Isingeniso: Isisekelo Sikahulumeni Olinganiselwe

Amasesha nezilinganiso zakha isisekelo somthetho-sisekelo wentando yeningi, kuqinisekiswe ukuthi alikho igatsha elilodwa likahulumeni elinqwabelana lingavinjelwa. Lesimiso sokuzinqanda siklanyelwe ukuba singalwenzi uhulumeni uphumelele kodwa sivikele izakhamuzi ekusetshenzisweni kabi kwegunya. Ngokusakaza amandla phakathi kwamagatsha ahlukene nangokuhlomela ngamathuluzi okulinganisela amanye, ukuhlola nokulinganisela kwakha uhlelo oluzilawulayo oluye lwabonakala lubalulekile ekulondolozeni inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye kanye nokubusa komthetho. Ukuqonda indlela lesimiso esisebenza ngayo, izimpande zaso ezingokomlando, nezinselele ezibhekene nazo namuhla kunoma ubani ofuna ukuvikela ukubusa kwentando yentando yeningi.

Imvelaphi Yamasheke Nokulinganisela

Umqondo wokuhlukanisa imibuso kahulumeni awuzange uvele ekungabini nalutho. Ongqondongqondo abakhanyiselwe, ikakhulukazi uBaron de Montesquieu emsebenzini wakhe ka 1748 Umoya woMthetho [, baphikisa ngokuthi inkululeko idinga ukuhlukaniswa kwesikhulu, i-progist, nemisebenzi yokwahlulela. UMontesquieu waphawula ukuthi uma noma imuphi umuntu oyedwa noma umzimba ephethe wonke amandla amathathu, ubushiqela bungenakugwenywa. Imibono yakhe yathonya kakhulu abaHluleki baseMelika, abakha inqubo eklanywe ngamabomu ukuze bavimbele ukufakwa kwegunya.

Ithonya Le-Montesquieu Kubantu Abafuyile

Umqondo kaMontesquieu we "isimiso se-triptarite" waba isisekelo sokuhlakanipha soMthetho-sisekelo we-United States. James Madison, ebhala ku- Federalist No. 51, waqokonyiswa ukuthi ukuthatheka kumelwe kwenziwe ukulwa inkanuko. Abaferame babesaba kokubili ubushiqela obukhulu nobuso be-transcyism, ngakho baklama i - republic lapho igatsha ngalinye lizoba khona namandla ahlukene kanye nendlela yokumelana nokungezwa ezinye. Lokhu kwakuwukusuka okukhulu esimisweni se-British sobukhulu, okwakukhona amakoloni.

Umsebenzi Womthetho - sisekelo

Izihloko I, II, no III ze U.S. zimisa umthetho womthetho, isikhulu, namagatsha okwahlulela, ngokulandelana. Nokho, amaFramers awazange ayeke ekuhlukaneni; ahlola ulwembu oluyinkimbinkimbi lwegunya elibekwe ngapha nangapha. Ngokwesibonelo, uMongameli angawufaka umthetho, kodwa uMkhandlu ungawulawula lowo mthetho. ISigebengu siqinisekisa ukumiswa kokwahlulela, kodwa abahluleli bake baqinisekisa ukuphila kwabo ekucindezelweni kwezombangazwe. Lamandla ahlangene ahlelwa ngokucophelela ukuze enze ukubambisana okunamandla.

Amagatsha Amathathu: Indima Nemithwalo Yemfanelo

Ukuyiqonda ngokucacile imisebenzi eyinhloko yegatsha ngalinye kubalulekile ukuze kuqondwe indlela imishini nokulinganisela okusebenza ngayo. Nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo uchaza izigaba ezibanzi zamandla, amakhulu eminyaka okusebenzisa nokuchaza kokwahlulela kuye kwayicwengisisa imingcele.

Igatsha Elingokomthetho: Ukushaya Imithetho Nokuphatha

ISishaya - mthetho, esibunjwe yiNdlu yabameleli neSigele, sinamandla okwenza imithetho kahulumeni. Ngalé komthetho, iKhomishane ilawula indlela yokusetshenziswa kwemali kahulumeni, imemezela impi, ilawula ezentengiselwano zezwe, futhi ingahlola imisebenzi yegatsha eliphethe. Indlu inamandla okuphela kokuqalisa inqubo yokujezisa, kuyilapho iSigele sizama ukujezisa. Leligatsha liklanyelwe ukuba libe yilungu elisabela kakhulu kubantu, amalungu eNdlu iNdlu ekhethwe njalo eminyakeni emibili namalungu ayizigelengi.

Igatsha Eliphethe: Impoqo Nokuphathwa

UMongameli uphethe igatsha eliphethe, elisebenza ngokuphoqelela imithetho edluliswa yi-Congress. UMongameli usebenza futhi njengoMphathi-Sikhundla wamabutho ahlomile, uqhuba inkambiso yakwamanye amazwe, umisa izikhulu zikahulumeni (kuhlanganise amajaji namalungu ombuso), futhi anganikeza izintethelelo. Igatsha eliphethe lihlanganisa iqoqo elikhulu leminyango nezinhlangano ezisebenzisa isimiso. Omongameli banamuhla baye basebenzisa kakhulu iziyalezo zokuqondisa ngaphandle kokulinda ukuthatha isinyathelo sokumiswa kwemithetho yezomthetho.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela: Ukuchaza Nokubukeza

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni, eziholwa yiNkantolo Ephakeme, zichaza imithetho futhi zibukeze umthetho-mfantu wazo. Amandla okubukeza . [ikhono lokushaya imithetho noma izenzo zokuphatha eziphula umthetho], elimiswe [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [185]. Abahluleli be-FLT] bamiswa ukuze baphile, babhekane nokuziphatha okuhle, okuzivikela ekuphindiseleni kwezombangazwe. Lokhu kugxeka ukuqinisekisa ukuthi i-judiary [FLT] [i] [i] [i] [i-i-intelth] [1803].

Ukusetshenziswa Kwemishini Yamasheke Nokulinganisela

Lesimiso sisebenza ngochungechunge lwezinqubo ezihleliwe nezingahleliwe ezivumela igatsha ngalinye ukuba livimbele elinye, lamathuluzi awaqanjiwe nje; asetshenziswa njalo, nakuba ukuphumelela kwawo kuxhomeke emongweni wezombangazwe nasemikhankasweni yentando yenhlangano.

Ukungalawuleki Kwe - Veto Nemithetho

UMongameli angakhipha noma isiphi isikweletu esidluliswa yiSishaya-mthetho, asivimbele ukuba sibe umthetho. Lokhu kunikeza umphathi amazwi anamandla enqubweni yokushaya umthetho. Nokho, uMkhandlu ungalawula i-veto ngenani eliphindwe kabili lesithathu emagumbini womabili .a ibhande eliphakeme elingafinyelelwayo. Kusukela ekusungulweni, amongameli baye bakhipha amavetoes angaphezu kuka-500, nangaphansi kuka-5%. Usongo nje lwe-veto lungawulawula umthetho ngaphambi kokuba ufike edesikini likaMongameli.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela Njengokuhlola Amanye Amagatsha

Ngokuhlolwa kokwahlulela, iNkantolo Ephakeme ingalahla imithetho nezenzo zezikhulu eziphikisana noMthetho-sisekelo. Amacala e-Landmark anjenge- rown v. Ibhodi yemfundo (11954] futhi United States v. Nixon [1974])) ibonisa indlela i-judiary engaphoqelela ngayo amanye amagatsha ukuba avumelane nezimiso zomthetho-mthetho-mthetho. Nokho, iNkantolo iwumthetho ethatha isinyathelo; ingalalela amacala alethwa phambi kwayo, futhi ngokuvamile ivala izinhloso zemithetho uma imithetho icacile.

Ukunqumelana Nokuqinisekisa

UMongameli umisa amajaji kahulumeni, amajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme, nezikhulu eziningi eziphethe kakhulu, kodwa iSigele kumelwe siqinisekise lokhu kumiswa ngenani elivamile (kwezikhundla eziningi) noma ukufaneleka okukhulu kwezivumelwano. Lokhu kunikeza iSigele i-exilolo esinzima emandleni aphethe. Inqubo yokuqinisekisa ngokuvamile iba yindawo yokulwa nezingxabano zemibono, njengoba kubonakala enkantolo ephakeme ephikisayo. Ngokuphambene, uMongameli angamisa izinqumo zesikhashana ukuze agcwalise izikhala zesikhashana uma iNkampathi ingekho esiqenjini sobuphathi.

Ukulwela Nokususa

Congress ingasikhipha isigungu sikaMongameli, uMongameli ophethe, nezinye izikhulu zikahulumeni ze "Isizathu, Ukufumbathisa, noma ezinye izigebengu eziphakeme kanye nama-Misdeator". Indlu ivota izihloko zokungagunyazi ngeningi elivamile; iSigele siqunga icala, ngokuvota okungadingelwe ama-3 adingekile ukuze kuqiniseki. Omongameli abathathu kuphela abaye bafundiswa (Andrew Johnson, Bill Clinton, Donald Trump kabili), futhi akukho namunye owasusiwe. Nokho, lenqubo ngokwayo isebenza njengesithiyo esivimbeleni esinamandla futhi ihlola ukuziphatha okubi.

Ezinye Izinqumo Eziyinhloko: Isivumelwano Sokuthambisa, Ukusebenzisa Imali, Nemibuso Yempi

UMongameli uxoxa ngezivumelwano, kodwa zidinga imvume yesiGeqephu esinezintathu ezimbili. UKhongolo lulawula izintambo zezikhwama ngamandla aso ukuze zingene ezimalini ezifanele, okusho ukuthi umphathi akakwazi ukusebenzisa imali ngaphandle kwemvume yokugunyaza kwemithetho. ISigqino seWar Powers sango-1937 sifuna uMongameli ukuba azise uMkhandlu phakathi namahora angu-48 okufaka amabutho ahlomile futhi abeke imingcele yokubopha izivumelwano zempi izinsuku ezingu-60 ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa kwesivumelwano somthetho. Lezi zibonisa inhloso yamaFramers yokwenza impi.

Uvivinyo Olungokomlando Lwesimiso

Ukuphumelela kokuhlola nokulinganisela kuye kwahlolwa kaningi kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika. Inkinga ngayinye iye yaqinisa noma yabekela inselele ukuqina kwesimiso.

Marbury v. Madison (1803): Ukumisa i-Regacy Review

Kulelicala eliyingqophamlando, iNkantolo ePhakeme ngaphansi kukaMahluleli omkhulu uJohn Marshall yaqinisekisa amandla ayo okumemezela isenzo sombuso ongavumelani nemithetho. Nakuba ukuphikisana okusheshayo kwakuhilela ukumiswa okuncane, isinqumo samisa ijaji njengegatsha elilinganayo elinegunya lokuchaza uMthetho-sisekelo. Lelicala liseyikhomba lokuzimela kokwahlulela nesibonelo esivelele sesehlulelo esiphathelene namandla omthetho.

I - Watergate Scandal (19721974)

Watergate wabonisa indlela amasheke namasuntswana okungadalula futhi kugcine ngayo ukuphamba. Lapho uMongameli Richard Nixon ezama ukufihla ukunqamuka kwenqubo endlunkulu ye-Democratic Committee, uKhomishane wasungula uphenyo, futhi iNkantolo Ephakeme yakhipha imvume ngazwi linye ukuba iNixon ikhulule amakhasethi amhlophe House. Ukubhekana nokungagunyazeki nokuqiniseka okuthile, uNixon wasula. Isenzakalo saveza amandla ophenya omthetho weSishayamthetho, amandla angaphansi kwenkantolo, kanye nokulandisa kokugcina kwegatsha eliphethe.

IClinton Impeachment (1998 - 19999)

Umongameli uBill Clinton waphambaniswa yiNdlu yokujezisa nokuphazamisa ubulungisa okuhlobene nomthetho kaMonica Lewinsky. Nokho, iSigele sehluleka ukumbeka icala. Lokhu kwabonisa ibhande eliphakeme lokususa nokungagunyazi kwezombangazwe. Abagxeki abaningi baphikisa ngokuthi ukujezisa kwakunesifiso sezombangazwe, kwaphakamisa imibuzo yokuthi ishekezo lokungagunyazi kufanele lisetshenziswe nini.

Uvivinyo Lwanamuhla: Izimiso Ezilawulayo, I - partisan Gridlock, Nenkathi Ye - Trump

Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, abaphathi baye basebenzisa iziyalezo zokuqondisa iziKhomishane, eziholela ezinkingeni zomthetho. INkantolo Ephakeme yavala izingxenye zohambo lukaMongameli Trump futhi yawujikijela umzamo wakhe wokunezela umbuzo wokuba yizakhamuzi ekubalweni kwabantu. UMongameli uBiden's uhlela ukuthethelela kwabafundi kwabhuntsha iNkantolo evoti engu-6-3. Okwamanje, ukuvama kwesigaba somthetho kufake iqhaza lemithetho, okwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuba uKhomishane nokuphathwa kwayo. Ukungagunyaza kukaMongameli uTrump kuphinde kabili (e) kokusebenzisa kabi amandla nokuphinde kushukuswe amandla eHlaybhnswe kokubili ikhono lesimiso sokusabela nokuhlukana kwayo okujulile.

Ukubaluleka Kwamasheke Nokulinganisela Kuhulumeni Wanamuhla Ongokwasezulwini

Ngaphandle kwenkolelo - mbono ecatshangelwayo, izinhlolo - mbono nezilinganiso zifeza imisebenzi eqinisekile evikela ukubusa kwentando yeningi namalungelo omuntu ngamuntu.

Ukuvikela Ukukhululeka Kombango Namalungelo Amancane

Ngaphandle kokuhlola nokulinganisela, iningi lingawanyazamisa kalula amalungelo amadlanzana. I-Bill of Rights yanezelwa kumthetho-sisekelo ngokuqondile ukuze ibeke imingcele yamandla kahulumeni. Izinkantolo zishaya njalo imithetho ephula imithetho emelene nenkululeko yokukhuluma, inkululeko engokwenkolo, noma inqubo efanele. Ngokwesibonelo, isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme Obergefell v. Hodges[[ [2015] yasemthethweni ofanayo wemithetho emelene ne-externgate fest, isekela imithetho emelene ne-LGBTQ+ imibhangqwana .

Ukulandisa Nokubona Ngokukhanyayo

Amasheke nama-aspect okulinganisa aphoqelela igatsha ngalinye ukuba lisebenze obala. Ukuqulwa kwamacala esizwe, imibono yokwahlulela, nemiyalezo kamongameli inikeza umlando wasobala wezenzo zikahulumeni. Inkululeko yolwazi nesivikelo sokufutha ikhwelo ingenza ukuba umqondisi ahlale eqashelwe. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ukuze umphakathi wethenjwe futhi uvumele izakhamuzi ukuba zihlole abameleli bazo. Ngaphandle kwekhono leSishaya-Mnyango sokuhlola izincwadi ze-poena noma izinkantolo zokubukeza izenzo zezinhlangano, amandla abaphathi abaphethe angeke avinjelwe kakhulu.

Izinselele Esimisweni Ekhulwini Lama - 21

Naphezu kwamandla ayo, isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela sibhekene nezinselele ezinkulu ezisongela ukuphumelela kwaso.

Umkhumbi Nomsindo

Ukuhlaliswa kwezombangazwe kuye kwaguqula ukuhlolwa kwezikhali zokuvimbela. Ama-generist, ake angavamile, manje ayisinqubo, edinga ukugcinwa kwemithetho ephakeme kakhulu engu-60. Lokhu kuye kwenza kwaba nzima kakhulu ngoKhongolo ukushaya imithetho emikhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwethembeka okuncishisiwe kuvimbela isishaya-mthetho ukuba siphathe umongameli wale nhlangano. Inqubo yokungathathi hlangothi, ehloselwe ukuthatha ikhambi eliqinile, iye yaba yikhambi eliqinile.

Amandla Aphethe Ngezikhathi Zenhlekelele

Omongameli bandisa amandla abo ngokomlando phakathi nezimo eziphuthumayo zesizwe − izimpi, izinkinga zezomnotho, izifo. UAbraham Lincoln wabeka i-habeas corpus phakathi neMpi Yombango, futhi uFranklin Roosevelt wavala amaMelika aseJapane phakathi neMpi Yezwe II. Muva nje, ukusetshenziswa kwemithetho yezikhulu ekuvuselweni kwemithetho yokufuduka kwezwe nemithetho yendawo ngaphandle kweSishaya-Mnyango kuye kwaphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngokuncishiswa kwegunya lemithetho. Izinkantolo ziye zanqika ukuma ukuthatha isikhulu phakathi nezikhathi eziphuthumayo, zakha indlela yokwanda kwesikhashana okuye kwaqala ukwanda okuhlala njalo.

Ifilosofi Yokwahlulela Nempikiswano Engokomthetho

Indima yejaji elingumsizi ongakhethi iyancipha lapho umphakathi ubheka amajaji njengabadlali bezombangazwe. Inqubo yokwenqabela yamajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme ngokukhulayo (ihlanganisa ukwenqaba ukucabangela uMerrick Garland ngo 2016 kanye nokuqinisekiswa okusheshayo kuka-Amy Coney Barrett ngo-2020. Abanye basola iNkantolo yezenzo zokwahlulela lapho ishaya imithetho ethandwayo, kuyilapho abanye beyibeka icala lokubonakalisa umsebenzi wayo lapho isondela emagatsheni akhethiwe. Le mpikiswano isongela ilungelo lokuhlola inkantolo ngokwayo.

Isiphetho: Gcina ukulinganisela

Amasesha nama-scheme ayisimiso semithetho kodwa isimiso esiphilayo esidinga ukuqapha njalo. Ama-Framers aqonda ukuthi amandla ahlale eyanda, futhi akha isakhiwo esiklanyelwe ukumelana nalesosici. Isimiso siye sabhekana nezimpi, amahlazo, nokuhlukana okujulile kwezombangazwe, kodwa sinamandla kuphela njengezinhlangano nezakhamuzi eziwavikelayo. Imfundiso yokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kanye kanye nesikhundla esiphakeme, ukulondoloza isilinganiso esibucayi phakathi kwamagatsha kuhlala kusewumsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu wokuvikela ukuxhashazwa kwentando yeningi kuhulumeni. Ukuqonda lezizimiso kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokuqinisekisa ukuthi ziyaqhubeka zisebenza. Njengoba iJajis Branders yake yasho, [[FLDieact:] imfundiso yokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso ye-octive kanye [FLDicean] ayizange isetshenziswe yimpumelelo ye-17877777 kodwa iqhubeke.[1]