi uMkhandlu kumelwe yini ubize umhlangano lapho uthola inani elidingekayo lezicelo zikahulumeni nokuthi umhlangano ungalinganiselwa yini. Lemibuzo engaphenduliwe iye yabangela ukuba amadolo okusebenzisa lendlela.

Isinyathelo Sesibili: Ukukhishwa Amasimu Amazwe

Uma nje isilungiso sesihlongozwe ngendlela ngayinye, kumelwe ivunyelwe yizwe. Yilapho ukuhlolwa kwangempela kokusekela kokusekela kwenzeka khona, njengoba kumelwe ithole imvume evela kuhulumeni omkhulu ukuze ube yingxenye yoMthetho-sisekelo.

Imfuneko Yezingxenye Ezintathu

Ushintsho oluhlongozwayo luba yingxenye yoMthetho-sisekelo ngokushesha lapho ugunyazwa abantu abathathu kwabane base-United States (ama-38 kwa-50). Lomnyango ophakeme uqinisekisa ukuthi izinguquko zisekelwa kabanzi kakhulu ezweni lonke, hhayi esifundeni esisodwa noma phakathi kweqembu elilodwa lezombangazwe.

Ukuvota kwezwe ngalinye (ukuguqula noma ukulahla isilungisi esihlongozwe) kunesisindo esilinganayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi linani inani lombuso noma ubude besikhathi e-Union. Lokhu kusho ukuthi i-Wyoming's ratiation ilingana neseCalifornia, ibonisa isimo sombuso soMthetho-sisekelo futhi iqinisekisa ukuthi amazwe amancane anezwi elilinganayo enqubeni yokulungisa.

Izindlela Ezimbili Zokuchezukisa Umbuso

ISiphakamiso V simisa izindlela ezimbili zokulungisa izimo zokuguqula uMthetho-sisekelo: ngeMiyalo yamashumi amathathu anesine eMiyalo emithathu emithathu. ISishaya-mthetho sinquma ukuthi iyiphi indlela okumelwe imibuso ilandele ukuze izinguquko ezihlongozwayo zibe eziphumelelayo, ngokukhetha indlela yokuhlunga enqunyweni yokuphela kweSishaya-Mkhandlu.

Ukukhishwa Kwemithetho Kahulumeni

Imithetho yamazwe amathathu anesine ingagunyaza ukubuyiselwa, futhi lena indlela evame kakhulu esetshenziswayo. Ngalendlela, isishaya-mthetho ngasinye esikhethiwe sikahulumeni sivota ukuthi sivume yini ukubuyiselwa okuhlongozwayo. Lendlela iye yasetshenziselwa izinguquko ezingu-26 kwezingu-7 eziye zagunyazwa.

Ukunqanyulwa Komhlangano Wezwe

Ukulungisa kungavunyelwa futhi yimihlangano eqhutshwa ezifundeni ezintathu-ne. Lendlela iye yasetshenziselwa ukuhlanganisa iSichibiyelo se-21st, esiye sabuyiselwa eProphidition. Okuwukuphela kwenguquko okumelwe iqinisekiswe ngalendlela kuze kube manje yiSichibiyelo samashumi amabili nane ngo-1933.

Le ndlela yomhlangano yakhethelwa iSichibiyelo sama - 21 ngoba uMkhandlu wawukholelwa ukuthi imihlangano yombuso yayiyobonisa umbono womphakathi ngokunembile ngokubuyiselwa kweMiyalo yoKwahlulelwa kunezimiso zikahulumeni, ezingase zithonywe izithakazelo ezikhethekile noma ukucatshangelwa kwezombangazwe.

Isinyathelo Sesithathu: Inqubo Yokuqondisa Nezatifiketi

Lapho inani elidingekayo lezifunda seligunyazile ukuncishiswa kwesivumelwano, inqubo yokuqondisa ilandela ekuvumeni ngokomthetho ukuthi ukuncishiswa kuyingxenye yoMthetho - sisekelo.

Indima Yomklami Wezinto Ezisemkhathini

Ngemva kokuba i-Congress ihlongoza ukulungisa, i-Archivist yase-United States, ephethe i-National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), inomthwalo wemfanelo wokuqondisa inqubo yokulungisa ngaphansi kwamalungiselelo e-1.S.C. 106b. i-produstri imisa izigodlo ngokomthetho, ngokubhalisa incwadi kuMbusi wezwe ngamunye, ukuthi ukubuyiselwa kuhlongozwa, futhi uMbusi ngamunye ubeka umthetho ongokomthetho ekulungiseni inqubo yokulungisa isakhiwo sombuso (noma umhlangano we-rautive).

Idokhumende lokuqala lithunyelwe ngqo e-Hhovisini le-NARA's le-Federal Register (OFR) ukuze liqhubeke futhi likhishwe, futhi i-OFR yenezela amanothi omthetho esinqumo sokushaya umthetho eqenjini futhi iwukhiphele ngokwendlela yomthetho oshicelelweyo.

ISichibiyelo Siba Nomphumela Nini?

Isimiso esibalulekile somthetho - sisekelo siwukuthi ukulungisa kuba ingxenye esebenzayo yoMthetho - sisekelo lapho ugunyazwa inani elidingekayo lemibuso, kunokuba kugunyazwe ngosuku olulandelayo lapho ukunqanyulwa kwayo kuqinisekiswa khona, futhi akukho esinye isinyathelo esidingekayo yiSishaya - mthetho noma ubani.

Nokho, kusenenqubo engokomthetho yokuqinisekisa. Uma i-OR iqinisekisa ukuthi isithole inani elidingekayo lezincwadi eziqinisekisiwe, ihlela isimemezelo esingokomthetho se- Archivist sokuqinisekisa ukuthi ukubuyiselwa kuyasebenza futhi sekuyingxenye yomthetho-sisekelo, futhi lesi sitifiketi sikhishwa kuyi-Federal Register nase-U.S. iMithetho ebizwa ngokuthi i-Oftical futhi isebenza njengesaziso esingokomthetho eMkhandlwini naku-Hulumeni ukuthi inqubo yokulungisa isiqedisiwe.

Izikhathi ezintathu, ngemva kokwaziswa ukuthi ukulungisa sekufinyelele emngceleni wokunqanda, kwathatha isinqumo esithi le nqubo iqedwe ngokuphumelelayo, nakuba mhlawumbe kubaluleke ngenxa yezizathu zezombangazwe, akudingekile, kungokomthetho - sisekelo.

Izinga Nesikhathi Esingokomlando Okuphumelelayo

Kuye kwaba nezinguquko ezingu-77 kuMthetho-sisekelo, kusukela ngeSiphendulo samalungelo, izinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi, zagunyazwa ngoDecember 15, 1791. Izinguquko ezingamashumi amathathu anesithathu kuMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States zahlongozwa yi-United States Congress futhi zathunyelwa ezizweni ukuze zihlanekezelwe kusukela uMthetho-sisekelo wamiswa ngoMashina 4, 1789, namashumi amabili nayisikhombisa awo, njengoba sekuvunyelwe inani eliyimfuneko lezifunda, manje seliyingxenye yoMthetho-sisekelo.

Lokhu kusho ukuthi kulezo zinguquko ezingu - 33 ezasusa isithiyo esiphakeme sokuvunyelwa kwenhlangano, eziyisithupha zahluleka ukufinyelela ukuhlatshwa imingcele yimibuso. Uma sicabangela ukuthi kuye kwahlongozwa ukushintshwa koMthetho - sisekelo wase-United States okungaphezu kuka - 11 000, kodwa kungu 27 kuphela okuye kwagunyazwa, ubunzima obungavamile bokuguqula uMthetho - sisekelo buba sobala.

Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Abantu

Ngo-September 25, 1789, iSishaya - mthetho Sokuqala sase-United States sahlongoza ukubuyiselwa kweshumi nambili komthetho-sisekelo, futhi iSinqumo soMkhandlu esihlangene sango 1789 esifaka izinguquko siboniswa eRotunda eMnyuziyamu weNational Archives. Ishumi lezivumelwano ezihlongozwayo ezingu - 12 zagunyazwa ngezishaya - mthetho ezintathu ngoDecember 15, 1791, futhi iZiphetho ezagunyazwayo zihlanganisa iziphendulo zokuqala eziyishumi zoMthetho-sisekelo, noma i-U.S.

I - Ratiation Ende Kunazo Zonke: ISichibiyelo Se - 27

ISichibiyelo selama-77 siphethe umlando wenkathi ende kakhulu emlandweni waseMelika. Ngo-1992, eminyakeni engu-203 ngemva kokuhlongozwa kwayo, iSiphakamiso sesibili sagunyazwa njengeSichibiyelo se-27 soMthetho-sisekelo. Lenguquko, ephathelene nomholo we-constional, ekuqaleni yahlongozwa njengengxenye yeBill of Rights kodwa yayingagunyazwanga yizifunda ezanele ngaleso sikhathi. Yaqhubeka ikhona amakhulu amabili eminyaka ngaphambi kokuba ekugcineni ifinyelele ukuvuselelwa kwemithetho.

I - Ratiation Esheshayo: ISichibiyelo Se - 26

Isabela ku-Oregon Mitchell, iKhongolo yahlongoza iSichibiyelo sama-26, futhi ngo-March 1971, izifundazwe zagunyaza ukubuyiselwa kwenguquko (*) okungathathanga ziphele izinyanga ezine ngemva kokuba ithunyelwe ezifundazweni kuqala ukuze ikhuliswe, okuyinqubo edlulayo yokulungisa ama - rative. Lenqubo, eyanciphisa ukuvota yaba neminyaka engu - 18, yagunyazwa ngesivinini esiphawulekayo ngenxa yokusekela umphakathi okwasakazwa iMpi yaseVietnam.

Ukucatshangelwa Okukhethekile Nemibuzo Engaxazululwanga

Imingcele Yesikhathi Yokukhipha Igebe

Igunya loMkhandlu lokumisa isikhathi sokumiswa kwemigqa laqinisekiswa ngo-1939 yiNkantolo ePhakeme yase-United States eColeman v. Miller. Kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, uMkhandlu uye wahlanganisa imingcele yeminyaka eyisikhombisa ekulungiseni okuhlongozwayo, nakuba lomkhuba ungadingeki ngoMthetho-sisekelo ngokwawo.

Uma kungekho isikhathi esimisiwe, ukulungiswa kungahlala kuhleliwe, njengoba kunjalo ngezinguquko ezine ezisezikhona ngokwenqubo 'ekhona,' futhi lezo zinyathelo zingabuyiselwa futhi ekugcineni zithonyelwe ngemva kwesikhathi eside ngemva kweminyaka eminingi ngemva kwe-intshi) zihlongozwa kumazwe.

Ingabe Izwe Lingakubuyisela Ukukhishwa Kwemisebe?

ISiphakamiso V sithi ushintsho oluye lwahlongozwa kulezizindawo luyoba ingxenye yoMthetho - sisekelo uma izingxenye ezintathu zezifundakazi ziwuqinisa, kodwa kuphakama imibuzo ngokuthi kwenzekani uma umbuso ubhoboza ngokushesha, kodwa ngemva kwalokho, ngaphambi kokuba eminye imibuso eminingi ishintshe ingqondo yawo futhi izame ukumisa ukuthandeka kwawo.

Abanye abahlaziyi bangathi cha (ahn) umbuso uye wagunyaza, obhekene nezingxenye ezintathu ezidingekayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uhulumeni wenzani kamuva, kodwa abanye abahlaziyi bangasho ukuthi umbuso ungasusa ukuvuleka kwawo uma nje wenza kanjalo ngaphambi kokuba inqubo yokulungisa iqedwe, futhi ngenxa yalokho ayikho impendulo eqinisekile yalombuzo.

Ezimweni ezimbalwa, i - United States iye yathumela izincwadi ezingokomthetho eNARA ukuze ibhale ukuthi ukwenqaba ukubuyiselwa kwendlela yokuhlunga ngaphambi kokuba ivulwe noma ukubuyiselwa kwendlela yokuyilungisa, nakuba umArchivist engazami ukwenza noma yiziphi izinqumo eziwujuqu ngokuqondene nokuba yiqiniso kwezenzo zokuhlolwa koMbuso.

Iziphetho Ezingakholeki

Ukuqonda inqubo yokulungisa kusho futhi ukuqaphela ukuthi izinguquko eziningi ezihlongozwayo ziye zahluleka ukufinyelela ukudilizwa, ngisho nangemva kokususa isithiyo somhlangano.

ISichibiyelo Samalungelo Alinganayo

Njengoba yasungulwa kaningi eSishaya - mthetho kunanoma isiphi esinye isici esihlongozwayo, iSichibiyelo Samalungelo Amalungelo Alinganayo (ERA) sasiyolungiselela ukulingana ngokomthetho ukuba sasigunyazwe yizifundazwe imibuso ngaphambi kokuba kumiswe inqubo emisiwe ngo - 1982. I - ERA yavunyelwa yiSishaya - mthetho ngo - 1972 futhi yagunyazwa ngokushesha yimibuso eminingi, kodwa ekugcineni yawa imibuso engu - 38 eyayidingeka ukuze ithole ukuhlaliswa ngaphambi kokuba kuphele isikhathi sayo.

Izikhathi Ezine ZeSichibiyelo Somthetho - sisekelo

Sekukonke, siye sagunyaza izinguquko ezingu - 27 zomthetho - sisekelo kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika, futhi singahlukanisa lezinguquko zibe izinkathi ezine ezihlukene zenguquko yomthetho - sisekelo: Inkathi Yokwethulwa kuka - 1791 - 1804 yasinikeza izinguquko zethu zokuqala ezingu - 12, kuhlanganise neBill of Rights.

Inkathi yesibili kwakuyinkathi yokuvuselelwa kweNkathi yangemva kweMpi Yombango, eyaveza iziNguquko ze - 13, 14 neye - 15. Izinguquko ze - 13, ze - 14 neye - 15 ziphathelene nobugqila, isivikelo esifanayo namalungelo athile omthetho - sisekelo; zonke lezi zaziwa ngokuthi iziNguquko Zokulungisa.

Inkathi yesithathu kwakuyiNkathi Yokuthuthuka. Phakathi kuka - 1870 (nokwenqatshelwa kweSichibiyelo se - 15, ukuvimbela ubandlululo lobuhlanga ekuvoteni) no - 1913, abantu baseMelika abazange bawushintshe uMthetho - sisekelo ngesikhathi esisodwa, kodwa phakathi kuka - 1913 no - 1920, abantu baseMelika bawuguqula kane uMthetho - sisekelo.

Inkathi yesine iphakathi nekhulu lama-20 kuya kulokhu, kuhlanganise nokulungisa okuhlobene namalungelo okuvota, ukulandelana komongameli, nomholo we-cononional. Kusukela ekulungisweni komthetho-mthetho wethu wokugcina, iSichibiyelo sama-27 sagunyazwa ngo-1992 ukuba sibe senezelwe kuwengeziwe kwamuva kakhulu kuMthetho-sisekelo.

Okwenza Le nqubo Ibe Nzima Kangaka

Abakhi bamaFrame benza inqubo yokulungisa ngamabomu yaba yinselele ngenxa yezizathu eziningana ezibalulekile. Le nqubo idinga ukulungisa ukuze isekelwe ukuvumelana, futhi kunezizathu ezinamandla zokufuna ukusekelwa okunjalo, njengokuvimbela amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo aphikiswa kakhulu yingcosana yezwe ukuba aqhutshwe, okunganciphisa ukuzinikela kwesizwe eMthethweni.

Lesi sigqebhezana esiphakeme siqinisekisa ukuthi ushintsho olutholakala ngokusekelwa okubanzi nokuhlala njalo kuphela luyingxenye yomthetho oyisisekelo wezwe.

Izimfuneko ezinkulu kakhulu kokubili ekuhlongozweni nasekuhlolweni kwezindawo ezihlukene zisho ukuthi izinguquko azinakudluliselwa ngemisebenzi emikhulu elula noma phakathi nokushintsha kwesikhashana kombono womphakathi.

Indima Yemithetho KaHulumeni

Inqubo yokulungisa inqubo kahulumeni iqinisekisa ukuthi izinguquko zibonisa ukuvumelana okukhulu, futhi ukuhlanganyela kukahulumeni kubalulekile enqubweni yokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo. Imfuneko yokuthi izingxenye ezintathu ezine zezifundazwe kumelwe zivumele ukulungiswa izimpawu inikeza ukuhlolwa okunamandla ngamandla kumandla kahulumeni futhi iqinisekisa ukuthi izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo azisekelwanga eWashington, D.C., kodwa emazweni ahlukahlukene aseMelika.

Lesi simiso sikahulumeni senqubo yokulungisa sibonakalisa ubukhosi obumbaxambili obuphawula uhulumeni waseMelika. Nakuba uhulumeni wesizwe uveza izinguquko eziningi, ekugcineni imibuso inquma ukuthi lezo zihlongozo ziba yingxenye yoMthetho-sisekelo. Lengxenye yegunya iqinisekisa ukuthi ngisho nohulumeni ophethe noma imibuso ngeke iwushintshe umthetho oyisisekelo.

Izinyathelo Eziwusizo Enqubweni Yesichibiyelo Yanamuhla

Endleleni yanamuhla, ngokuvamile inqubo yokulungisa ilandela lezi zinyathelo:

  • Ilungu leKhongolose lethula isinqumo esihloselwe ukubuyisana
  • Leli zwi lesinqumo libhekiselwe ekomitini efanele eNdlu noma eSigele
  • Uma ikomiti ivuma, isinqumo siya endaweni egcwele yenkulumo - mpikiswano nokuvota
  • Isinqumo kumelwe sidlulise kokubili indlu neSigele kanye namalungu amaningi akhona ayizingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu
  • Isinqumo esigunyaziwe seqembu sithunyelwa eNational Archives
  • Umbhishobhi uveza ukuthi bonke ababusi bezwe abangu - 50 balesi sivumelwano esihlongozwayo bangabaluleki
  • Umbusi ngamunye uletha ukubuyiselwa kwesishaya - mthetho sombuso (noma udinga umhlangano ogunyazwayo)
  • Izishaya - mthetho zikahulumeni ziphikisana futhi zivote ngokuphangwa
  • Njengoba izigodi zithumela isaziso esingokomthetho eNational Archives
  • Lapho isifundazwe sama - 38 siqala ukuvuleka, ushintsho luba ingxenye yoMthetho - sisekelo
  • I - Archivist ikhipha incwadi yemvume engokomthetho futhi ikhipha isaziso kuyi - Federal Register

Imingcele Yomthetho - sisekelo Ngezinqumo

Imisho emibili ekupheleni kweSiphakamiso V yenza izihloko ezithile zingalungiseki, zinikeza ukuthi akukho Zwe, ngaphandle kokuvumelana kwalo, lizoncishwa iSici salo esilinganayo eSigeqeni. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukumelelwa okulinganayo kwemibuso eSigeqeni (nezwe ngalinye elinabameleli ababili kungakhathaliseki inani labantu), ngeke lishintshwe ngaphandle kwemvume yawo wonke umbuso ongathi uthinteke.

Lelilungiselelo libonisa ukuhlehla okuyisisekelo phakathi kwezifunda ezinkulu nezincane okwenza uMthetho-sisekelo wakwazi ukuvela ekuqaleni. Iqinisekisa ukuthi imibuso emincane iyohlala inezwi eliqinisekisiwe eSigeqeni, ivikele isimo sikahulumeni wesimiso saseMelika.

Inqubo Yesichibiyelo Ngokuqhathaniswa

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States ungenye yemithetho-sisekelo enzima kakhulu emhlabeni ukuqedwa. Ezinye imibuso eminingi yentando yeningi ivumela izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo ngemithetho eyisisekelo elula yemithetho noma ama-arenteum ezwe. Imfuneko yesimiso saseMelika yemisebenzi emikhulu kokubili emaqophelweni kahulumeni nakahulumeni eveza ama-veto amaningi lapho ukulungisa okuhlongozwa kungahluleka khona.

Lobu bunzima bunezinzuzo nezingaphumeleli. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, buvikela uMthetho-sisekelo ezinguquko ezisheshayo ezibangelwa izinkanuko zesikhashana zezombangazwe. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, bungenza uMthetho-sisekelo uthathe kancane ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ezishintshayo nezindinganiso zomphakathi. Ukulinganisela phakathi kokuzinza nokuvumelana nezimo kulokhu kuyindaba yempikiswano eqhubekayo phakathi kwezazi zomthetho sisekelo nezakhamuzi ngokufanayo.

Imithombo Yemfundo Ethé Xaxa

Kulabo abafuna ukuhlola inqubo yokulungisa umthetho - sisekelo ngokuqhubekayo, kunemithombo eminingana egunyaziwe etholakala kuyi - Internet:

  • [[QULT:0] Izinqolobane zesizwe zilondoloza ukwaziswa okubanzi ngenqubo yokulungisa futhi zihlala amabhukwana okuqala
  • I- I-Libary of Congress Constitution Inconywa inikeza ukuhlaziywa okuningiliziwe okungokomthetho kweSiphakamiso V
  • Isikhungo somthetho-mthetho wezwe inikeza ingcebo yemfundo nezincazelo zezazi
  • Congress.gov inikeza ithuba lokulungisa konke okuhlongozwayo nomlando wabo wokushaya umthetho
  • [[IQUT:0] U.S.Gabe [ ilondoloza uhlu lwazo zonke izilinganiso ezihlongozwayo ukuze kulungiswe umthetho-sisekelo

Isiphetho: Umthetho - sisekelo Ophilayo NgeSichibiyelo Sobuciko

Inqubo yokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo eyamiswa eSiphakamiso V imelela esinye sezici ezibaluleke kakhulu zikahulumeni waseMelika. Inikeza indlela engokomthetho yoshintsho lomthetho-sisekelo kuyilapho iqinisekisa ukuthi lezinguquko ziveza ukuvumelana okubanzi nokuhlala njalo. Le nqubo idinga izinto ezinkulu kakhulu emazingeni amaningi kahulumeni, okwenza kube nzima ukuxazulula kodwa kungabi nzima ukukufeza.

Izinguquko ezingu-7 eziye zagunyazwa zibonisa ukuthi le nqubo ingasebenza uma kunokusekelwa okwanele koshintsho. Kusukela ku-Bill of Rights kuya ku-accompliation hover yamuva kakhulu, ukulungisa ngakunye okuphumelelayo kuye kwadinga iminyaka eminingi yokuqashwa kwesizwe, impikiswano, nokwakhiwa kwemifelandawonye yezombangazwe. Izinkulungwane zezicelo ezihlulekile zisikhumbuza ukuthi ibhande loshintsho lomthetho ngokomthetho liphakeme ngamabomu.

Ukuqonda ukuthi izinguquko ziba kanjani ingxenye yoMthetho-sisekelo kubalulekile ukuze umuntu abe isakhamuzi esinolwazi. Kubonisa ukulinganisela kokunakekela abakhiqize iFrames abathathwa phakathi kokuzinza noshintsho, phakathi kwegunya likahulumeni nombuso, naphakathi kokubusa okuningi namalungelo amancane. Njengoba amaMelika eqhubeka ephikisana ngezinguquko ezingase zivele zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo, inqubo yeSiphakamiso V ilokhu iyindlela engokomthetho abantu abangashintsha ngayo umthetho wabo oyisisekelo.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngesicelo sobungqungquthela noma ngomhlangano wezifunda, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi wagunyazwa izishaya-mthetho noma yimihlangano, inqubo yokulungisa iqinisekisa ukuthi izinguquko kuMthetho-sisekelo kumelwe zisakazeke kabanzi, zisekelwe ngokuqhubekayo kulo lonke elaseMelika elihlukene. Lomnyango ophakeme uvikela isimo soMthetho-sisekelo njengomthetho oyisisekelo kodwa ukuvumela ukuba uzenzeke ulwe isizwe esibusayo.