I-Good Wear Agreement, eyasayinwa ngo-10 April 1998, ihlala ingenye yezivumelwano zokuthula eziphawuleka kakhulu zangasekupheleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili. Yaphela iminyaka engamashumi amathathu yobudlova bamahlelo eNyakatho Ireland eyaziwa ngokuthi "Izinkathazo" futhi yamisa uhlelo lokuhlanganisa amandla phakathi kwemiphakathi ye-miphakathi ye-convent ne-socialism. Njengoba lesihloko sihlola imvelaphi, izinhlelo zamanje, i-Riphabliki lase-Ireland, kanye namathemba eZweni lase-United Kingdom ayaqhubeka eshintshwa ngu-Brrevit, ukushintsha kwenani, futhi izimpikiswano ngokwakheka kwe-Irish ye-Irland, futhi ukuqina kwesivumelwano nokuguquguquka kwe-Trish.

Isizinda Nomlando

I-Northern Ireland yakhiwa uHulumeni we-Ireland Act 1920, wahlukanisa lesi siqhingi saba yisifundazwe esihlanganisa ubuProthestani obuningi, esihlanganisa ubunye obuyisithupha enyakatho nezwe elizimele, elinamaKatolika amaningi i-Irish Free State eningizimu. Kusukela esisekelweni saso, i-Northern Ireland yahlushwa ukuhlukana okukhulu komphakathi. Iningi labasemhlanganweni lalawula umbuso wezombangazwe, kuyilapho izakhamuzi ezimbalwa zabhekana nokucwaswa okuhleliwe ezindlini, emsebenzini, kanye nokumelelwa kweqembu. Lokhu kuncintisana kwabangela ukuvinjelwa kwamalungelo abantu ekupheleni kwawo ngo-1960, okwakhula kwaba izingxabano eziphelele zezentethele ngo-19691 kuya ku-1998.

IZinkathazo zabulala abantu abangaphezu kuka-3 500 zashiya amashumi ezinkulungwane elimala. Amaqembu empi nhlangothi zombili .I-Praitarical Irish Republican Army (IRA) namanye amaqembu eRepublic, kanye namaqembu athembekile njengeUlster Lonifer Force (UVF) ne Ulster Defence Association (UDA).

Kuwo wonke iminyaka ka-1980 nasekuqaleni kwawo-1990, izinkulumo eziyimfihlo phakathi kohulumeni baseBrithani nabama-Irish, kanye naphakathi kwabaholi berepublic nezikhulu, zabeka isisekelo sokubuyisana. Isivumelwano se-Anglo - Irish sango-1985 sanikeza iDublin indima ye-dictives e-Northern Ireland, eyathukuthukuthelisa izinyunyana kodwa futhi yabonisa ukuthi le ngxabano ingaxazululwa ngokubambisana okunganqamukiyo. I-Dowing Street Declaracment yonyaka ka-1993, yalandelwa ukunqamuka kweminya kwemililo yezombangazwe ngo-19949, yadala ifasitela lenkulumo, eyayiholwa yi-Speator George Mitchell Revicement, eyasungulwa yi-Gover, eyagunyazwa yikho kokubili i-Northern Ireland kanye ne-Rland Republics ngo-1998.

Amalungiselelo Ayinhloko Esivumelwano

Umbhoshongo 1: Ukugundana Kwamandla Nomhlangano WaseNyakatho Ireland

Isivumelwano samisa uhulumeni oncishisiwe we-Northern Ireland osekelwe ekulawuleni amandla phakathi kwezinhlangano ezihlangene nesizwe. I-Northern Ireland Assembly, ekhethwe ngokulingana (Izikhundla Ezingalingani), iklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izikhundla eziphethe zabelwa ngokwesilinganiso. Izikhulu eziyinhloko zabelwe ngendlela ye-d'Hondt, futhi izinqumo ezinkulu zifuna ukunqanda ukuhlangana, kungaba ngesilinganiso somphakathi omkhulu (60% wamalungu okuvota, kuhlanganise namashumi amane% abo bonke abashisekeli besizwe kanye nabathathi benyunyana) noma inqubo yokwamukelwa (inani elikhulu labo maqembu). Lesimiso sasihloselwe ukuvimbela noma yimuphi umphakathi owedwa ukuba ulawule omunye.

UNdunankulu wokuqala nesekela likaNgqongqoshe Wokuqala bayizinhloko ezihlangene zomphathi, ezikhethwe uMhlangano osekelana ngenhlangano. Isivumelwano salungiselela futhi iCBIC Forum ukuba inike umphakathi izwi ekuhleleni izimiso, nakuba lo mzimba ungaqhubeki usebenza.

UStrand 2: Izinkonzo zaseNyakatho-nyakatho-seNingizimu

Ukukhuluma ngesifiso sobuzwe sokusondelana neRepublic of Ireland, i-Aguement yadala uMkhandlu weNkonzo waseNyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-North Ireland, ohlanganisa abefundisi abavela eMhlanganweni we-Northern Ireland ophethe noHulumeni wase-Ireland ukuba babambisana ezindaweni ezinesithakazelo esinjengezolimo, ezokuvakasha, ezokuthutha, ezokuthutha, nezempilo. UMkhandlu usekelwa izindikimba eziyisithupha ezisebenzayo (umz., Waterwayways Ireland, IntradeIreland) ezinikeza izinkonzo kuzo zonke isisekelo se-island. Lesi sakhiwo siqaphela izinga le-Ireland ngaphandle kokubhidliza isimiso somthetho we-mthetho we-Nyakatho ye-Ireland phakathi kwe-UK.

UStrand 3: Izinkonzo zeNtshonalanga-Mpumalanga

UMkhandlu waseBrithani oneziQhingi wamiswa ukuze uhlanganise ohulumeni base-UK nase-Ireland nabaphethe ngokungemthetho eNyakatho Ireland, iScotland, neWales, kanye ne-Isle of Man and the Channel Islands. I-Irish Intergovernmental Conference yaseBrithani ne-Ireland ilungiselela ukuhlanganisa i-um yohulumeni baseBrithani no-Ireland ezindabeni ezinganciphikiswani.

Amalungelo Abantu Nemithetho

Isivumelwano sahlanganisa isibopho sokuhlanganisa i-European Convention on Human Rights nomthetho wase-Northern Ireland (a isithembiso kamuva safezwa ngoMthetho we-Human Rights Act 1998. IKhomishane yasenyakatho ye-Ireland Interern Ireland Human Rights yamiswa ukuba iqondise futhi yelule iziqondiso zezokuvikela amalungelo. IPatten Report (1999) yaholela ekuguqulweni okuyisisekelo kweRoyal Ulster Consabulary, ithathe indawo yayo ngenkonzo yamaphoyisa aseNyakatho Ireland (PSNI), eyamukela i-ethoos yeze-profectiona yamaphoyisa amasha aqalayo. Imfuneko yokuthi amaphesenti angu-50 amaphoyisa amasha ayehloselwe ukuxoxa ngomlando olwembu.

Ukudedelwa Nokukhululwa Ejele

Amaqembu empi avuma ukulahla izikhali zawo phakathi neminyaka emibili, nakuba lenqubo yabonakala ithatha kancane futhi iphikisana. uhulumeni waseBrithani wavuma futhi ukukhulula iziboshwa zezinhlangano zezempi ezazilokhu zicima umlilo. Ngo - 2000, iziboshwa ezingaphezu kuka - 400 zase zikhululiwe, isilinganiso esishubile kodwa esibalulekile sokwakha ukuqiniseka.

Isivumelwano Esihle NgoLwesihlanu Ekhulwini Lama - 21

Ishumi lokuqala leminyaka ngemva kwesivumelwano saphawulwa yintuthuko nokungaguquguquki. Umhlangano wamiswa kane phakathi kuka 2000 no-2002 ngenxa yezimpikiswano zokuqeda ukudlondlobala nokuhlangana kwe-IRA ngenhloso yeRepublic. Ukuwa okuphelele kwenzeka ngo-Octobha 2002, futhi i-Northern Ireland yabuyela ekubuseni okuqondile eWestminster. Ekugcineni i-manisse yaxazululwa ngo-2002 nge-St Andrews Regreement (2006), eyaholela ekubuyiselweni kokubuyiselwa kwe-democriciation ne-Didemocratic Union Party (DPUP), i-Sin Féin njengeqembu elikhulu kunawo wonke lamazwe aphikisana nemithetho yobuzwe.

Phakathi kuka- 2007 no-2017, ukuphathwa kwamandla kwasebenza ngokuzinza okulinganiselwe. Umnotho we-Northern Ireland wakhula, ukutshala izimali zangaphakathi kwanda, futhi i-Northern Ireland yaba isibonelo sezwe lonke sokuhlanganisa ukuthula ngemva kwe-constctalbuilding. Izivakashi zachuma njengoba izivakashi zazizobona iGiants, i-Titanic Belfast, nedolobha elinamandla laseBelfast ngokwalo. Nokho, ukuthula kwahlala kuqinile. Amaqembu empi, nakuba ayengasapheliseki, usongo oluyilwayo lwaqhubeka. I-republican yaqhubeka ikhona ekuhleleni ubugebengu nobudlova. Amahlelo amabutho athembekile ahlala ehleliwe emakhaya nasemfundweni, futhi "indawo yokuthula" aqhubeka ehlukene emiphakathini yase-Belfast nakwezinye izindawo.

Ngo-January 2017, umlawuli ophethe amandla wawa futhi, kulokhu ngenxa yehlazo elivuselelekayo lokusebenza amandla eladalula ukusingatha kwe-Dup uhlelo lwe-Heat Incentive oluvuselelwe. Ukuwa kwathatha iminyaka emithathu, phakathi nayo i-Northern Ireland yayingenahulumeni osebenzayo. Inkathi ende kakhulu yokuzikhulula emlandweni we-Aprtice. ISihlangano savuse-202020 njengengxenye yesivumelwano esasihlanganisa izibopho ezintsha ngolimi lwe-Ireland, isichaza, kanye nezimpikiswano zefa.

Isimo Sezombangazwe Samanje: I - Breexit Nomphumela Wayo

Inselele enkulu kakhulu eMbusweni weSivumelwano seGood Wesihlanu eminyakeni yamuva nje ukusuka kweUnited Kingdom e-European Union. I-Northern Ireland yavotelwa yinani elingu 56% ukuba lisale e-EU, kodwa i-UK njengendawo yokuvota ukuba ihambe. Ingxoxo yeBrexit eyaba umphumela yaphakamisa imibuzo eyisisekelo mayelana nomngcele ophakathi kwe-Northern Ireland ne-Riphabliki yase-Ireland.[1] Izwe okuwukuphela kwalo elinomngcele ophakathi kwe-UK ne-EU.

Imithetho YaseNyakatho Ireland Nesakhelo Semimoya

Isivumelwano sokuRoxa i-Anboral Act (Isivumelwano se-Union of Accoralial Sea yase-Ireland) saqala zihlanganisa i-Protocol yaseNyakatho Ireland, eyagcina i-Northern Ireland imakethe eyodwa yempahla ye-EU futhi yasebenzisa imithetho ye-EU emathekwini ayo, ngokuphumelelayo yakha amasiko nomngcele ophinde ulawuleke e-Ireland. I-Union, ikakhulukazi i-Dup, yakubona lokhu njengokuhlukanisa i-Northern Ireland ne-UK futhi yanciphisa ubuqotho bomthetho we-Union. Isizwe ngokuvamile samukela i-Proctalgist njengekhambis evimbela umngcele onzima esiqhingini.

Isivumelwano sahlukanisa kakhulu. Sanikela ngokuqondile ekuweni komphathi wamandla ngoFebruary 2022, lapho i-Dup yenqaba ukuvala uNgqongqoshe Wokuqala kwaze kwaba yilapho amalungiselelo eSivumelwano esuswa noma eqiniswe kakhulu. Lokhu kwashiya i-Ireland yaseNyakatho ngaphandle kukahulumeni ohlukanisiwe iminyaka emibili, kwaze kwaba yilapho u-Windsor Frame", a Reneoddvd uma usebenzelana phakathi kwe-UK ne-EU ngoFebruwa 2023(16) kubekwa ezinye izikhalo ze-DUP. I-Frameom yaqala "ultray" namalungiselelo amahleza okungena eNyakatho ye-Ireland, incitshisiwe, futhi yanika i-Nower Ireland uMhlanga (i-Brake) ewumthetho we-EUPURGU-20.

Naphezu kwesakhelo somsebenzi, izingxabano zisalokhu zikhona. Izinhlangano zobumbano zisalokhu zingabaza indawo ye-Northern Ireland emakethe ye-UK kanye ne-EU eyodwa. Izazi zesizwe ziphikisa ngokuthi iSivumelwano sanikeza amathuba ayingqayizivele ezomnotho akumelwe achitheke. Ukulinganisela okuntekenteke okuthi i-Good Wesver Accement eyasungulwa phakathi kwalemiphakathi emibili ingaphansi kokucindezeleka okungapheli okuvela emandleni amasha ezombangazwe aqala ngoBretit.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwezombangazwe Nokuvela Kobuhlobo

Okunye ukuthambekela okuphawulekayo ukukhula kwe-aunt - community Alliance Party, ethola ukusekelwa yikho kokubili abavoti abaxhunyiwe nabashisekela ubunye nabashisekeli ubuzwe abakhathele kwezombangazwe zamahlelo. Kukhetho loMhlangano wango-2022, i-Alliance yaba yiqembu lesithathu elikhulu kunawo wonke, iwina izihlalo eziyi 17. Lokhu kumelela ukushintshwa kokwakhelwa kwe-auncilist - joniat jomential. Nakuba isimiso samandla sisafuna ukuba amaqembu azichaze njengelungu, ummi wamazwe, noma omunye, ukuphakama kwe-Alliance kungaphoqelela izinguquko ezingenisi ezinzi ezimbili ukuba zihlalise indawo ekhulayo.

Izinselele Zesikhathi Esizayo

Ukushintsha Kwendlela Yokusebenza Nokungaqiniseki Komthetho - sisekelo

Enye yezinselele ezinkulu kakhulu zesikhathi eside ukushintsha kwenani labantu. Ubalo lwamashumi amabili nanye eNyakatho Ireland lwabonisa okokuqala, ukuthi amaKatolika adlula amaProthestani (45.7% amaKatolika kuya ku- 43.5% yamaProthestani. Lokhu kuhlohloselwe ikusasa lomthetho-sisekelo, njengoba i-Good Wear Act inikeza uphendlo lwe-game uma kubonakala sengathi iningi lingavota i-Ireland enobunye. Isivumelwano sithi unobhala wezwe wase-Northern Ireland "hay" ubiza i-artenter Ireland" ngokuthi i-arendreand " uma kunokwenzeka ukuba kuvele kuye ukuthi iningi lalezo zinqumo liveza isifiso sokuthi iNyakatho Ireland ingayeka ukuba i-United Kingdom nengxenye ye-Ireland ihlangene.""

Impikiswano ngophendlo lomngcele iye yakhula. Kodwa u-Sinn Féin, manje oyiqembu elikhulu kunawo wonke elisekela ubuzwe, uye wacela ukuba kwenziwe ukuhlola komngcele phakathi neminyaka eyishumi ezayo. Izinhlangano zobunye, eziye zabona amanani azo encipha futhi zintula icebo elicacile lokuhlanganisa i-Ireland, zesaba ukuthi i-Ireland ebumbene ingafinyelelwa ngaphandle kwemvume. Nokho, ukushintsha kwamanani abantu akusuki kushintshele kuningi kwabashisekeli besizwe . [1] AmaKatolika amaningi angase akhethe isimo esikhona, kanye "olunye" uhlobo, oluhlanganisa labo ababona ukuthi abangewona abanyukeli noma abashisekeli isizwe, bayakhula. Imfuneko ye-Aprions yevotem elula isho ukuthi umphumela awulindelekile.

Ifa Lezinkinga Nokubhekana Nesikhathi Esidlule

Iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-25 ngemva kwesivumelwano, ifa leNkingo lihlala lingumthombo ojulile wobuhlungu nokwehlukana. Izinkulungwane zabantu abafayo, abalimalayo, nabaxhaphazelekayo ziyaqhubeka zithinta imikhaya nemiphakathi. ISiphakamiso sikahulumeni waseBrithani uMthetho 2023, esahlongoza umthetho wokulinganiselwa kweZinkathazo ezihlobene nokungavumelani nokuphela kwamalungelo abantu. Ukungavumelani nokuquliswa kwemicikilisho, kwagxekwa kakhulu yizisulu, uhulumeni wase-Irishrish, noMkhandlu waseYurophu. I-Le Act iye yabekelwa inselele enkantolo, futhi ngoFebruwa 2024 iNkanto Ephakeme yanquma ukuthi izivumelwano eziyinhloko zazingavumelaniswe namalungelo abantu. Ukuntula ukuvumelana komthetho osekelwe ekusingathwaneni kwamaqembu eMithelweni eMithelweni eMithethwini edluleyo.

Umehluko Ongokwezomnotho

I-Good Wear Agreement yayiyisivumelwano sezombangazwe ngokuyinhloko, kodwa futhi yathembisa intuthuko engokomnotho nezenhlalo. Nakuba i-Northern Ireland iye yajabulela ukukhula okukhulu kwezinye izingxenye, isasilela ngemva kwezinye izingxenye ze-UK ngokuphathelene nokukhiqiza, iholo, nezinkonzo zomphakathi. Ukuthembela eqenjini lomphakathi kuphakeme, futhi isigaba somuntu siqu sibuthakathaka ngokwezinga elithile. Izindleko zenhlekelele ephilayo, ukuswelakala kwezindlu, kanye nezingcindezi zokunakekelwa kwezempilo (ngokuvamile okulindile) kuthinta umbono wabantu abavamile wokwehlukana kokuthula. Uma izithembiso zezentengiselwano zezentengiselwano zezombangazwe zingakhuphulwa, ukuntenga kwezombangazwe kungakhula.

Amathuba Esikhathi Esizayo

Ukuhlanganyela Okuvuselelwe Kwengxoxo Nomphakathi

Naphezu kwezinselele, kunezizathu zokuqapha. Ukubuya kukahulumeni odambile ngo-2024 kuye kwavumela i-Northern Ireland ukuba iphinde ibe nezwi layo ezindaweni eziyinhloko zenkambiso. Ishumi leminyaka elilandelayo linikeza ithuba lokujulisa ukubambisana okunqamule, ikakhulukazi nge-somnist common free actives astude produces. Inyathelo likahulumeni wase-Ireland lokuthatha isinyathelo sokuthula, elisungulwe ngo-2020, linikeza izimali zemisebenzi ehlanganisa i-oral - translated dount eyakha ukwethembana nokuqondana. Ukuhlanganisa intsha kwaziwazi kuphela okunolwazi lokuqinisekisa ukuthi amahlelo amaqembu ayaqhubeka.

Inqubo Yesivumelwano Engokwezimali

I-Windsor Framework inikeza i-Northern Ireland ithuba elikhethekile lokuthola kokubili intengiselwano yezentengiselwano ze-UK kanye ne-EU yemakethe eyodwa yezimpahla. Lokhu "kutholakala" kunikeza inzuzo yokuncintisana ekukhangeni izimali zakwamanye amazwe, ikakhulukazi ezingxenyeni ezinjengesidlalo se-agri, isayensi yokuphila, kanye nokukhiqizwa kwemisebenzi ethuthukile. Uma ukuqina kwezombangazwe kungalondolozwa, i-Northern Ireland ingaba isikhungo sokuhweba nokuthuthukisa indalo. Amanye amabhizinisi aseye andisa kakade azama ukusebenzisa lesi sikhundla.

Ukusekela Nokwakha Ukuthula Kwamazwe Ngamazwe

I-Good Wear Agreement isalokhu iyisibonelo esiqashelwa emhlabeni wonke sokulungisa izingxabano. I-EU.U.S Special Envoy ye-Northern Ireland (manje uJoe Kennedy III, omiswe ngo-2022) isekela ukuthuthuka kwezomnotho nengxoxo yezombangazwe. Uhlelo lwe-EU PORY PLUS, olulingana ne-CRY1, lwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-201, izimali ezinqamule ifa lempi.

Izingxoxo Zomthetho - sisekelo

Ithuba lokuhlola umngcele liye laphoqelela bonke abahlangene ukuba bacabange ngokungathi i-Ireland ehlangene noma inyunyana eguquliwe ukuba ifane. Isimiso semvume se-Good Wevent Adment sisho ukuthi noma iluphi ushintsho kumelwe luvumelane nayo yomibili imiphakathi. Lokhu kwakha isisusa sokuba zombili izinhlangothi zakhele umphakathi osebenzela wonke umuntu (‘ezweni lase-UK noma ezweni elisha elise-island. Ukuvula nenhlonipho ngesazi, amalungelo, nokulawula kunganciphisa amathuba obudlova futhi kwandise amathuba okushintsha okuthula uma i-arendrum iqhubeka.

Isiphetho

I-Good Wear Agreement yayingeyona indawo yokugcina kodwa yayiwuhlelo lokuxoxa okuqhubekayo nokubuyisana. Iye yasinda ezinkingeni eziningi , ukuwohloka kwenguquko, ukuvela kwe-rtivism ephikisayo, ubunzima be-Brexit(nezimiso zayo eziyisisekelo zihlala zikhona. Ikusasa lesivumelwano liyoxhomeka ekhonweni labaholi bezombangazwe nasemiphakathini ukuba isebenze ndawonye naphezu kokungavumelani kwabo. Njengoba i-Northern Ireland ihamba ngezikhathi ezithile, izimpikiswano zomthetho-mthetho, nefa lesikhathi esidlule, isibopho sokulawula igunya, amalungelo abantu, nokubambisana okungokonganqamuki kwesivumelwano kubaluleke kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili. Impumelelo yayo ihlala ibalulekile ngenxa yokuthula, ukuhleleka, nokuchuma esiqhingini sase-Ireland, nasezweni lase-Ireland, nangaphandle.

[[Umthetho:0] Izikhombo ze-External:[[[Umthetho:1]