Ukubukeza Umthetho - sisekelo

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States, owabunjwa ngo-1787 futhi wagunyazwa ngonyaka olandelayo, uyaqhubeka umthetho-sisekelo wezwe omdala kunawo wonke obhaliwe emhlabeni. Ukuhlakanipha kwawo akukho nje esikhathini eside kodwa nasemkhakheni olinganiselayo owakhiwa ngawo ngokucophelela, i-(a projekthi kahulumeni) lapho amandla ephuma kubantu kuyilapho ehlukaniswa phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu ahlukene. Ukuqonda lesi sakhiwo akubalulekile kubafundi beze umphakathi kuphela kodwa nakunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda ukuthi iMelika ubusa kanjani ngempela. Ibhukwana lihlanganisa nezihloko eziyisikhombisa eziwuhlakaniphiswe kahle, ngalinye likhuluma ngesici esibucayi segunya lesizwe nenkululeko.

Umlando Nesivumelwano Somthetho - sisekelo

Uhambo lokuya eMthethweni woMthetho-sisekelo lwaqala ngokuhluleka kweZiphakamiso zeNhloko, incwadi ebusayo yokuqala yesizwe. Ngaphansi kwezihloko, uhulumeni ophethe wantula amandla okukhokha intela, ukulawula ezentengiselwano, noma ukuphoqelela imithetho, eholela ezingxabanweni zezomnotho kanye nezomphakathi (ngokuphawulekayo uShays’s Region ngo1786., abameleli abavela ezindaweni eziyishumi nambili (iRhode Island ayikwazanga ukuya) bahlangana ePhila ePhiladelphia ngoMay 1787 ngenxa yalokho okwaba yiNgqungqungquthelano yoMthetho-sisekelo. Ezinyangeni ezine zempikiswano eshubile, izibalo ezifana noJames Macens, u-Alek Hamilton, noGeorge wahlehlisa ukuthi izithakazelo ezinkulu nezincane, izigqila nezingazwe ezikhululekile, kanye nabasekeli begunya elikhulu kakhulu emazweni ahlangene. Umphumela wakwane wakwane kuphela ngemva kwenkulumo yesizwe. [3]

Isiqalo: Izinjongo Nezimiso

Isethulo sisebenza kokubili njengesethulo namazwi okuthunywa. Siqala ngodumo oluthi “Thina bantu,” isimemezelo esinamandla sokuthi ubukhosi abukho ezifundazweni noma emakhosini kodwa ezakhamuzini. Imigomo eyisithupha ehlelwe phansi (ukuhlanganisa okuphelele kakhulu, ukumisa ubulungisa, ukuqinisekisa ukuthokomala kwasekhaya, ukunikeza isivikelo esikhethekile, ukuthuthukisa inhlalakahle evamile, nokuvikela izibusiso zenkululeko ("ayiyona nje kuphela intethelelo.) Ikhonjiwe yiNkanto ephakeme ukuchaza izinga lamandla kahulumeni, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinjengemithetho yezomnotho namalungelo omphakathi. Ukugxazululanisa akunikezi mibuso eqondile ngokwayo, kodwa kuveza izinjongo ezizo izihloko ezilandelayo eziklanyelwe ukufinyelela.

Izinjongo Eziyinhloko Esandulela

  • Ukwakha ubunye obuphelele kakhulu[ — ukudlulela ngalé kobunye obubuthakathaka ukuya ezweni elinobunye
  • Ukumisa ubulungisa — ukwakha isimiso sejaji nomthetho kahulumeni
  • Ukuqinisekisa ukuthula kwasekhaya — ukunika uhulumeni amandla okulondoloza ukuhleleka nokucindezela ukuvukela
  • Ukulungiselela isivikelo esivamile[ — ukugunyaza amabutho empi esizwe
  • Ukuthuthukisa inhlalakahle evamile — ukuvumela uMkhandlu ukuba ukhokhe intela futhi usebenzisele umphakathi ukuzuzisa
  • Ukuvikela izibusiso zenkululeko[ — ukuvikela inkululeko ngezivikelo zokwakha futhi kamuva ngeBhili yamaLungelo

ISiphakamiso I: Igatsha Elingokomthetho

ISiphakamiso I sisikhulu esinemininingwane emide kakhulu neningiliziwe kakhulu kweziyisikhombisa, esibonisa inkolelo yamaFramers yokuthi isishayamthetho siyoba namandla kakhulu futhi kanjalo sidinga ukuzithiba okucophelela okukhulu. Simisa i-bidamaral Congress eyakhiwe yindlu yabameleli neSigele, umklamo olinganisela ukumelelwa okuthandwayo nombuso olinganayo. Wonke amandla omthetho womthetho anikezwa eMthethweni womthetho eqedwe eSishayamthetho, onikezwa uhlu oluqondile lwemibuso ebaliwe engxenyeni 8, kuhlanganise namandla okukhokha intela, ukuboleka intela, ukulawula isakhiwo nebhizinisi lakwamanye amazwe, imali, ukumemezela impi, nokuphakamisa amabutho. “omthetho ongokomthetho kanye nemali efanelekile ekuphethe leyo ngxenyeni yesigaba echazwe kabanzi, evumela ukuba kudluliswe imithetho ehlobene ngokunengqondo.

Indlu Yabameleli

Indlu iyigumbi eliseduze kakhulu nabantu. Abameleli bakhonza iziphakamiso zeminyaka emibili futhi bakhethwa ngokuqondile ngabavoti ezifundeni ezihlukaniswa umphakathi. Ubukhulu bendlu bumiswa ngomthetho emalungwini angu-435, kodwa uMthetho-sisekelo ugunyaza ukuba umbuso ngamunye wamukele okungenani ummeleli oyedwa. Indlu inamandla aphelele okukhipha izikweletu zemali kanye nokungagunyazi izikhulu zikahulumeni. Umklamo wayo uqinisekisa ukuthi amandla omthetho asabela ngokushesha emzwelweni womphakathi, nakuba la magama amafushane enza abameleli bazwelane kakhulu nezithakazelo zendawo.

ISigele

ISigele samiswa njengendikimba engcono kakhulu, isifundazwe ngasinye samukela amanxusa amabili kungakhathaliseki inani labantu. Abaphathi basebenzisa izinqumo zeminyaka eyisithupha, nengxenye eyodwa-mithathu yeSigele sokukhetha njalo eminyakeni emibili. Lendlela eshaqisayo yayihloselwe ukunikeza izithakazelo eziqhubekayo nokuvikela igumbi ekuguqukeni kwamagagasi ezombangazwe. ISigele siqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli, ivota ngezivumelwano ezimbili-sithathu, futhi sikhonza njengejaji ekuvinyeni ukuvinjelwa. AmaFramers ayelindele ukuba iSishayamthetho simelele izithakazelo zohulumeni, nakuba iSishayamthetho seSeventeth Rendeclation (1913) sashintsha indlela yokumiswa kobupotimentiwe ukuba ivote ngokuqondisa ngokuvota okuthandwayo.

Isihloko II: Igatsha Eliphethe

ISiphakamiso II sifaka izikhulu eziphethe kuMongameli oyedwa wase-United States, ukukhetha okwabangela impikiswano enkulu. Abanye abameleli babesaba ukuthi umphathi oyedwa uyakuba yinkosi; abanye baphikisa ngokuthi ubunye kuphela obungaqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwemithetho okuphumelelayo. UMongameli ukhethwa ngokungaqondile nge-Electoral College, ukuvumelana phakathi kwevoti ethandwayo nemvume yokukhetha i-buthorion. Isihloko sisho izimfanelo zikaMongameli, inqubo yokukhetha, nesifungo sesikhundla. Futhi sinikeza uMongameli indima ye-Presidenti-in-in-hiheef yemikhosi ehlomile, igunya lokumisa izikhulu zikahulumeni (ngemvume yeSishaya - nkantolo), amandla okuxoxa ngezivumelwano, nesibopho sokunakekela ukuba “imithetho ifezeke ngokwethembeka.”

Amandla KaMongameli

  • Umyalo-ngaphakathi-i-Chief weButho, iNavy, nombuso wamabutho uma ebizelwa enkonzweni kahulumeni
  • Amandla okumisa [ ezikhulu zikahulumeni, amajaji, namanxusa, angaphansi kokuqinisekiswa kweSigele
  • Ukuphakamisa amandla [ phezu komthetho, isombuluko esingakulawula ngevoti yamabili-3 emagumbini womabili
  • Amandla ashubile adinga iseluleko nemvume yezigele ezimbili-ntathu
  • [ Amandla [ emacaleni kahulumeni, ngaphandle kwalapho kungenziwa

ISiphakamiso III: Igatsha Lokwahlulela

ISiphakamiso III simisa ijaji likahulumeni, liqondiswa yiNkantolo Ephakeme, futhi ligunyaza ukuba kwakhiwe izinkantolo zikahulumeni eziphansi. Indima yejaji iwukuchaza imithetho yomthetho-sisekelo ne-guvene, ukuxazulula izimpikiswano eziphakamayo. Ngokungafani nomongameli noMkhandlu, izinkantolo zamiswa (ngokulawulwa kokuziphatha okuhle) ukuze zivinjelwe ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe. Amandla okwahlulela ukubukeza izinkantolo eziphansi awenza negunya lokumemezela imithetho engavumelani nemithetho engokomthetho, kodwa engashiwonga ngokuqondile eSiphakathini III, kodwa yamiswa ngecala elivelele [[FLT:].[FLT:] [FLD1]. [10:0] [ase.] Amandla enza ukuba igatsha le-judiary codiary congssion ikwazi ukuhlola kokubili i-Arcencesssionss Priversidelistum).

Izakhiwo ZeNkantolo Yesizwe

  • Inkantolo yezenyukeme — amajaji ayisishiyagalolunye, inkantolo yokugcina yemibuzo yomthetho-sisekelo nombuso
  • Izinkantolo zesifunda ze Intambulo — izifunda eziyi-13 ezizwa izikhalo ezivela ezinkantolo zesifunda nakwezinye izinkantolo ezikhethekile
  • Izinkantolo zezesifunda — izinkantolo zokuqulwa kwecala ezingu- 94 lapho amacala kahulumeni ezwakala khona ekuqaleni

Isimiso Sokwehlukana Kwamandla

Ngaphandle kwezihloko ezintathu ezichaza igatsha ngalinye, isici esinemivubukulo kakhulu soMthetho-sisekelo ukwahlukana kwemibuso. Igatsha ngalinye lizilolongela imisebenzi ehlukile(legislative (ukwenza umthetho), isikhulu (umthetho) nokwahlulela (ukuchaza umthetho) , futhi akukho muntu ongase asebenze egatsheni elilodwa ngesikhathi esisodwa. Lokhu kwahlukana akunakho okuphelele; amandla adlulele avunyelwe, kodwa imisebenzi eyisisekelo igcinwa ihlukile. Abalawuli bakholelwa ukuthi ukufisa ukulwa nesifiso, igatsha ngalinye liyovikela amagunya alo ngokunomona ngokungemthetho walo siqu ngokungezwa abanye. Ukuze uthole incazelo eningi yalesimiso, bona [[FLT:] umkhumbi wesizwe uyakwazi ukuhlola nokulinganisela [FLD:].

Amasheke Nokulinganisela

Amasesha nezilinganiso zisebenza kanye nokuhlukana kwemibuso. Igatsha ngalinye linezindlela ezizodwa zokulinganisela izenzo zezinye, kuqinisekiswe ukuthi alikho igatsha elilodwa elilawulayo. Lesi simiso sidala ukucindezeleka okunamandla okudinga ukubambisana nokuhlehla. Ngezansi kunezinye zeziphetho ezibaluleke kakhulu:

Izibonelo Zokuhlola Nokulinganisela

  • UMongameli angawubeka umthetho odluliswa yiziKhomishana, kodwa uKhongolo-kanye angathatha iveto ngenani eliphindwe ka-3-3 emagumbini womabili.
  • ISigele [[QL:0] siqinisekisa [ ukumiswa komongameli futhi sigunyaza izivumelwano, sinika isheke kumphathi.
  • Indlu ingalithatha i-pager [[FLT: 1] uMongameli nezinye izikhulu zikahulumeni; iSigele siphatha icala futhi singasusa ngevoti eliphindwe kabili.
  • INkantolo Ephakeme ingabala imithetho engavumelani nomthetho ngokuhlola kokwahlulela, izenzo ezingekho semthethweni zomthetho weSishaya-mthetho noma iziyalo zezikhulu.
  • UKhongolo-mthetho lungashintsha ubukhulu nobukhulu becala lenkantolo zikahulumeni, nakuba lunganciphisa amaholo abahluleli phakathi nesikhathi sokusebenza kwabo.

Uhulumeni nombuso ozimele

UMthetho-sisekelo umisa futhi isimiso sikahulumeni esimbaxambili sombuso lapho amandla ehlukaniswa khona phakathi kukahulumeni wesizwe nezwe. ISichibiyelo seshumi sigcinelwe izifundazwe yonke imibuso engaphathiswanga i-United States ngoMthetho-sisekelo, noma inqatshelwe yiwo ezizweni. Lengxenye idala ukuxoxisana okungapheli kwegunya, kusukela ekufundiseni nasekubusweni kwendawo ezungezile. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukulinganisela kuye kwashintshela emagunyeni kahulumeni omkhulu, ikakhulukazi ngemva kwe-New Accomputer ne-volution Requence, kodwa iyaqhubeka izakhiwo zentando yeningi lapho ukuzama kwemithetho yezentando yeningi kuvuleka khona. Izehlulelo eziyinhloko zeNkanto ephakeme njenge [[FLT: 0]. [FLT] Imithetho yeze-CUPromes .[5] ngaphansi kwemikhawunti yombuso we-Clayensimentine]

Izigwebo Zomthetho - sisekelo

AmaFramers aqonda ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo wawungadinga ukuguqula. ISiphakamiso V sinikeza izindlela ezimbili zokulungisa: amavoti amabili-sithathu kuzo zombili izindlu zoMkhandlu alandelwa ukuvunyela ngokufakelwa ngezindlu zomthetho ezintathu, noma umhlangano obizwa ngama-triters ezimbili zezwe (indlela yokugcina ayizange isetshenziswe). Lenqubo efuna ukuba ukuhlelwa kwezindawo kuqinisekiswe ukuthi kujabulela ukuvumelana okubanzi. Izinguquko ezingu 27 kuphela eziye zagunyazwa emakhulwini amabili eminyaka. Ishumi lokuqala, elaziwa ngokuthi iBill of Rights, yenezelwe ngo1791 ekheli likhuluma ngenkululeko ngayinye. Ukuhlelwa kwenkululeko ehlukile kobumongameli, ukulandelana nokulandelana kwezindawo. Umthetho wobugqila. Uhlu olubanzi lwe-Anstmeom, [Flective Informations] [Foternation: [Fod Institutest]

Izinqumiso Eziyinhloko

  • Isichibiyeli sokuqala [ — sivikela inkululeko yokukhuluma, yenkolo, yezindaba, yemihlangano, neyesicelo
  • [[Umthetho:0] ISichibiyelo esihlangene — sivikela ilungelo lokugcina nokuphatha izingalo
  • Isichibiyeli se-F5T — izivikela ekuzifakeleni, engozini ephindwe kabili, nasekuncishweni kokuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla ngaphandle kwenqubo efanele
  • ISichibiyelo seThirteth — yaqeda ubugqila nokugqilazwa okuzenzekelayo (1865)
  • Isichibiyeli seshumi nane[ — iqinisekisa isakhamuzi, isivikelo esifanayo, nenqubo efaneleyo esingeni lombuso (168)
  • ISichibiyelo seNinethi [ — nikeza abesifazane ilungelo lokuvota (1920)
  • Isichibiyeli sesithupha [ — yehlisela inkathi yokuvota ku18 (1971)

UMthetho - sisekelo Ezikhathini Zanamuhla: Amacala Enkantolo Aphakeme Aphawulekayo

Incazelo yoMthetho-sisekelo iye yalolongwa yincazelo yokwahlulela. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme sivumelanisa le ncwadi nezimo zamanje ngaphandle kokuba kufuneke ukuba kushintshwe umbhalo. Ezinye izinqumo eziphawula umlando zihlanganisa:

  • [FLT][FOLT]BN v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1954) — yabulala ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi ngaphansi kwesivikelo sika Claus.
  • ROE v. [773] — yaziwa ilungelo lomthetho-sisekelo lokukhipha isisu ngaphansi kweNdlela ka-Claus (edlulile ngo-2022).
  • I-CIZINGENU BONU (2010) — yakholelwa ukuthi ukuxhasa kwenkampani izinhlelo ezizimele zezombangazwe akunakulinganiselwa ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala.
  • obergefell v. Hodges (2015) — uqinisekise umshado owengeziwe ezweni lonke ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo seshumi nane.

Lamacala abonisa indlela uMthetho-sisekelo ohlala uyincwadi ephilayo enezimiso eziphinda zibuye zibuye zifundwe. Iprojekthi [[FLT: 0] Oyez [ inikeza umkhondo wamahhala wamacala eNkantolo Ephakeme nezimpikiswano zomlomo, inzuzo ewusizo ekutadisheni ngokujulile.

Isiphetho: Ifa Elihlala Njalo

UMthetho-sisekelo we-United States uyinto engaphezulu kakhulu kunensalela engokomlando. Isakhiwo sawo senziwe ngokuhlukanisa imibuso, ukuhlola nokulinganisela, uhulumeni, kanye nenqubo eguquguqukayo yokulungisa inqubo, kwaye yabonakala iqinile ngokwanele ukuba iqondise isizwe phakathi kwempi yombango, ukucindezeleka kwezomnotho, izimpi zezwe, nokushintsha okukhulu kwezenhlalo. Kubafundisi nabafundi ngokufanayo, ukuqonda lezi zisekelo kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokuthola ulwazi nokuthembisa ukuba yizakhamuzi. Abaferamenti baklama isimiso esihloselwe ukubhekana neziphepho zempi nesifiso sokuvelela, futhi baye benza kanjalo iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-30. Njengoba ufunda izihloko zayo noshintsho olungokwenhlalo, khumbula ukuthi umthetho-mthetho awuyona incwadi engasho lutho, futhi usebenza ngesizukulwane ngasinye esisebenza kuyo.