Ukuqonda Isikhungo Sehhovisi SobuPhostoli

Isifungo somongameli wesikhundla simi njengenye yemicikilisho engcwele kakhulu nenemiphumela eMelika ebusa ngentando yeningi. Njalo eminyakeni emine, ngoJanuary 20, umongameli ozayo uphakamisa isandla futhi asho isithembiso samagama angu-35 esibophayo kuMthetho-sisekelo we-United States. Lomzuzuzu, esibukwa izigidi emhlabeni wonke, asiwona nje amasiko. Siyimfuneko yomthetho wemithetho esemthethweni, isenzo esingokomthetho, kanye nokuzinikela okujulile emphakathini ekubuseni komthetho. Isifungo sihlanganisa ukuphatha okuzayo nencwadi yokusungulwa kwesizwe, futhi ngalelo phephandaba, ukuqonda izifiso ezibekwe ngalesi sikhathi. Ukuqonda ubukhulu balo mzuzu, kumelwe sihlole ukufungisa okuqondileyo, izimpande zayo ezingokomlando, kanye nobuhlobo obujulile nokwembukwaso.

Umbhalo Ongokoqobo WeOyah Yomongameli

Umthetho-sisekelo ufingqa ngokuphawulekayo isiqu somongameli. ISiphakamiso II, Ingxenye 1, u-Clause 8 unikeza amagama okuwukuphela kwawo okumelwe ashiwo ngumongameli-omkhethi ngaphambi kokuba athathe amandla esikhundla. Umbhalo ufundeka kanje:

ngifunga kakhulu (noma ngiqinisekisa) ukuthi ngiyolisebenzisa ngokwethembeka iHhovisi likaMongameli wase-United States, futhi ngizokwenza konke okusemandleni ami, ngilondoloze, ngivikele futhi ngivikele uMthetho-sisekelo we-United States.”

Izici eziningana zalombhalo ziyaphawuleka. Okokuqala, i-parenhethist “noma ivumela ukuba labo abamelene nenkolo bafunge isifungo esikhundleni sokuqinisekisa. UGeorge Washington wanezela amazwi athi “ngakho - ke ngisize uNkulunkulu” ngemva kwesifungo, isiko elilandelwe abaningi kodwa hhayi bonke amongameli abalandelayo, nakuba kungadingwanga ngokomthetho. Okwesibili, isifungo asibatsheli abantu, isizwe, noma noma noma noma iyiphi iyiphi inhloso eqondile. Sigxila ngokuphelele eMthethweni-sisekelo ngokwawo. Umongameli uthembisa ukuthatha ngokuthembeka [[FLT:] ukwahlulela [[FLD:] ihhovisi futhi asikwenziwa [FLT:], vikela, futhi uvikela [FLD:], futhi uvikela [FFLT] uMthetho womthetho womthetho-sisekelo].

La mazwi ahlukile ezifungweni ezithathwa ezinye izikhulu zikahulumeni, ezichazwe eSiphakamisweni VI futhi ezihlanganisa nesithembiso sokusekela uMthetho - sisekelo.

Kungani Kunamazwi Ama - 35 Nje?

Abafuniphi bagcina isifungo ngamabomu sifushane. Abafunanga isifungo eside esingase sibe yincazelo ehlukanisayo noma esingasibekela umsuka woMthetho-sisekelo ngokwawo. Njengoba uAlexander Hamilton achaza ku- Federalist No. 69, isifungo sikamongameli siklanyelwe ukuba sibe yisibopho sokuhlukanisa izinkolo. esiqinisekisiwe ukulandisa ngomthetho, hhayi indawo yezithembiso zomuntu siqu noma zezombangazwe. Ubufushane futhi buqinisekisa ukuthi umongameli ngamunye, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isizinda noma inkolelo, uqinisekisa into efanayo.

Isethulo: Ithuluzi Eliyimfihlakalo

Ngaphambi kokuba ungene ekuxhumaneni phakathi kwesifungo neSifungo, kubalulekile ukukhumbula lokho okushiwo iSingeniso. imigqa evulwayo yoMthetho - sisekelo ngokuvamile ibanjwa ngekhanda yizingane zesikole, kodwa incazelo yazo egcwele ijulile:

“Thina bantu base-United States, ngokulandelana ukuze sakhe i-Union ephelele kakhulu, simise ubulungisa, siqinisekise ukuvikelwa kwenani lasekhaya, sinikeze ukuzivikela okufanayo, sithuthukise i-Welfare, futhi sivikele izibusiso zenkululeko kithi ngokwethu ne-Poster, sigcoba futhi simise loMthetho-sisekelo we-United States of America.”

Isaziso asiwona umthombo wamandla angokomthetho akhethekile. Nokho, kuwukuveza injongo elawula lonke leli dokhumende. Isitshela isizathu sokuba uMthetho-sisekelo ukhona: ukwakha inyunyana ephelele kakhulu, ukusungula ubulungisa, ukugcina ukuthula ekhaya, ukuthuthukisa isizwe, ukuthuthukisa inhlalakahle, nokugcina inkululeko yezizukulwane zamanje nezizayo. Lemigomo eyisithupha iyizifiso ezisekelwe [[ zeRiphabliki.

Ukuhlobana Okuqondile: Indlela Isifungo Esigcwalisa Ngayo Isethulo

Isifungo sikamongameli asikhulumi ngokuqondile nganoma iyiphi yemigomo eyisithupha yale nkathi. Nokho, iyinqubo eyinhloko umongameli alandisa ngayo kuleyo migomo. Isifungo sibopha umongameli kuyo yonke iMithetho, futhi uMthetho-sisekelo uyisisekelo esiklanyelwe ukufinyelela izinhloso zoMsungulo. Ngakho, ngokufunga ukuvikela, nokuvikela uMthetho-sisekelo, umongameli, ngokwengxenye, uthembisa ukuqhubekisela phambili ngayinye yalezonjongo eziyisithupha.

Ukulondoloza uMthetho - sisekelo kusho ukugcina iSivumelwano

Umgomo wokuqala wesandulela “ukwakha i-Bonobo ephelele kakhulu.” Isifungo sokucela“ ukuvikela” uMthetho-sisekelo sifeza lowo mkhawulo ngokuqondile. UMthetho-sisekelo uyingcina engokomthetho ehlanganisa izifunda. Umongameli ogcina ngokwethembeka uMthetho-sisekelo usekela isimo sobuzwe, ukwahlukana kwemibuso, nokuphakama komthetho wesizwe. Lokhu kwakungakhanya kakhulu kunaphakathi neMpi Yombango, lapho uMongameli uAbraham Lincoln ephikisa ukuthi umfuno wakhe ukuba alondoloze i-Union ngazo zonke izindlela zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo, kuhlanganise nokusetshenziswa kwebutho lempi ngokumelene ne-secession.

Ukumisa Ubulungisa Ngokukhipha Isahlulelo Sokwethembeka

Inkulumo kaPregagery ethi “Ubulungisa obumisiwe” iqashelwa lapho umongameli ekhipha imithetho ngokwethembeka. Umongameli uyisikhulu sokuqinisekisa umthetho. Isifungo siyawafaka kulowo msebenzi. Uma uMnyango Wobulungisa uqungatha amacala kahulumeni, lapho umongameli eqinisekisa ukuthi iziyalezo zezikhulu zivumelana nemithetho yenkantolo, noma lapho engafuni ukumiswa, bahlonipha isithembiso sokumisa ubulungisa. Umongameli ongazinaki ngamabomu noma olulaza umthetho uphula isifungo, ngakho, uyahluleka ukuqhubekisela phambili ubizo lwecala.

Ukubhekana Nokukhubazeka Kwasekhaya

“ Ukuqinisekisa ukuvukela kwasekhaya” kusho ukulondoloza ukuthula nokuhleleka phakathi kwesizwe. Isifungo sikamongameli sisekela lokhu ngokuzifaka ukuba zivikele uMthetho-sisekelo kuzo zonke izitha, bezizwe namakhaya. UMongameli unegunya elingokomthetho lokubiza amabutho ukuba acindezele ukuvukela (ISiqendu, ISiqendu 8, u-Claus 15) futhi aqinisekise ukuthi imithetho kahulumeni iyakhishwa. Ngaso sonke isikhathi umongameli ufaka umthetho kahulumeni umthetho wokuqeda izibhelu, noma asebenzise i-National Guards ukuze alungise ukuhleleka ngemva kwezinhlekelele zemvelo, basebenza ngesibopho sokulondoloza isibopho sokuthula kwemindebe yasekhaya esisekelwe esifungweni.

Ukuvikela Abantu Bonke

“ Isiqinisekiso sesivikelo esivamile” mhlawumbe siwukuhlobana okusobala kakhulu. Umongameli unguMkhuzi wamabutho ahlomile. Isithembiso sesifungo ‘ sokuvikela nokuvikela” UMthetho-sisekelo uhlanganisa ukuvikela isizwe ngokwaso ekusongelelweni ngaphandle. Uma umongameli eyala ukulwa, ukuzwana kwezivumelwano, noma ukugunyaza ukuhlobana kokuhlakanipha, bagcwalisa lengxenye yenhloko. Isifungo asinikeli umongameli amandla okuqala izimpi, kodwa sifuna ukuba basebenzise amandla agunyaziwe nguMthetho-sisekelo ukuze bavikele izwe.

Ukuthuthukisa Inhlalakahle Evamile

“ Ukuhlanganisa iNhlalo Envelity” kungumyalo omkhulu wokuthi imisebenzi eminingi kahulumeni, kusukela ekusebenziseni izakhi zemvelo kuya empilweni yomphakathi. Imfuneko yesifungo sokukhipha ihhovisi ngokwethembeka isho ukuthi umongameli kumelwe engamele igatsha eliphethe ngendlela efeza okuhle komphakathi, hhayi izithakazelo zomuntu siqu. Ukusayina umthetho wokuthi izinhlelo zezimali zezenhlalo, ukuvikela indawo ezungezile, nokuqondisa umnotho konke kuwela ngaphansi kwalesisambulela. Nakuba kunempikiswano enkulu ngokuthi ikuphi “inhlalakahle,” isifungo sibopha umongameli ukuba athathe isinyathelo esizuzisa umphakathi, hhayi nje kuphela.

Ukuthola Izibusiso Zenkululeko

Umgomo wokugcina “ukuvikela izibusiso zeNkululeko kithina kanye neSipho sethu.” Lokhu kuyinjongo ebanzi yoMthetho-sisekelo. Isifungo sivikela ngokuqondile ngoba uMthetho-sisekelo uqukethe iSigqibo samalungelo kanye nezinye isivikelo kuhulumeni ophamba uhulumeni. Umongameli ohlonipha inkululeko yomphakathi, ongashayi imithetho engekho emthethweni, futhi osekela ukuzimela kwejaji ugcina isifungo. Ngaso sonke isikhathi umongameli uveza umthetho owephula inkululeko yenkululeko, noma amise abahluleli abazinikele eMthethweni womthetho wezomthetho, bavikela izizukulwane ezizayo.

Izibonelo Ezingokomlando Zesigodlo Ezisebenzayo

Kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika, amongameli baye bacaphuna isifungo sabo lapho benza izinqumo ezinzima.

  • George Washington (1789):[ Umongameli wokuqala wanezela “ngakho ngisize uNkulunkulu” futhi wanga iBhayibheli, wamisa isibonelo. Wonke umongameli wakhe wayewumsebenzi wokulondoloza uMthetho-sisekelo, njengoba amisa isimiso somthetho-mthetho nesiko lokushintsha ngokuthula kwamandla.
  • Thomas Jefferson (1801): ekhelini lakhe lokuqala, uJefferson wabiza uMthetho-sisekelo ngokuthi “ummeli weRepublic yethu” futhi wanxusa isifungo sakhe ukuba silawule ngokulawula. Kamuva wavikela uMthetho-sisekelo lapho ebeka inkululeko engcono kakhulu phezu kukahulumeni eLouisiana Purchase.
  • Andrew Jackson (1833): Phakathi neNkathi yeNkulungwane, uJackson wamemezela ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo ne-Union zazingamathe no-ash. Wasongela ukusebenzisa ibutho lezempi elimelene ne-South Carolina, ephikisa ngokuthi isifungo sakhe sasifuna ukuba alondoloze i-Union ngokumelene ne-secession.
  • uAbraham Lincoln (1861): [[FLT: 1] Umongameli kaLincoln wabunjwa yisifungo sakhe. Washo ukuthi ukulondoloza i-Union kwakuyisibopho sakhe esiyinhloko ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo, futhi wathethelela i-Emancation Proclation njengesilinganiso sempi edingekayo ukuze alondoloze isizwe. Kukuqala kwakhe, washo ngokudumile, “ngithatha isifungo esingokomthetho namuhla ngaphandle kwezethemba, futhi anginanjongo yokuvimbela umthetho-sisekelo noma imithetho egxeka kakhulu.[FLT]
  • Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933): Ekujuleni kokwehla Kwezomnotho okukhulu, FDR wafunga futhi ngokushesha wasebenzisa amandla amakhulu ukuze aqinise isimiso sebhange. Kamuva waphikisa ngokuthi isifungo sasifuna ukuba enze noma yini edingekayo ukuze athuthukise inhlalakahle kawonke, kuholele ku-New Dec.
  • John F.Kennedy (1961): Kennedy'ikheli lokuvula le-Kennedy lamenyezelwa ngokudumile, ] “Ungabuzi ukuthi izwe lakho lingakwenzelani, buza ukuthi ungakwenzelani izwe lakho.” Wafunga isifungo njengobizo lwenkonzo yomphakathi nezinjongo zombuso, egcizelela ukugcizelela kwe-Pregnowse.
  • Joe Biden (2021): Biden wagcizelela indima yesifungo ekubuyiseleni izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo ngemva kwenkathi yokucindezela kwentando yeningi. Wabhekisela ngokuqondile ekuqalekeni kwakhe ekhelini lakhe lokuqala, ethi, “Thina bantu” siwumbono okumelwe uvikelelwe yiwo wonke umongameli.

Isifungo Njengeankila Yokuziphatha Nengokomthetho

Isifungo sikamongameli asisona nje isiko; kuyisibopho esingokomthetho esingaba nemiphumela yangempela. Uma umongameli ephula isifungo, uMthetho-sisekelo unikeza indlela yokulandisa: ukujezisa. ISiphakamiso II, iSiqendu 4 sithi umongameli angasuswa ngenxa , ukufumbathisa, noma okunye ukuGawula okuphezulu. nakuba igama elithi “ubugebengu obuphezulu kanye nabadumisi” lingachazwa kahle, kuye kwahlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla okululaza uMthetho-sisekelo. Yingakho isifungo siyimpikiswano eyinhloko enkantolo. Indlu yabameli ibonele abamongameli bezenziwa njengezifungo zokukhomba, njengabo abakhohliswa (ngesifungo) (ngesikhonzi) (i-ClinTrum) (e) ngenxa yosizo lwezombangazwe).

Ngaphezu kwalokho, isifungo siqinisa indima kamongameli njengediculi loMthetho-sisekelo. Abayona inceku yomthetho. Lomqondo usekelwe ekungathembini kukaBaba okusunguliwe kwamandla. Njengoba uJames Madison abhala ku u-Federalir no-No. 51, “ Ukuba abantu bebeyizingelosi, bekungeke kube uhulumeni obalulekile.” Isifungo singesinye sezivikelo ezigcina umongameli enecala kubantu nasemthetho.

Ukufanisa Isikhungo Somongameli Neminye Imigoqo

UMthetho - sisekelo wase-U.S. ufuna izifungo ezihlelwe ezinhlotsheni eziningana zezikhulu. Ukuqhathanisa okufushane kuqokomisa isimo esiyingqayizivele sesifungo sikamongameli:

  • Article VI Oath yezikhulu zikahulumeni nombuso: “Abameleli nabameleli bangaphambili, kanye namalungu amaLegistragesss amaningana, kanye nawo wonke abaphathi nokwahlulela, kokubili amaUnited States kanye namaZwe amaningana, azakuboshelwa i-Oath noma i-Aft, ukusekela loMthetho-sisekelo.” Lokhu kuyisithembiso esivamile sokusekela [[[[FLT:]] uMthetho-sisekelo, hhayi njengomsebenzi kamongameli , isivikelo, futhi ivikele [FFFF:].
  • Jodicial Oath (28 U.S.C. 763): [[[FTL:1] abahluleli bamaFederal bafunga ukuthi “bayokwenza ubulungisa ngaphandle kokuhlonipha abantu, futhi bafanele abampofu nabacebile.] Lesi sifungo sigxila ekungakhethini ezinkonzweni zokwahlulela, kanti isifungo sikamongameli siphathelene nobuqotho obuphelele begatsha lesikhulu.
  • Isikhulu sobuPhoyisa u-Oath (10 U.S.C. 76 502):[ abaphathi bamabutho bafunga ukuthi “bazosekela futhi bavikele uMthetho-sisekelo we-United States kuzo zonke izitha, bezizwe nasekhaya.” Lokhu kusondele kakhulu ngolimi esifungweni somongameli, kubonakalisa ukuzithoba kwezempi ekuholeni kwezezwe noMthetho-sisekelo.

Umehluko oyinhloko uwukuthi isifungo sikamongameli siwukuphela kweso esithembisa ngokuqondile ukubulala ngokwethembeka [ ihhovisi kanye umboniso, uvikela, futhi uvikele[ uMthetho-sisekelo. Iyisifungo esiqine kakhulu esifunwa nguMthetho-sisekelo.

Izigodlo Ezizungeze Isigodlo

Nakuba isifungo siwumbhalo olulula, ukuchaza kwaso kuye kwavusa impikiswano. Abanye amongameli baye bathatha umbono ongokoqobo, bephikisa ngokuthi umsebenzi wabo uwukwenza imithetho njengoba ilotshiwe, ngisho noma ingekhona ukulunga. Abanye baye baba nombono obanzi ngokwengeziwe, bekholelwa ukuthi isifungo sibafuna ukuba bavikele uMthetho-sisekelo kunoma yiluphi usongo, kuhlanganise nakuhulumeni. Ukungezwani phakathi kwalaba bantu kuveza impikiswano enkulu kakhulu ngencazelo yomthetho.

Enye impikiswano ephindaphindwayo iwukuthi ingabe isifungo esihlanganisa umongameli ukuba alalele izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme. uMongameli uAndrew Jackson ucashunwa ngokudume ngokuthi uthi, “ uJohn Marshall uye wenza isinqumo sakhe; manje makazivumele ukuba siqikelele. Lowombono ongaqinisekiyo ngomthetho wejaji uye wenezelwa abanye amongameli banamuhla, kodwa ukuvumelana kwezazi zomthetho-mthetho-mthetho kuwukuthi isifungo sifuna ukuvumelana nemithetho yenkantolo, ngoba uMthetho-Sishayamthetho we-mthetho wenza iNkathi Ephakeme ibe umhubiso womthetho.

Enye impikiswano ihlanganisa ukunezela kwe- “ngisiza uNkulunkulu.” Nakuba uGeorge Washington aqala lesisiko, kwaze kwaba sekhulwini lama-20 lapho laba khona cishe yonke indawo. UMongameli uFranklin Pierce wasebenzisa iBhayibheli futhi wathi“ngakho - ke uNkulunkulu” ngo-1853, kodwa abanye amongameli bangaphambili abazange. Umongameli uRutherford B.Hayes wasebenzisa incwadi yomthetho. Eminyakeni yamuva, abanye amongameli baye bakhetha ukuqinisekisa kunokuba bafunge (umz., uHerbert Hoover, futhi uFrank Pierce wasebenzisa isiqinisekiso). Ukukhululeka kubalulekile ngenkululeko engokwenkolo, kodwa ukunezela “ngami uNkulunkulu” kuye kwaphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nomngcele ophakathi kwenkolo yomphakathi nombuso.

Isicathulo Esikhona Namuhla

Abagxeki bakamongameli bangase babasole ngokwephula isifungo sokwephula isifungo uma bengawanaki amanxusa enhlangano, benqaba ukuphoqelela imithetho, noma ukusongela izinhlangano zentando yeningi. Abasekeli bangase baphikise ngokuthi umongameli usekela isifungo ngokusebenzisa amandla esikhulu ukuze ahlole ukucupha kwezahlulelo noma ukuvikela ukulondeka kwesizwe.

Isifungo sisebenza futhi njengomzuzu ohlanganisayo ezweni elihlukene kakhulu. Uma umongameli okhethayo ebeka isandla eBhayibhelini (noma komunye umbhalo) futhi ephinda amagama, bajoyina umugqa omude walabo abandulele. Lowomkhuba ukhumbuza umphakathi ukuthi kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umphumela wokhetho, uMthetho-sisekelo uhlala uphakeme. Ukudluliselwa ngokuthula kwegunya, okuye kwenzeka njalo eminyakeni emine (kukhona okuhlukile ngo-1861 phakathi neMpi Yombango), kuwumphumela oqondile wesithembiso salesifungo sokulondoloza uMthetho-sisekelo.

Isiphetho: IOath Nesandulela Njengezinsika Ezimbili

Isifungo sobumongameli neSifungo soMthetho-sisekelo asiwona amaphepha ahlukene. Amabhukwana amabili ahlukene esifungo esisodwa. Isaziso simemezela izinjongo eziphezulu zesizwe; isifungo sibopha umongameli ukuba enze lezozinjongo zibe yiqiniso. Wonke umongameli ofungayo akathembisi ukulalela umthetho. Bathembisa ukuthuthukisa ubulungisa, ukuthula, ukuthula, inhlalakahle, nenkululeko yabo bonke abantu baseMelika. Lowomthwalo wemfanelo onzima uwukuthi isifungo siye sahlala singashintshi kusukela ngo-1789. Siyisikhumbuzo esicacile, esinamandla sokuthi amandla aphethe ayiwona nje umklobo, hhayi umklomelo.

Njengezakhamuzi, ukuqonda isifungo kusisiza ukuba sigcine abaholi bethu benecala. Uma umongameli enza ngendlela ebonakala iphikisana nesandulela ($noma ululaza ubulungisa, ukushaya indiva ukuthula kwasekhaya, noma ukuqeda inkululeko (nethu) kungabuza ngokufanelekile: Ingabe bagcwalisa isifungo sabo esiqotho sokulondoloza, ukuvikela, nokuvikela uMthetho-sisekelo? Impendulo yalowombuzo ifinyelela enhliziyweni yentando yeningi yaseMelika.

ukuze ufunde ngokuqhubekayo ngemvelaphi yomthetho-sisekelo yesifungo, bheka i-Constitution Annoted article of Article II, Ingxenye 1, Claus 8. Ukungena ngokujule kakhulu kumongo womlando, Izinqolobane zesizwe zinikeza umbono omuhle [[[. Ubuhlobo phakathi kwamandla kamongameli nomthetho nomthetho ukuhlolwa iSikole soMthetho [[FLT]]