Uhulumeni wase-United States awuwona umbono oqhele kakhulu: amagatsha awo amathathu : `legislative, isikhulu, neyahlulelo [“ukumisa imithetho, ukuphoqelela imithetho, nokuchaza imithetho elawula uhambo lwakho, ishekethisi lemali yakho, ukunakekelwa kwempilo yakho, nenkululeko yakho. Ukuqonda indlela igatsha ngalinye elisebenza futhi lithonye ngayo okuhlangenwe nakho kwakho kwansuku zonke akukona ukuhlakanipha komphakathi kuphela okukunika amandla okuzimela futhi uhlanganyele ngokunenjongo ekubuseni idenaye. Lesiqondiso esinweba esibanzi sihamba sidlulela egatsheni ngalinye ngokuningilini ngalinye, nezibonelo eziqinile zemiphumela yalo, futhi sichaze isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisa kwansuku zonke esigcina ulwazi lukahulumeni lunesibopho.

Igatsha Elingokomthetho: Abenzi Bemithetho Ababeka Imithetho Ophila Ngayo

Igatsha lemithetho, elibunjwe yiNdlu yabameleli neSishaya-mthetho (isishaya - mthetho esihlangene), ngokuyinhloko linomthwalo wemfanelo wokuhlela nokudlulisa imithetho kahulumeni. Lemithetho ithinta cishe zonke izingxenye zokuphila kwakho, kusukela emoyeni oholayo kuze kube izintela ozikhokhayo. Kodwa ngaphandle kokwenza umthetho, uKhongolo lulawula futhi uhlelo lwemali, ukuqondisa igatsha eliphethe, futhi limelela izithakazelo zabantu abaphethe izwe lonke.

Indlela Ingqungquthela Edala Ngayo Imithetho Ethinta Usizi Lwakho Lwansuku Zonke

Wonke umthetho kahulumeni uqala njengesivumelwano, futhi inqubo yokuguqula umqondo ube umthetho iyacotha ngamabomu futhi idebeselele. Nansi indlela igatsha lomthetho elithonya ngayo ukuphila kwakho kwansuku zonke:

  • [[NTL:0] Imithetho ye-Health ne-Safety: Imithetho enjenge-[[FT:2] I-Afford Care Act [ACA] noma i-Ceat Air Act ithinta ukuthi i-Ace Act ingaba naziphi izimfihlo zempilo nezinga lomoya ophefumulayo. Njengesibonelo, amalungiselelo ka-ACA ezisezimweni ezingaphambili kusho ukuthi izigidi zama-A aseMelika azinakwenqatshelwa umshuwa wempilo ngenxa yesifo esidlule.
  • Umsebenzi osebenza endaweni Yomthetho noWages: uhlela iholo elilinganiselwe likahulumeni, imithetho ethatha isikhathi eside, nezindinganiso zokuphepha emsebenzini ngezinhlangano ezinjenge Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). Uma usebenza amahora angaphezu kwama-40 ngesonto, umthetho ofuna ukukhokhelwa isikhathi esengeziwe uvela ku-Fair Labor Standard Act, edluliswa yi-Khondla.
  • Amathe namanzuzo: Njalo lapho ubona ishekethisi lemali yenkokhelo yezokuphepha kwezeNtlalo noma iMedicare, lelo igatsha lemithetho esebenzayo. UKhongolo lumisa izikweleti zentela, izikweleti, nezikweleti, futhi lunquma ukuba ngcono kwezinhlelo njengomshuwalense wokungasebenzi, usizo lokudla (SAP), nezinzuzo zochwepheshe.
  • Imfundo noMfundi Loans: Izinhlelo zosizo lwabafundi zomphakathi `Pell Grants, Imfundo Eqondisiwe, ne-oyile Loans', isungulwe futhi ixhaswe yi-Congress. Izinguquko zomthetho zithinta izindleko zokudla kanye nomthwalo wezikweletu kwabathweswe iziqu.
  • [[[NTL:0] Isivikelo se-Consommer: Imithetho enjengeQiniso kuMthetho we-Lending ne-Consumer Product Safety Act ekuvikeleni emikhubeni yezezimali ekhohlisayo nemikhiqizo engaphephile. Lemithetho inikeza amanxusa anjenge-Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) igunya lokuthatha isinyathelo.

Uhlelo Lokusebenzisa Imali Namandla Entengo

UKhongolose uphethe amandla esikhwama semali: inquma futhi indlela imali esetshenziswa ngayo. Lamandla athonya ukuphila kwakho kwansuku zonke ngezindlela ezijulile. Uma imisebenzi yezezimali ze-plone ye-ocester ihlelwa, uthola imigwaqo engcono, amabhuloho, nokuthutha komphakathi. Uma inciphisa ukuxhaswa kwemali yokucwaninga kwezesayensi, intuthuko yezokwelapha incipha. Imali inquma futhi ubukhulu bebutho lezempi, ukuphumelela kwenkonzo yeposi, nemithombo ekhona yezindawo zokunakekela amapaki. Unyaka ngamunye, iNdlusalo neSishayamthetho semali kuthinta zonke izikweleti zemali ezikwenziwa yizisekeni zezesayensi yezesayensi, futhi ugcina ithinta yonke izindleko zakho ezikweletini ezikhokhwasweni ezihambisana nomfundi.

Ukumelela Nokuqondisa

Igatsha lemithetho lisebenza njengezwi lakho eWashington. Ummeleli noSenators balalela izinkathazo zomphakathi, bamba amahholo edolobha, futhi bakuvotele. Ngaphandle kokumelelwa, iKhomishane iqondisa igatsha eliphetheyo ngokulalela nangokuhlola. Ngokwesibonelo, uma inxusa likahulumeni njenge-Evironmental Protection Agency (EPA) lidambisa izindinganiso zokungcola, amakomiti enhlangano angabiza izikhulu ukuba zifakaze, zifune izincwadi, futhi zimise umthetho wokuguqula noma ukuguqula lezozenzo. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlangano ezimisa imithetho esemthethweni zihlala zibhekene necala kubantu.

Igatsha Eliphethe: Abaphoqeleli Abasebenzisa Imithetho

Igatsha eliphethe, eliholwa uMongameli futhi elihlanganisa izisebenzi zikahulumeni ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezine eminyangweni nasezinhlanganweni, linomthwalo wemfanelo wokusebenzisa nokumisa imithetho ekhishwa yisiKhomishane. Leligatsha lithinta ukuphila kwakho izikhathi eziningi nsuku zonke, ngokuvamile ngezindlela ongaqapheli kuze kube yilapho okuthile kungalungile.

Ithonya Eliqondile LikaMongameli Ekwenzweni Kwezimiso Nokuphila Kwansuku Zonke

UMongameli umisa izinhlelo zesizwe, ukhipha iziyalezo zezikhulu, futhi uqondisa izinhlangano zikahulumeni ngendlela yokuchaza nokuphoqelela imithetho.

  • I-Exective Orders: UMongameli anganikeza iziqondiso ezishintsha isimiso ngaphandle kokulinda uKhongoloshelwano. Ngokwesibonelo, iziyalo eziphethe ukufuduka zingathinta ovunyelwe ukungena ezweni, isimo se-DACA abamukela i-ACA, nokugcinwa kwemithetho yemingcele. Uhlelo olulodwa lwesikhulu singaguqula ukuphila kwezigidi zabantu ebusuku.
  • Izinguquko ezilawulayo: Amanxusa e-Federal ngaphansi kokulawula kukaMongameli − njenge-Evironmental Protection Agency, uMnyango Wemfundo, ne-Umnyango Wezempilo Nezinkonzo Zobuntu (izimiso zezempilo nezokusebenza kwabantu) ezinethonya lomthetho. Umthetho omusha wezindinganiso zempumelelo yokusebenza kahle uthinta ngokuqondile izindleko kanye nokutholakala kwezimoto. Ushintsho kwimithetho yenethingatha yokungathathi hlangothi lunquma indlela ongena ngayo kuyi-intanethi.
  • I-Piciomi and Trade: UMongameli uxoxa ngezivumelwano nezivumelwano zezohwebo, umisa izijenga, futhi ulawula ubuhlobo bezokuxhumana. Uma iziphathimandla ziphinda ukuhweba, inani lezimpahla ezithengiselwa kwamanye amazwe (inani lezinto zobuchwepheshe) ukusuka ezisezingeni le-elektroniki kuya ezithengisweni . Izinqumo zokususa ezivumelwaneni zezwe lonke zesimo sezulu zithinta amazinga okungcola kwembulunga yonke futhi, ekugcineni, umoya ophefumulayo.
  • Izindawo zobuzwe: Ezikhathini zenhlekelele /-pandemic, izinhlekelele zemvelo, noma usongo lwesizwe lokuphepha , uMongameli angamemezela isimo esiphuthumayo sesizwe, avule amandla akhethekile okuqondisa izimali, amabutho asebenza, noma abeke imingcele yokuhamba. Umqedazwe we-COVID-19 wasebenzisa kakhulu amandla alawulayo ukuze asheshisa ukusungulwa komjovo futhi anikeze usizo lwezomnotho.

Izinhlangano Zekhabethe Nezinkonzo Ezihlangene Nezinsuku Zonke

Ngaphandle kukaMongameli, igatsha eliphethe liyiqoqo elikhulu leminyango nezinhlangano ezinikeza izinkonzo nezimiso eziphoqelelwayo. Nazi ezinye zezinye ezinamandla kakhulu:

Umnyango Wezokuhamba

IDOT ibekela izimoto izindinganiso zokuphepha, ukwakha nokunakekela imigwaqo emikhulu ephakathi kwezwe, ilawula uhambo lwezindiza, futhi yengamela iFederal Aviation Administration (FAA).

UMnyango Wempilo Nezinkonzo Zabantu

HHS ilawula iMedicare, iMedicaid, iCenters for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), i-Food and Drug Administration (FDA), ne-National Institutes of Health (NIH). I-FDA ivumela imithi oyisebenzisayo nemijovo oyigomayo. I-CDC inikeza iziqondiso zezempilo ezithinta ukuziphatha komphakathi, kusukela ekutuseni izifihla - buso kuya ekuxwayiseni ukudla.

UMnyango Wemfundo

IDOE inikeza usizo lwabafundi lukahulumeni, imisa imithetho yamalungelo omphakathi ezikoleni, futhi iqoqa ukwaziswa ngemiphumela yemfundo.

UMnyango Wezokulondeka Kwasekhaya

I-DHS yengamela ukulondeka emngceleni, ukugcinwa kwabantu abavela kwamanye amazwe, i-Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). Ababuki bama-TSA bahlola izikhwama zakho ezikhumulweni zezindiza. I-FEMA ixhumanisa ukusabela kwenhlekelele ngemva kweziphepho noma i-injini yemvula. I-Immigation and Customs Enforcementment (ICE) iphoqelela ukudingiswa ukuba kudingiswe iziyalezo.

Ukusebenzisa Nokuphoqelelwa

Ukudlulisa umthetho kumane kuyinyathelo lokuqala. Igatsha eliphethe kumelwe liwuthathe. Uma uMkhandlu udlulisa umthetho omusha wendawo ezungezile, i-EPA ibhala imithetho eqondile ukuze usebenze, ihlola amafektha ukuba avume, futhi iphoqelela amaface kubantu abaphula umthetho. Uma i-Congress ishintsha umthetho wentela, izakhiwo ze-Internvolution Service (IRS) yokulungisa, ukuqondisa, nokuphindela. Ukusebenza kwanoma yimuphi umthetho kuxhomeke kakhulu ekutheni igatsha eliphethe likhetha kanjani ukukuphoqeqelela.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela: Abagcini Bezindaba Abavikela Amalungelo Akho

Igatsha lokwahlulela, elihlanganisa iNkantolo Ephakeme nezinkantolo zikahulumeni eziphansi, lichaza imithetho noMthetho-sisekelo. Lisebenza njengesikhulu sokuqondisa sokugcina, lixazulula izimpikiswano futhi liqinisekisa ukuthi akukho mthetho noma isenzo sokuphatha esiphula amalungelo ayisisekelo aqinisekisiwe kuwe. Ithonya lesinqumo sokwahlulela livame ukufinyelela ngalé kwamacala akhona, lilolonga indawo engokomthetho kuwo wonke umuntu.

Indlela Izinkantolo Eziwathinta Ngayo Amalungelo Akho Ansuku Zonke Nenkululeko

Nazi izibonelo ezimbalwa zendlela izinkantolo ezikuthinta ngayo ukuphila kwakho kwansuku zonke:

  • Inkululeko Yokukhuluma nenkulumo: Izinqumo zeNkantolo ePhakeme eziseSichibiyelweni sokuqala zichaza lokho ongakusho, ukuposa i-intanethi, noma ukubhikisha. Icala elinjengo Lizinzes United v. FEC[FL:3] [2010] ithinta izimali zomkhankaso, kuyilapho Ama-Maoy Areace School stric v. B.[FL:] [2001] [FL:] [FLD]
  • Privtacy kanye no-Surveillance: Riley v. California [2014, iNkantolo yanquma ukuthi amaphoyisa ngokuvamile adinga isiqinisekiso ngaphambi kokuhlola ucingo lwakho lwamakhalekhukhwini. Lesinqumo sivikela ngokuqondile inani elikhulu lokwaziswa komuntu siqu othwele ephaketheni lakho nsuku zonke.
  • Umshado osemthethweni wesilisa nowomkhaya:[ Isinqumo esiphawulayo ku [[FT:]bergefell v. Hoddell v. Hodges (20) [umshado osemthethweni owengeziwe wesilisa ngokomthetho ezweni lonke, othinta isimo esingokomthetho sezigidi zemikhaya futhi onikeza izinzuzo ezinjengefa, ukutholwa, nomshuwalense wempilo.
  • Ubulungisa obungathi bungalawuleki: inqumo yeNkantolo ngenqubo efanele, amalungelo eMiranda, kanye nokugweba iziqondiso zihlela indlela amaphoyisa asebenzelana ngayo nawe phakathi nokumisa kwezimoto noma ukuboshwa. Imfuneko yokuba abaphathi bakufunde amalungelo akho ivela eNkantolweni Ephakeme imanda v. Arizona [196] isinqumo.
  • [[NTL:0] Umthetho wezenkolo nowe-Consumer: izinkantolo ze-Federal zizwa izinselele eziyalelweni ze-EPA, isivikelo sabathengi, kanye nezithiyo zentengo zomkhiqizo. Isinqumo senkantolo sokuvimbela noma ukusekela umthetho singathinta izinga lamanzi akho okuphuza noma ukuphepha kwemikhiqizo oyithengayo.

Amandla ENkantolo Ephakeme Okubukeza Kokwahlulela

Amandla abaluleke kakhulu egatsha lokwahlulela ukubukeza kokwahlulela, [1] igunya lokumemezela imithetho noma izenzo zezikhulu ezingavumelani nomthetho. Lamandla, asungulwe ku-[FLT]bury v. Madison [183] [183], asho ukuthi iNkantolo Ephakeme ingashaya umthetho odluliswa yiSishaya umthetho noma umthetho okhishwe nguMongameli uma uphikisana noMthetho-Mthetho-sisekelo. Ngokwesibonelo, [inani lesizwe] i-Department of Independent v. [Sebelius[[FLT:]] [2] [3] [iinani] [inani eliguquliwe] [inani] [FT] [FF] [F] [4], i-oglov] i-odvolation:[3] i-Af]

Ukubukeza kokwahlulela kusebenza njengesehlo esibucayi kwamanye amagatsha, siqinisekisa ukuthi inkululeko yakho eyisisekelo ayinyathelwa yiningi elithandwayo noma isikhulu esinegunya ngokweqile.

Izinkantolo Eziphansi Zama - Federal Nezingxabano Zakho

Nakuba iNkantolo Ephakeme ithola ukunakekela okuningi, amacala amaningi kahulumeni aqulwa izinkantolo zesifunda nezinkantolo zezikhalo. Lezinkantolo zisingatha izimpikiswano ezihilela umthetho kahulumeni, njengokuphula umthetho ngokusemthethweni, ukuwiswa kwemali, izinselele zomthetho-mthetho, nokumangalelwa komthetho-sisekelo, nokumangalelwa kukahulumeni. Uma uke wamangalela inxusa likahulumeni, umangalelwa ngecala likahulumeni, noma kudingeka ukuba uxazulule impikiswano ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni, uyovela enkantolo yesifunda yombuso. Abahluleli balapho bachaza imithetho futhi basebenzise inqubo yeNkantolo Ephakeme, futhi izinqumo zabo zingadluliswa kulo wiswa.

Ukuxhumana Kwamagatsha: Amasheke Nokulinganisela Okusendleleni

Abasunguli baklama amagatsha amathathu ukuba asebenze ndawonye futhi ahlole amandla omunye nomunye. Lesimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela sivimbela noma iliphi igatsha elilodwa ukuba libuse elinye. Ukuqonda indlela abasebenzelana ngayo kukusiza ukuba ubone ukuthi kungani isenzo sikahulumeni sivame ukwephuza futhi sixabana − kodwa futhi kungani siklanyelwe ukuvikela inkululeko yakho.

Ukuhlola Igatsha Elingokomthetho

  • I-Vito esebenzayo: UMongameli angakhipha umthetho odluliswa yisiKhongolo, aphoqelele uMkhandlu ukuba uwudukise ngengxenye yesithathu enkulu emagumbini womabili.
  • [ Judicial Review:[ Inkantolo ePhakeme ingashaya umthetho njengongavumelani nemithetho, uqede intando ye-athoric.
  • Ukuqinisekisa: uMongameli umisa amajaji angohulumeni nezikhulu eziphethe, kodwa iSigele kumelwe sibaqinisekise. Lokhu kunikeza iSishaya-mthetho i-search ekumiseni kwesikhulu kuyilapho futhi sivumela uMongameli ukuba alungise i-jaji.

Ama - check Egatsheni Eliphethe

  • [ Ukuqondisa okungalawuleki: Amakomiti ahlola izenzo zobuphathi, amabhukwana angaphansi, futhi abize ofakazi.
  • [ Amandla okuhlela: Indlu ingagcona uMongameli, uMongameli ongumsekeli, noma abahluleli bamazwe; iSigele sibe sesiqungamela futhi singabasusa.
  • [ Ukulawula komthetho:[ ulawula ukuxhasa ngemali, ngakho uMongameli ngeke asebenzise imali ngaphandle kwemvume yokushaya umthetho.
  • Jodicial Review: Izinkantolo zingashaya iziyalo zezikhulu ezidlula igunya lomthetho-sisekelo likaMongameli.

Amasheke Egatsheni Lokwahlulela

  • Ukumisa nokuqinisekisa: uMongameli umisa amajaji, futhi iSigele siyawaqinisekisa. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukulandisa kwezombangazwe.
  • UMbuso woMnyango woMnyango woMdaba woGuqulo-mthetho woGuqulo-mthetho woGuqulo loGuqulo-mthetho woGuqulo: Ungenza ukuba kulinganiselwe izinhlobo zamacala iNkantolo Ephakeme engawezwa, futhi ingaveza izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo ukuze kushintshwe izinqumo zokwahlulela.
  • [[[Umthetho:0] Isu elisemthethweni labaHluleli: amajaji angokoMasipala angayekwa futhi asuswe yiSishayamthetho ngenxa yokuziphatha okubi.

Izibonelo Zemidlalo Exubile Zangempela

Isibonelo esivelele yi-Affordble Care Act. Congress yayisayina umthetho (umthetho owenziwe nge-legislative), uMongameli wawusayina (ukwephula), futhi iNkantolo Ephakeme yayisekela esinqumweni sango-2012 (izekomiti),. Ngemva kwalokho, igatsha eliphethe lasebenzisa umthetho, kodwa abaMongameli abalandelayo basebenzisa izenzo zokuqondisa ukuze bashintshe ukugcinwa kwawo, futhi kamuva iSishaya umthetho. Inkantolo yaqhubeka futhi izwa izinselele, njengaye [[FLT: 0] Californ v. Texas[FL:] [201], eyaphinde yasekela umthetho. Lokhu kuveza ukuthi amagatsha amathathu asebenza kanjani njalo.

Isiphetho: Ukuzinika Amandla Ngokuqonda

Igatsha lemithetho libhala imithetho, igatsha eliphethe liyayimisa, futhi igatsha lokwahlulela liyayichaza, kodwa uma ubona ukuthi iNkantolo Ephakeme inquma amalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu, ungavikela ukwaziswa kwakho. Uma wazi ukuthi igatsha ngalinye likwenza usebenzele iholo eliphansi, ungasekela ukuphakama. Uma uqaphela ukuthi uMongameli ukhipha iziyalezo eziqondisa ukufuduka, ungalandela izindaba futhi wenze okuthile. Uma ubona ukuthi iNkantolo Ephakeme inquma amalungelo emfihlo, ungavikela ukwaziswa kwakho. Ulwazi ngendlela igatsha ngalinye elikuguqula ngayo entweni engenamsebenzi ube isakhamuzi. Sebenzisa lelogunya: ukuvota kunoma isiphi isiphathi sokhetho, ukuxhumana nabameleli bakho, ulandele izinkantolo, futhi uphendule umphathi ophethe. Uhulumeni ophilile uxhomeke embusweni obalasiwe.