Imisebenzi yezesisekelo somphakathi (isukela emigwaqweni naseminyangweni eqondene nezikole namanzi) ixhomeke ekuqondeni ngokucacile ukuthi ubani ohlala lapho abantu behlala khona futhi bashintsha kanjani. Ukwaziswa komphakathi kunikeza isisekelo sokuhlakanipha kokuzalana kwenani labantu ohulumeni nabahleli abasebenzisayo ukuze banqume ukuthi bakhaphi, yini okufanele bahlele, nokuthi iziphi izinto ezizobekwa phambili, nokuthi ingaba kanjani imithombo eqondile elinganiselwe. Ngaphandle kokuba inani labantu libalwe, izingozi zokutshala ishiye eminye imiphakathi ingekho phambili, ishiye eminye imiphakathi ikhandlekile kuyilapho eminye ingaphansi kwemisebenzi enzima. Lesihloko sihlola indima ebucayi efezwa ukwaziswa kokubala ethuthukisa izakhi zemvelo, sihlola indlela efundisa ngayo izinqumo ezihlukene, futhi sidingida izicwangciso zokubhekana nezimo lapho incikelele ezindaweni ezishintsha ngokusheshayo.

Ukuqonda Ukwaziswa Kokubala

Ukubalwa kwabantu kwesizwe akuyona nje into elula. Kunikeza umbono obanzi, ovamile wenani labantu bezwe, ukuthatha imininingwane enjengengqikithi yobukhulu, ukusakazeka kwendawo, indlela yokuhlala, ubulili, inzuzo yasekhaya, amazinga emfundo, nezindawo zokuhlala. Emazweni amaningi, ukubalwa kwabantu kulandela ubuzwe, ulimi, kanye nezindlela zokufuduka. Lokhu kuhlelwa kwenza abahleli baqaphele ukuthi abantu bahlalaphi kodwa futhi [[[FLT:]] baphila kanjani emakhayeni amakhaya amakhaya ayizi - 86, amagumbi, noma amagumbi okuhlala, futhi noma amagumbi okuhlala, nokuthi bahlala noma bahlala ngokwabo.

Ngokwesibonelo, e-United States, ukubalwa kwabantu okuthatha isikhathi eside okwenziwa i-U.S. Bureau igunyazwe uMthetho-sisekelo futhi ithonya ngokuqondile ukubizelwa komsebenzi wokunikeza imali engaphezu kuka-R2,5 ezigidi zezigidi zezigidi zemali kahulumeni unyaka ngamunye. Ukwaziswa kokubala kusetshenziselwa ukudweba izigodi zemithetho, ukumisa imithetho yokuvota, nokulinganisela ngokuvumelana nezindinganiso zobulungisa bendawo ezungezile.

Ngenxa yokuthi ukubalwa kwabantu kuthathwa njalo ngemva kweminyaka eyishumi, kunikeza isisekelo esiqinile, esinokwethenjelwa. Nokho, lesi sikhathi sokuphela kwenani sidala ukucindezeleka: ezindaweni ezikhula ngokushesha, ukubalwa kwabantu okuseyiminyaka embalwa ubudala kungase kungasacabangi ngeqiniso elikhona 766. Ukuvala leligebe, izinhlangano eziningi ezinikeza amanani zifaka ukwaziswa okusekelwe ekulinganiseni inani labantu, ukuhlola (njengeSikhathi SaseMelika eU.S.), kanye nemibhalo yezokuphathwa emithonjeni enjengezincwadi zentela noma izifunda zesikole.

Indlela Iziqondiso Zokwaziswa Ezifundisa Ngayo Ukwanda

Intuthuko yokuhlelwa kwezinto ingokwemvelo i-prefraterm nenhlokomfontenter. I-patmagrand entsha, isibhedlela, noma imboni yokulapheka amanzi angasasebenzi ingathatha iminyaka eyishumi noma ngaphezulu kusukela ekuhleleni ukuqeda. Ngakho abahleli abadingi nje kuphela imininingwane yamanje kodwa futhi babheke phambili. Ukwaziswa kokuhlolwa kwenani kunikeza izinqubo zomlando nezisekelo zamanje ezidla lemikhakha, okwenza izinhlangano zikwazi ukuqaphela isidingo semigwaqo, izimoto, izikole, izibhedlela, imithombo yamanzi, kanye nezindawo zokubhalisa. Izindawo ezilandelayo ezilandelayo zinikeza imininingwane yendlela yokubala abantu abakwazi ngayo ukuma kwezindawo ezithile.

Amanethi ezokuthutha

Imigwaqo, amabhuloho, izithuthi zomphakathi, nezikhumulo zezindiza kuhlelwe ngokuphakama kwenani labantu, ukuhamba kwezindlela, kanye nezikhungo zemisebenzi. Ukwaziswa kwenani lemisebenzi kwembula ukuthi yimiphi imiphakathi yezisebenzi ezihlala ezihamba ngesivinini esikhulu eziya ezindaweni ezikude ngokumelene nalezo ezisebenza endaweni yasekhaya. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Censureaunity’s American Community Survey ihlanganisa uhambo lwe-200to296 lwamathetary amaziko okuhamba asebenza ukuze kusetshenziswe ukulingisa izimoto ezimotweni ezihambayo futhi athethelele ukutshala izimali emigwaqweqweni esheshayo yebhasi, noma imishini yesitimela ehamba ngokushesha.

Isibonelo sezwe: Ukwanda kwesimiso seRegional Transportation District high kwathembela kakhulu ekubaleni inani labantu 93 namaphasishi asebenzayo. Ngokuhlaziya lapho izakhamuzi zihlala khona futhi zisebenza khona, abahleli bakwazi ukuhlela imizila yezitimela ngomkhumbi wesitimela ongcono kakhulu, okunezela ekuphumeleleni kwalesimiso njengenye yemibuthano yezokuthutha ekhula ngokushesha kakhulu eUnited States.

Izindlela Zokunakekela Impilo

Izibhedlela, imitholampilo, nezinkonzo zezokwelapha eziphuthumayo kumelwe zitholakale lapho zingasiza khona inani elikhulu labantu − ikakhulukazi inani labantu abasengozini. Ukwaziswa kokwanda kontanga kubaluleke kakhulu: inani labantu asebegugile liyanda isidingo sokunakekelwa kwe-gereatric, amakhaya okunakekela asebekhulile, kanye nezikhungo ze-dialysis, kuyilapho izindawo ezinezingane eziningi zidinga izinkonzo zezingane zokunakekelwa kwezingane kanye namagumbi okubeletha. UMnyango wezempilo nezokuSebe Lomphakathi wase-U.S. u-U.S. u-A. u-alls stagement professionalment Shortgement Shortages (HPS)

Ezindaweni zasemaphandleni, lapho inani labantu liphansi khona futhi liba made, ukwaziswa kokubala kusiza ekutholeni isilinganiso esincane esidingekayo ukuze kulondolozwe isibhedlela esibucayi. Lapho inani labantu lincipha, abahleli bangase basebenzise ukuthambekela kokubala abantu ukuze bathethelele ukushintshela isibhedlela esigcwele esikhungweni se - melealth noma umtholampilo wezokunakekela i - gradary, beqinisekisa ukuthi izakhamuzi zisakwazi ukufinyelela izinkonzo eziyisisekelo ngaphandle kokwakha.

Imfundo Eyisisekelo

Izifunda zesikole ziphakathi kwezici ezizwela kakhulu ekushintsheni kwenani labantu. Ukwaziswa kokubala inani labantwana abafundayo, kanye namazinga okuzalwa nokufuduka, kunikeza izinqumo ngokwakha izikole ezintsha, ukwandisa ezikhona, noma ukuhlanganisa izakhiwo ezisongwe ngezindawo ezikhona. E-U.S., i-Cuvanicas Small’s Sce Antome and Poverty Aretiums (SAIPE) isiza izigodi zeSihlomo Sokuxhasa Izimali, esisekela izikole ezithola abafundi abaphansi.

Isicelo esiphawulekayo senzeka e-Clark County, eNevada (i-Las Vegas edolobhaneni elikhulu). Ukwanda kwenani labantu okubangelwa ukufuduka phakathi nawo- 2000 kwaholela ekumileni okukhulu. Ukwaziswa koqulu lwanikeza i-Clark County School District ukuba ikhombe izindawo ezinemiphakathi eminingi kakhulu, kuyenze yakwazi ukwakha izikole eziqala ezindaweni ezifanele futhi igweme izindleko zamakilasi aphathekayo.

Amanzi, Ukungcola, Nezinto Ezingasetshenziswa

Izindawo zokwelapha amanzi, izimiso zokukhuculula indle, kanye nezintambo zikagesi kumelwe zilinganiswe ukuze kusingathwe izindleko eziphezulu. Ukwaziswa kokubala ngobukhulu bendlu kanye nokuphakama kwezindlu kuthinta ngokuqondile ukuhlela umsebenzi. Ngokwesibonelo, ipheshana lokubala elinenani eliphakeme lezindlu eziningi lizodinga isimo esihlukile sokucindezela amanzi kunaleso esilawulwa amakhaya emikhaya ehamba cishe angu-366 ezindaweni ezinkulu. Ngokufanayo, ukubala imininingwane ngemali etholakalayo kungasiza ekuhleleni izakhiwo ezisezingeni eliphezulu noma ukukhokha izinhlangano ezifanele izindleko zokuxhumana.

Ngokwesibonelo, umbiko wokubalwa kwabantu usetshenziselwa ukunweba amanzi asemapayipini nogesi ezindlini ezingahleliwe. I - 2011 Census yaseNdiya yanikeza inani lokuqala elihlelekile lezindlu zabamijondolo, okwenza imikhumbi kahulumeni “Ihamba Kubo Bonke” icebo lokuhlasela ukutshala imali ekhucululwani kwendle nasemanzini emagunjini angaphansi kakhulu.

Izakhiwo Ezibanzi Nezingalasisa Izinombolo

Kulelikhulu lama-21, i-Internet enkulu ibaluleke njengemigwaqo noma ugesi. Ukwaziswa kokubala ngemali eholwayo, ukufinyelela imfundo, nokuhlelwa kwedolobha kusetshenziselwa ukudweba isilinganiso sokulinganisa amanani. I-Federal Communications Commission (FCC) incike ezinjukwini zokubalwa kwabantu ukuze inqume ukuthi iziphi izindawo “ezingagcinwanga” noma“ ezingagcinwanga” zokuthunyelwa eBalband. Phakathi nobhadayo lwe-COVOVAD . I-U.S. U-CUnicaunication’s Resience linganisela ukuthi izindawo lapho ukuntula kwemfundo eBalband kuhlanganisa khona kanye nokuwohloka kwezomnotho.

Izinhlelo ezifana ne-Infrablicature Investment ne-Jobtic Act yeBroadband Equity, Access, and Deployment (BEAD) uhlelo lokubala abantu lusebenzisa amabalazwe aqinile ukuze kuqongelelwe izimali ngokuqondile ukuze kuqondwe izinombolo kanye namapheshana abantu ngesidingo esikhulu. Ngaphandle kokwaziswa kokubala, ukuhlasela okuqondile bekungeke kwenzeke.

Ukutadisha Ngokuhlolwa Kwezimo: Ukwanda Kwamadolobha

Mhlawumbe umfanekiso ocace kakhulu wokuhlanganisa abantu ngokwenziwa kwezindawo ezihlukene indlela amadolobha akhula ngokushesha alawula ngayo ukukhula kwamadolobha. Amadolobha anjenge-Austin, Texas; Raleigh, North Carolina; ne Boise, i-Idaho aye abona ukwanda okusheshayo kwenani labantu phakathi namashumi amabili eminyaka adlule, kuqhutshwa ukufuduka okuvela kwezinye izizwe namazwe afikele emhlabeni wonke. Ukwaziswa kokubala akuqinisekisi nje kuphela lemiklamo kodwa kwembula [[FLT:] leyo imiphakathi ekhula ngokushesha kakhulu kanye .[FLT]

E-Austin, i-2020 Census yabonisa ukuthi inani labantu baleli dolobha lalanda ngamaphesenti angaphezu kwangu-20 kusukela ngo-20 kusukela ngo-20, okunokukhula okuphawulekayo okwenzeka emadolobheni asemaphethelweni aseningizimu nasempumalanga. Isebenzisa ipheshana lokubala [1]levement, umnyango wokuhlela wedolobha walungisa uhlelo lwawo lokuhlela umgwaqo okhudlwana, iziteshi ezintsha zokucisha umlilo, kanye namapaki amasha anwebe kakhulu kuleyomibhoshongo. Ngaso leso sikhathi, ukwaziswa okuphathelene nobudala kwaqokomisa ukwenyuka kwemindeni enabantwana, kuholela isifunda sesikole ekwakhiweni elisha elinezikole eziyinhloko ezisheshayo ezindaweni ezimbili ezikhula ngokushesha kakhulu ze-6.

Esinye isinqumo esiyinhloko sasihlanganisa ukunwetshwa kwe-lay brain ehlongozwayo. Ukwaziswa kokubala okuphathelene nohlelo lwezimo kwabonisa ukuthi iningi lezakhamuzi ezintsha lisahamba liye emsebenzini esifundeni sebhizinisi esiphakathi, kodwa ingxenye ekhulayo isebenza ezikhungweni zemisebenzi emaphethelweni. Kunokuba kwakhiwe umugqa owodwa we-radial exvial, abahleli bakhetha ukusondela kokuqala okuhlanganisa izikhungo zomsebenzi wasemaphethelweni akhona, indlela eyasiza kokubili ukudayisa ukuminyana kwezimoto nokudonsa izimoto eziphezulu kusukela ekuqaleni.

Lokhu kuhlola kugcizelela ukuthi ukwaziswa kokubala akulona ithonya elivamile; lapho kuhlangene nemvume yokwakha, ukubalwa kwezimoto, nezibalo zokubhalisa esikoleni, kuba ithuluzi elinamandla lokulindela nokuqondisa isimo sasemadolobheni.

Izinselele Nokucabangela

Nakuba ukwaziswa kokubala kubalulekile, ukuthembela kuphela ekubalweni okungapheli kunikeza izithiyo eziningana abahleli okumelwe bazisebenzise.

Ukugcina Isikhathi Nokuphindaphinda

Igebe eliphawuleka kakhulu phakathi kweminyaka eyishumi namashumi ama-66 eliphakathi kwezibalo. Ezifundeni ezikhula ngokushesha, inani labantu lingakhula nge-10-15% phakathi neminyaka embalwa. Abahleli abasebenza ngo-2025 no-202020 bangasekela izinqumo ngolwazi olunengxenye yeshumi leminyaka ubudala. Ukudambisa lokhu, izinhlangano eziningi zisebenzisa izilinganiso ze-intercenstal nezinqumo zamahhovisi ezibalo, kodwa lezi zibalo zilinganisela ukuthi zinemikhawulo yazo yephutha. Imithombo yemininingwane yesikhathi esingokoqobo yemininingwane yezindawo zocingo (2025) [1] njengemidwebo ye-tellicry , futhi zakha ivumela ukuba kusetshenziswe ukwaziswa okunezelayo, nakuba ziphakamisa izikhalo zezindaba zomthetho futhi zidinga ukuqinisekiswa.

Amaphutha Angaphansi Nawabotshwayo

Akukho kubalwa okunembe ngokuphelele. Izingane ezithile ezincane, izinhlanga ezimbalwa, abantu abavela kwamanye amazwe, abantu abangenamakhaya, kanye nezakhamuzi zasemaphandleni . I-Censual Bureau yase-U.S. yalinganisela ukuthi i-2020 Censues inenethi elingaphansi kuka-0.24%, kodwa inani eliphansi lezingane (iminyaka engu-0/4) lalicishe libe 2.2%. Uma imishini yezezimali isebenzisa lezi zinombolo ezingalungile, imiphakathi edinga izinkonzo eziningi ingathola imali encane kunaleyo okufanele ithole. I-Plannest Kumelwe ukuba iqaphele ukuthi zingabalwa ngamanani angaphansi kwezindawo zabo futhi ingathola ukwaziswa okungatholakala ngezifundo zendawo noma ukuhlolwa komphakathi ukuze ilungise ukucwa kwezimo ezaziwayo.

Ukucindezelwa Kwezindaba Zomuntu Siqu Nokucindezelwa Kwemininingwane

Ukuze kuvikelwe amathuba ezindaba zomuntu siqu, izinhlangano zezibalo zisebenzisa izindlela zokulinganisela ukudalulwa kwemininingwane yezibalo − njengokushintsha amarekhodi noma ukwenezela umsindo .-to ukubala imibhobho e-micronameta. Nakuba lezindlela zilondoloza ama-aggrease, zingaveza amaphutha amancane athinta ukuhlelwa kwezesisekelo endaweni eseduze. Ngokwesibonelo, iqembu lababali-ziqobo lingabonisa inani elithile labantwana abangaphansi kwesihlanu lapho inani leqiniso lihlukile. Abaculi besebenzisa ukwaziswa okungenayo okungenayo kumelwe bathathe lezizibalo njengezibalo kanye ne-checkcheckers yezomthetho (umz., isikole, izibalo zokubala izibalo, amabhukwana okuzala).

Imiphumela Yokulinganisela Nokusakaza

Izinqumo zokuhlelwa kwezakhiwo zisho okungalingani. Ukwaziswa kokubala ngeholo, uhlanga, nezindawo zokuhlala kungaveza umehluko ekutholeni izinkonzo. Nokho, uma abahleli besebenzisa ingqikithi yabantu kuphela ngaphandle kokuhlukaniswa yiqembu lenani labantu, bazifaka engozini yokuqhubekisela phambili inani labantu abakhona ngokungalingani. Ngokwesibonelo, ukudlula kwemigwaqo emishabalazayo okusha kungathethelelwa ngokwanda kwabantu, kodwa uma kuxebuswa ngenani eliphansi elikhona noma imiphakathi yemibala, imiphumela emibi ingadlula izinzuzo. Amapulani emvelo adinga kakhulu ukuba kusetshenziswe izinqubo zokubala ukuze kubonwe “izindawo ezingcono zokuhlola inzuzo” futhi kuqinisekise ukuthi izakhiwo zemisebenzi yezemisebenzi azenzakanise umonakalo emlandweni.

Enye indlela ethole ukukhishwa kwemitapo iJaji 40 Initive eUnited States, eqondisa amaphesenti angu-40 ezinzuzo zokutshala imali esimweni sezulu nasezinqwini emiphakathini encishiswe iphansi, egawuliwe, futhi exhakathiswe ukungcola. Ukutholakala kwalemiphakathi kuxhomeke kakhulu ephepheni lokubala elingu-36, imininingwane ephezulu yemali, izinga lezemvelo, kanye nemithwalo yendawo ezungezile.

Isiphetho

Ukwaziswa kokubala kuhlala kuyisici esiyisisekelo sokuhlelwa kwezakhiwo ezinengqondo. Kunikeza inani elivumela abahleli ukuba bavule imigwaqo, bathole izikole, bakhe izibhedlela, futhi bandise izibhedlela ngokuqiniseka. Izibonelo zalesi sihloko zenza kube nokukhula kwe-Denver kuya ekwakhiweni kwesikole eLas Vegas ukuya ekutholeni amanzi eNdiya.

Kodwa ukubalwa kwabantu akuyona into enikeza isikhathi. Abahleli kumelwe babambene nezikhathi, ukuvalwa kwamanani, ukuvinjelwa kwezinto zomuntu siqu, kanye nengozi yokuqhubekela phambili ukungalingani uma ukwaziswa kusetshenziswa ngokungagxeki. Izinhlelo zezemisebenzi ephumelela kakhulu zihlanganisa izisekelo zokubala ezihlanganisa ulwazi lwesikhathi esingu-36, ukufakwa komphakathi, kanye nokulingana okukhulu kwe-lens. Njengoba abantu beqhubeka benyakaza / ngenxa yokufuduka, ukufuduka komphakathi, nokushintsha kwezomnotho kuzoba ngcono kakhulu. I-intengo ekubalweni, impumelelo, futhi inqubo egcwele yabalwayo ingenye yezinqubo zobalo lwemali eziphambili umphakathi ungenza ikusasa lawo.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, hlola U.S. Bureau ukuze uthole amathuluzi okwaziswa nokuhlolwa kwezezimali, iUnited Nations Statistics Division yezindinganiso zomhlaba wonke, kanye nomsebenzi we-World Bank yokubala ukuze kuqhubekeke intuthuko .