Ukusuka Ekuvukeleni Kuya Ekuphangaleni

Izihloko ze-Confederation, ezagunyazwa ngo-1781, zasebenza njengesimiso sokuqala somthetho-sisekelo sezwe elalisanda kubusa i-United States. Lolu hlelo lwamisa ukumiswa kwemithetho ezimele nohulumeni ophethe olinganiselwe kakhulu. Nakuba leli phephandaba lasiza ekuhlanganiseni amakoloni angu-13 phakathi neminyaka yokugcina yeNguquko yaseMelika, ukushiyeka kwawo kwasheshe kwacaca. Phakathi neshumi leminyaka, izinxushunxushunxushu zezomnotho, izingxabano zezifundazwe, nokuhluleka kwemithetho yesizwe ukuphoqelela imithetho yesizwe kwenza kwacaca ukuthi iZihlombe zazinganele ukubusa isizwe esikhulayo. Ukuqonda ukuthi kungani izihloko zeNhlolo yeNkazana zathathelwa indawo kubaluleke kakhulu ekuqondeni izimiso zesisekelo ze-U.S. Umthetho-Constitutionstionston nokulinganisa amandla achaza ukubusa kwe-America namuhla.

Umlando: Okwenza Lezi zihloko Zadalwa

Phakathi neMpi yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, iContinental Congress yaqaphela isidingo esiphuthumayo sencwadi engokomthetho eyayizohlanganisa izifundazwe ukuze zilwele izikhali ezihlangene nezihlangene. IContinental Congress yaqala ukwenza iZihlokwana ngo-1776, futhi ngemva kweminyaka eminingi yempikiswano emayelana nezimpikiswano ezinjengokumelelwa kukahulumeni kanye nezindawo zasentshonalanga, ekugcineni lencwadi yathunyelwa ezizweni ukuze ihlolwe ukuvinjelwa ngo-1777. UMaryland waba umbuso wokugcina wokuzivumela, ekugcineni ngoMarch 1781.

Lezi Zihlokwana zaziklanyelwe ukusungula uhulumeni obuthakathaka. Besanda kulwa impi ngokumelene nalokho ababekubheka njengobushiqela baseBrithani, abaholi baseMelika babekungabaza kakhulu ukubusa okuqinile. Uhulumeni ophethe izihloko wawumane nje uhulumeni ongahlulwanga muntu, lapho umbuso ngamunye, kungakhathaliseki ubukhulu noma inani labantu, wavota khona kanye. Kwakungekho gatsha elizimele lokuphoqelela imithetho futhi akukho komiti yesizwe yokuxazulula izingxabano. Igunya langempela lahlala khona nezishaya - mthetho zikahulumeni.

Amalungiselelo Ayinhloko Ezihloko

Izihloko zasungula isivumelwano lapho imibuso igcina khona ubukhosi bayo, inkululeko, kanye nenkululeko.Ingqungquthela ingamemezela impi, iziphatha izindaba zakwamanye amazwe, inze izivumelwano, ilawule ubuhlobo nezizwe zoMdabu waseMelika nezingxabano phakathi kwemibuso.

Ukudlulisa iZihlokwana kwadinga ukuvunyelwa okuhlanganyelwe kuzo zonke izifundazwe eziyishumi nantathu, umnyango ocishe ubangele imizamo yokuguqula inguquko ukuba ingabi nanzuzo. Lokhu kuqina kwafaka uhulumeni esakhiweni esingenakuzivumelanisa nezimo ezishintshayo.

Injongo Yezihloko Zokuhlanganisa

Injongo eyinhloko yalezi Zihlokwana kwakuwukuba kube nohlelo oluhlanganisayo olwaluyokwenza imibuso ikwazi ukuqondisa imizamo yayo phakathi nempi futhi ilawule izinto ezikhathazayo ezivamile ngemva kwayo.

  • iqinisekisa umzamo wempi: uMkhandlu waqondisa i-Continental Army, waxoxa ngezivumelwano zakwamanye amazwe (ngokulindelekile neFrance), futhi walawula imishini yezempi kanye necebo.
  • Izivumelwano zokuhlanganisa: IConfederation Congress yabangela ukuqulwa kwesivumelwano saseParis ngo-1783, esaqeda ngokomthetho iMpi yokuziphendukela kwemvelo futhi yathola inkululeko yaseMelika.
  • Izwe elivubukula amasimu asentshonalanga: Izwe elinobubanzi obuphakathi kwango-1785 ne-Ordinance yase-Northwest ka-1787 esungulwe izinqubo ezihlelekile zokuhlolwa, ukuhlalisa, nokubusa amazwe amakhulu asentshonalanga. Lemithetho yakha isiqalo sokwanda kwendawo nezwe ekugcineni.
  • Izimpikiswano zamazwe ezixazululiwe:[ IziKhomishane zingasebenza njengomlamuleli lapho imibuso iphikisana ngemingcele, ukuhwebelana, noma ezinye izindaba, nakuba yayingenalo igunya lokuphoqelela imithetho yayo.

Kulezindawo, izihloko zaphumelela kakhulu. I-Northwest Ordinance, ikakhulukazi, ibhekwa kabanzi njengenye yezinto ezifezwe kakhulu zenkathi yokuhlanganisa imithetho. Yamisa uhlelo olucacile lokudala amazwe amasha ayelingana neshumi nantathu lokuqala futhi ihlanganisa nokwenqabela ubugqila ensimini, imisa isiqalo esibalulekile.

Ubuthakathaka Obuphawulekayo Bezihloko Zokuvumelana

Naphezu kwalokho okwafezwa, iZihloko Zokwakha zahlushwa yizinkinga eziyisisekelo ezazenza ukuba kungabi nakubusa okuphumelelayo.

Awunawo Amandla Entela

ISishaya-Mkhandlu sasingacela imali evela kuhulumeni; sasingenagunya lokufaka izintela noma izikhulu. Izwe lalivame ukukhokha ingxenye encane yalokho okwacelwa, futhi eziningi zahluleka ngokuphelele. Lokhu kwashiya uhulumeni wezwe ungenamali engapheli. Awukwazanga ukukhokha izikweletu zawo, ukukhokhela izimali zempi, noma ngisho ukukhokha izindleko eziyisisekelo zokusebenza. Ngo-1786, isikweleti sesizwe sasingaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-R340, futhi uhulumeni wawungakhokhi ngokuphumelelayo.

Alikho Igatsha Eliphethe

Njengoba yayingekho iminyango ephethe, lezihloko zakha uhulumeni okwazi ukukhipha imithetho kodwa ongakwazi ukuyenza. kwakungekho nqubo yokuphoqelela izinqumo zenhlangano, ukuqoqa inzuzo, noma ukusabela ngokushesha ezinkingeni. Imithetho eyayidluliswa yiSishaya - mthetho yayiyimpoqo; imibuso yayingamane ingayinaki ngaphandle komphumela.

Awukho Umculo Wesizwe

Ukungabi khona kwesimiso senkantolo kahulumeni kwasho ukuthi kwakungekho mxubi ongathathi hlangothi ezimpikiswaneni phakathi kwemibuso noma phakathi kohulumeni bezwe.

Imfuneko Yesichibiyelo Esihle

Noma isiphi inguquko ku-Theas sasidinga ukuvunyelwa yizo zonke izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni eziyishumi nantathu. Lokhu kwavimbela ngokuphumelelayo noma iziphi izinguquko ezinengqondo. Ngisho nezihlongozo ezihloniphekile zokunikeza uMkhandlu amandla okuqoqa imisebenzi ekuthengeni ngaphandle zazivalwa ngokuphindaphindiwe yiziphakamiso eziphikisayo.

Ubukhosi BukaHulumeni Nokuntuleka Kobunye

Izihloko zaphatha imibuso njengezinhlangano ezizimele. Umhlangano wawuyindikimba yezihambeli ezazikhonza ngokujabulisa izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni futhi zazingakhunjulwa nganoma isiphi isikhathi. Amazwe anyathelisa iziphakamiso zawo siqu, afaka izimemezelo zezimpahla ezivela ezindaweni ezingomakhelwane, futhi aphishekela izimiso ezizimele zakwamanye amazwe. Lokhu kungabi nabunye kwadala ukudideka, ukungaphumeleli kwezomnotho, nengxabano yamazwe ahlukene.

Ukuhluleka Ukuthatha Icala Ezentengiselwano

Izingqungquthela zazingenakulawula ukuhwebelana phakathi kwezifundazwe noma nezizwe zakwamanye amazwe.

Izinkinga Zezomnotho Nezimpaphe Ezimbi; Ukuhlubuka

Ubuthakathaka bezihloko baba nemiphumela engokoqobo nebuhlungu. Umnotho wangemva kwempi wawucindezeleke kakhulu. Uhulumeni wezwe wayengenakukhokha izikweletu zempi, futhi amazwe amaningi alwa nezimo zawo siqu zemali. Ukuze ahlangabezane nezibopho zawo, amazwe afaka intela enzima ezakhamuzini zawo, ngokuvamile efuna ukukhokhwa ngemali enzima eyayiyivela kancane.

Isimo safinyelela iqophelo elibi entshonalanga yeMassachusetts ngo-1786. Abalimi abaningi, ababengomakadebona beMpi yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, babhekana nezikweletu nentengo. Banxusa uhulumeni wezwe ukuba athole usizo, kodwa izicelo zabo zashaywa indiva.

IKhomishane ye-Confederation Congress yayingenakukwazi ukuphakamisa izimali noma amabutho okuqeda ukuhlubuka. AmaMassachusetts kwadingeka athembele emabuthweni awo siqu, axhaswe abathengisi abacebile, ukuze abuyisele ukuhleleka. UShays ’ uVukele ekugcineni wabekwa phansi, kodwa wathumela ukushaqisa ngenhlangano yezombangazwe. Abaholi abanjengoGeorge Washington, James Madison, noAlexandream bakubona njengobufakazi obucacile bokuthi iZintlungu zihlulekile. Uhulumeni, baphikisa ngokuthi, kwakudingeka uvukele ukuze ulwele ngokwanele ukuze kugcinwe ukuhleleka nokuvikela impahla.

Indlela Eya Ezinguqukweni: Ukusuka E - Annapolis Kuya EFiladelfiya

Umzamo wokuqala ongathi sína wokukhuluma nge-Antics ’ amaphutha afika e-Annapolis Convention ngo-September 1786. Izifundazwe ezinhlanu kuphela ezithunyiwe, futhi umhlangano awuzange ube khona kahle. Nokho, u-Alexander Hamilton noJames Madison basebenzisa lesi senzakalo ukukhipha isimemo somhlangano omkhulu ukuze bahlangane ePhiladelphia ngonyaka olandelayo kuya ku-“ nikeza umthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni kahulumeni ofanele izinkonzo ze-Union.”

Ekuqaleni, izihambeli eziningi zakholelwa ukuthi zazihlangana nje ukuze zibukeze izihloko. Nokho, ngokushesha kwaba sobala ukuthi inguquko yezihloko yayingenele. Iholwa uMadison noHamilton, izihambeli zenza isinqumo sesibindi sokulahla iZihlokwana ngokuphelele futhi zenza umthetho - sisekelo omusha ngokuphelele.

I - Virginia Plan Ne - New Jersey Plan

Lomhlangano waphawulwa ngempikiswano enkulu phakathi kwezifunda ezinkulu nezincane mayelana nokumelelwa. I-Virginia Plan, eyabuthelwa uJames Madison, yahlongoza isishaya-mthetho se-bamaral esasinezimpawu zezakhamuzi, ezazizonikeza imibuso emikhulu enjengeVirginia nePennsylvania ithonya eliqediwe. Izifunda ezincane zaphikisana neNew Jersey Plan, eyabiza isishaya-mthetho somthetho wezwe ngalinye esine-odwa, silondoloza isimiso sezihloko.

Ukuhlehla okukhulu kwaxazulula iBhodi lokufa ngokudala iSishaya - mthetho: iNdlu yabameleli esekelwe ezakhamuzini naseSigeleni esimelela umbuso ngamunye.

Ukukhuluma Ngeziphambeko Zezihloko

UMthetho - sisekelo wawubusingatha ngokuqondile ubuthakathaka obuyinhloko ngabunye bezihloko:

  • [ amandla okukhokha intela:[ UKhongolo lwanikezwa igunya lokukhokha izintela ze-levy, imisebenzi, izikhokhiso, neziphakamiso.
  • Igatsha elisebenzayo: umongameli oyedwa wamiswa ukuze aphoqelele imithetho, ayale amabutho, futhi aqhube isimiso sangaphandle.
  • [ Inkantolo yezehlulelo: Inkantolo ePhakeme nezinkantolo zikahulumeni eziphansi zasungulelwa ukufushanisa izimpikiswano ezihilela umthetho kahulumeni, izivumelwano, nezindaba zamazwe.
  • Isigqebhezana se-commerce:[ Izishaya-mthetho zanikezwa amandla okulawula ibhizinisi lamazwe ngamazwe, ukususa imigoqo yezohwebo phakathi kwamazwe.
  • Inqubo yokulungisa: Ivoti eyizintathu kuzo zombili izindlu zomkhandlu nokuhlaziywa ngekota ezintathu zezifunda yamiswa ukuze kulungiswe, okwenza inguquko ikwazike.
  • isigqebhezana sokuthatha umthetho: UMthetho-sisekelo, imithetho kahulumeni, nezivumelwano kwabizwa ngokuthi i- “ umthetho wezwe, i-” ukubopha abahluleli bezwe nemithetho ephikisanayo yombuso.

Impikiswano ye-Ratification: Abaqondisi be-Federalins v. Abalwayo

UMthetho-sisekelo ohlongozwayo wabangela impikiswano eshubile yesizwe. Abameleli bezindaba, ababeholwa nguHamilton, uMadison, noJohn Jay, balwela ukuhlanjululwa. Banyathelisa Iphepha lobuFacerali [[, uchungechunge lwezindaba ezichaza ukuthi isimiso esisha siyokusingatha kanjani ukwehluleka kweZintlungwane kuyilapho sivikela inkululeko. Abamelene nenkolo, kuhlanganise noPatric Henry noGeorge Mason, baxwayisa ngokuthi uhulumeni onamandla kakhulu ongathi ungayiphazamisa kanjani ubukhosi bombuso namalungelo abantu ngabanye.

Abameli be-Antifereralist baphikelela ngokuthi imvume yamalungelo idingekile ukuze kuvikelwe izakhamuzi ekuphathweni uhulumeni. Lesidingo saholela esithembisweni sokulungisa, esakhela indlela yokuhlambulula. Umthetho-sisekelo wasetshenziswa ngokomthetho ngo-1788 ngemva kokuba i-New Hampshire ibe yizwe lesishiyagalolunye lokuvikela i-rayfy. I-Bill of Rights, ehlanganisa iziphendulo zokuqala eziyishumi, wenezelwa ngo-1791.

Ukuqhathanisa: Izihloko Zomthetho - sisekelo WaseU.S.

Ukusuka kweziNhloko kuya eMthethweni - sisekelo kwasho ushintsho oluyisisekelo ekwakhekeni kukahulumeni waseMelika.

Izakhiwo Zikahulumeni

LoMthetho - sisekelo wamisa amagatsha amathathu kahulumeni alinganayo anesimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela ukuze kuvinjelwe noma iliphi igatsha elilodwa ukuba lingabi namandla kakhulu.

Igunya Likahulumeni

Ngaphansi kwalezi Zihlokwana, uhulumeni omkhulu wayengaphansi kwemibuso futhi wawungamane uthathe isinyathelo ngokuvuma kwayo.

Umemo

Izihloko zanikeza ivoti eyodwa kuhulumeni ngamunye kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izakhamuzi ezingaphi. UMthetho - sisekelo walungiselela ukumelelwa ngokulinganayo eNdlu yabameleli kanye nokuma kweSigele, ulinganise izithakazelo zezifunda ezinkulu nezincane.

Amandla Ezomnotho

Izihloko zashiyela imibuso ngokuphelele umthetho wezomnotho.

ISichibiyelo Nokuvumelana Nezimo

I-Alls ’ imfuneko yokulungisa ngokuvumelana yenza kwaba cishe inguquko cishe engenakwenzeka. I-Constitution ’ inqubo evumelana kakhulu yenza le ncwajana ikwazi ukuvumelana ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngokulungisa nokuchaza kokwahlulela.

Ifa Lezihloko Zokuhlanganisa

Nakuba izihloko zeConfederation zehluleka njengencwadi ebusayo, zazingabalulekile. Zamisa izenzakalo ezibalulekile zokubusa indawo, zanikeza isisekelo sokuqashelwa kwe-E.S. kwezokuxhumana, futhi zenza lelisizwe lazinika okuhlangenwe nakho kwalo kokuqala ngohulumeni wezwekazi wezwekazi.

Okubaluleke nakakhulu ukuthi ukushiyeka kweZihlokwana kwafundisa isizukulwane esisungulwe izifundo ezibalulekile ngomklamo kahulumeni womthetho - sisekelo. Izinkinga ezavela ngaphansi kwalezi Zihlokwana zawulolonga ngokuqondile ukwakheka koMthetho - sisekelo. Zonke izinkinga zasingathwa ngokuhlelekile, kusukela ekusungulweni kwesikhulu esiqinile kuya ekusungulweni kobukhulu bukahulumeni namandla okubukezwa komthetho.

UJames Madison, ngokuvamile obizwa ngokuthi uYise woMthetho - sisekelo, wasebenzisa okuhlangenwe nakho kwakhe nezihloko ukuze enze isimiso esilinganiselayo segunya lesizwe nobukhosi bukahulumeni. UMthetho - sisekelo awusiza ekusidaleni uye wakhuthazelela amakhulu amabili eminyaka, isivumelwano sokucabanga okucophelela okwavela ngenxa yezehluleko ezikhungathekisayo zenkathi yokuHlakanisela.

Izihloko zeConfederation zisikhumbuza futhi ukuthi imithetho-sisekelo izincwadi eziphilayo. Kumelwe bakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ezishintshayo kuyilapho belondoloza izimiso eziyisisekelo. Umsunguli u-’ ukuzimisela ukuthatha indawo yeZihlokwana ngokuphelele kunokunamathela ekwakheni okunganele okubeka isiqalo esinamandla sokuguqula umthetho-sisekelo uma kudingekile.

Isiphetho

Izihloko zobuKhomanisi zafeza indima ebalulekile emlandweni waseMelika ngokuhlanganisa amakoloni phakathi neMpi yokuziphendukela kwemvelo nokumisa izisekelo zokubusa kwesizwe. Nokho, ubuthakathaka bawo benza uhulumeni ube nokwenzeka. Ukungabikho kwegunya elikhokhayo, ukungabikho kwegatsha eliphethe, nemfuneko yokuvuma ngokuvumelana ekulungiseni kwashiya isizwe singenamandla okuxazulula izinkinga zezomnotho, izingxabano zamazwe, nokuhlubuka kwangaphakathi.

Ukuthathelwa indawo kwezihloko noMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. kwakungekona ukulahlwa okungalindelekile kwemigomo yeNguquko kodwa ukusabela okuwusizo ekushiyekeni kwesimiso sokuqala. UMthetho-sisekelo walondoloza izimiso zeriphabliki ezazihlanganisiwe izihloko lapho zikha uhlelo oluqinile, oluvumelana kakhulu olukwazi ukuhlangabezana nesizwe i-’ idinga. Indaba yeZihlokwana zeNkathi Yokuguqula nokuthatha indawo yazo iyisifundo esinamandla kakhulu ekuklanyweni komthetho sisekelo, ukubaluleka kwezinhlangano ezivumelana nezimiso ezivumelana nezimiso, kanye nenselele ehlala njalo yokulinganisela inkululeko ngokubusa okuphumelelayo.

Ukuze ufunde okwengeziwe eziHlolweni zoMhlangano kanye nasenkathini yokusungulwa, hlola imithombo yezindawo zesizwe izinqolobane zezinqolobane , iSikhonkwane soMkhandlu [[, futhi [FLT] inikeza [FLT] iziqondiso ezinhle ze-U.S. House of Basigracy [.