Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Samandla Awodwa

Isimiso sikahulumeni waseMelika sakhelwe ekungaqinisekini okujulile kwegunya eliphakeme. UFathers, odwetshwa kuyifilosofi yezombangazwe yaseMontesquieu kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho kwabo siqu ngombuso waseBrithani, wakha ngamabomu isimiso lapho amandla ehlukene futhi ehlanganyelwa khona. Lokhu kusobala kakhulu ebuhlotsheni phakathi kukaMongameli noMkhandlu, lapho igatsha ngalinye linganayo nje kuphela amandla alo ahlukile kodwa futhi futhi linendlela yokumelana nokungenela kwelinye. Umphumela uwukucindezeleka okunamandla okuye kwaguqula ukubusa kwaseMelika emakhulwini amabili eminyaka.

Izihloko I no-I ze-Constitution zimisa lesi simiso. ISiphakamiso I sifaka wonke amandla omthetho eSishaya - mthetho eSishaya - mthetho, kanti iSiphakamiso II sibeka amandla okubusa kuMongameli. Nokho ukwahlukana akunakwenzeka ngokuphelele. UMongameli angawukhipha umthetho, futhi uMkhandlu ungawususa lowo mthetho. UMongameli umisa amajaji nezikhulu, kodwa iSishaya - mthetho kumelwe iziqinisekise. UHulumeni umemezela impi, kodwa uMongameli uyayala impi. La ziphathimandla ezihlalisayo zakha lokho uJakobe Madison achaze ku-Federalist No. 51 njengesimiso lapho "igastition" kumelwe yenziwe khona ukuba inqandwe."

Lendawo ayisona ibhungane eklanyweni yomthetho-sisekelo kodwa isici sayo esiyinhloko. Ukuhlola nokulinganisela phakathi kukaMongameli noMkhandlu kuqinisekisa ukuthi izinguquko ezinkulu zesimiso zidinga ukuvumelana okukhulu, ukunciphisa isenzo sikahulumeni ukuze kuvinjelwe izinqumo ezithathekayo noma ezinonya. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, lesi sakhiwo singaholela ekuhleleni ijubane lapho amagatsha elawulwa amaqembu aphikisanayo, siphakamisa izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngokuthi isimiso siyasebenza yini noma kudingeka ukwenziwa kwanamuhla.

Ukuqonda Izindima Ezihlukile Zegatsha Ngalinye

Ukuze umuntu aqonde ngokugcwele ukuthi inqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela kusebenza kanjani, kumelwe aqale aqonde izindima zomthetho - sisekelo ezabelwe uMongameli noMkhandlu.

UMongameli: Inhloko Kahulumeni Nohulumeni

UMongameli usebenza kokubili njengenhloko kahulumeni nomphathi kahulumeni. Lendima ehlangene ihlanganisa imisebenzi yemikhosi negunya lesikhulu esingaphansi. UMongameli unomthwalo wokuqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho kahulumeni ikhishwa ngokwethembeka, ukuqondisa ukusebenza kwegatsha eliphethe usuku lonke, futhi umelela i-United States ezindabeni zakwamanye amazwe. Njengomphathi-mkhuzi wamabutho ahlomile, uMongameli uphethe igunya eliphethe kwezempi, nakuba iKhongolokazi kuphela ekwazi ukumemezela impi futhi ixhase ibutho lezempi.

UMongameli uhlela futhi uhlelo lwesimiso sezwe ngekheli le-State of the Union, uhlongoza uhlelo lwemali kahulumeni, futhi ukhipha iziyalezo eziqondisa indlela imithetho ekhona esetshenziswa ngayo. Lamathuluzi anikeza uMongameli ithonya elikhulu ekuqondiseni izwe, ngisho noma kungekho umthetho omusha. Nokho, ngalinye lalemibuso lingaphansi kokuhlola ukuhlangana, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi igunya lobumongameli lihlala liminyaniswa phakathi kwemingcele yomthetho-sisekelo.

Ingqungquthela: Igatsha Elingokomthetho

ISishaya-mthetho siyinhlangano ye-bidamaral eyakhiwa iSigele neNdlu yabameleli, ngayinye ephethe amandla ahlukene kodwa aphelelisayo. Indlu, enezihlalo ezabelwe umphakathi, imelela izithakazelo eziqondile zabantu futhi iphethe amandla akhethekile okusungula izikweleti zemali nezikhulu zikahulumeni. ISigele, esinamalungu amabili kuhulumeni ngamunye, simelela izithakazelo zezwe futhi siphethe amandla okuqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli, izivumelwano ze-raintecter, futhi sizama ukusekela izivumelwano.

ISiphakamiso I sibala amandla akhethekile eSishaya - mthetho, kuhlanganise namandla entela, ukuboleka imali, ukulawula ezohwebo zamazwe ahlukene, imali, ukumisa amahhovisi eposi, ukumemezela impi, ukuphakamisa nokusekela, futhi senze yonke imithetho idingeke futhi ifaneleke ekufezeni lemibuso. I-Edictal neFathernational Clause, ikakhulukazi, iye yachazwa kabanzi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ivumela iSishaya - mthetho ukuba sinikeze izimpendulo ezingxoxweni abasunguli ababengeke bazilindele, kusukela ekuhleleni indawo ezungezile kuya ekuvimbeleni.

Lesi sakhiwo se-bidamaral ngokwaso sisebenza njengesehlo sangaphakathi sokuhlola amandla omthetho. Umthetho kumelwe udlulise zombili izitembu ngendlela efanayo ngaphambi kokuba uthunyelwe kuMongameli, uqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho ubonakalisa ukuvumelana okukhulu kunokuvumelana kweqembu elilodwa.

Amandla Ayinhloko KaMongameli Nesisekelo Sawo Somthetho - sisekelo

Imibuso kaMongameli ibalalwe eSiphakamiso II soMthetho-sisekelo, nakuba lolulimi lunganingiliziwe kakhulu kunalelo elichaza igunya loMkhandlu. Lokhu kuye kwaholela empikiswaneni eqhubekayo mayelana nobukhulu bamandla, ikakhulukazi ngezikhathi zenhlekelele.

Amandla E - Veto

I-veto mhlawumbe iyi-sethi yokuhlola okuqondile kakhulu kukaMongameli eKhongolo. Ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso I, iSiqeshana 7, zonke izibeko ezidluliswa yiSishaya-mthetho kumelwe zidluliselwe kuMongameli ukuze zivunyelwe. UMongameli unezindlela ezintathu: ukusayina isibhamu emthethweni, sibuye sibuyele eSivumelwaneni ngaphandle kokusayinwa ngemva kwezinsuku eziyishumi. Uma i-Congregation i-ainers phakathi naleyo nkathi yeshumi, i-veto, futhi isibambiso semali sifa ngaphandle kokuthatha isinyathelo sikaMongameli.

Iveto ingamandla angemahle avumela uMongameli ukuba avimbele umthetho kodwa angawenzi. UMkhandlu ungadlula i-veto ngo-35 abantu abaningi kuwo womabili amagumbi, ibhande eliphakeme elingafinyelelwanga kakhulu. Ngokomlando, amongameli baye basebenzisa iveto ukuze balahle umthetho abakholelwa ukuthi awuvumelani nomthetho, awukho neze, noma uphambene nesithakazelo sesizwe. Umongameli uFranklin D. Roosevelt ubamba umbhalo ngo-635vetes, kuyilapho abanye amongameli, kuhlanganise noJohn Adams noThomas Jefferson, bengawusebenzisi neze umthetho owesizwe.

Iziqondiso Zokuba Umongameli Neziqondiso

Iziqondiso eziphetheyo ziyiziqondiso ezikhishwa nguMongameli zokuphatha imisebenzi kahulumeni kahulumeni. Nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo ungakhulumi ngokucacile iziyalezo eziphethe, uthola kumsebenzi woMongameli weSiphakamiso II ukuba "yiqaphele imithetho ukuba igcwaliswe ngokwethembeka." iziyalezo eziphethe umthetho zinamandla ezinhlangano zikahulumeni kodwa kumelwe zibekwe egunyeni elikhona noma emandleni omthetho-sisekelo.

Abaholi baye basebenzisa iziyalo zezikhulu ukuze bafinyelele izinhloso zesimiso ngaphandle kokulinda isenzo sobuphongolo. Izibonelo eziphawulekayo zihlanganisa umyalo kaMongameli Truman ophethe olahla ibutho lezempi, uMongameli u-Eisenhoer ogunyaza ukukhishwa kwesikole eLittle Rock, Arkansas, noMongameli Obama's Defered Action for Childhoontal Accoumes program. Nokho, iziqondiso zezikhulu zingagumbulwa yiSishaya-mthetho, zincishiswe izinkantolo uma zidlula igunya lomthetho, noma umongameli olandelayo.

Amandla Okumisa Nesigele Esiqinisekisayo

UMongameli umisa amajaji kahulumeni, kuhlanganise namajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme, amanxusa, amalungu eKhabhinethi, kanye namanhloko ezinhlangano ezizimele. Lobubukhoma buvumela uMongameli ukuba amise ikomiti yamajaji namashumi eminyaka noma ngisho namashumi angaphezulu kwegama elilodwa. Nokho, i-Oss Plaus Claus ifuna ukuba zonke izikhulu eziyinhloko zithole iseluleko nemvume yeSigele, zinikeze iSishaya-Hulumeni i-Pre.

Inqubo yokugunyaza iSigele iye yaqala ukuphikisana emashumini eminyaka amuva. Abahlaziyi bangase bephuze noma bavimbele ukuvalwa kwezindawo zokubopha, izingane, noma ukulahlwa okuqondile. Ngokuvamile abameli kumelwe baxoxe nabaphathi be-senesten ukuze baqinisekise ukuqinisekiswa, ikakhulukazi uma iqembu eliphikisayo lilawula iSigele. Lokhu okunamandla kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukumiswa kubonisa isilinganiso sokuvumelana kwe-bipartis, nakuba kungaholela ekuthatheni izikhundla ezithathelwe isikhathi eside ezikhundleni ezibucayi.

Ilungelo Eliphethe Nenkulumo Yeqembu

Omongameli baye bathi futhi banamandla elungelo lokubusa, ilungelo lokugodlela ulwazi kuKhongolo kanye nezinkantolo ukuvikela ukucubungula kobumfihlo bamagatsha aphethe. Lelilungelo alishiwo ngokucacile eMthethweni kodwa liye laqashelwa iNkantolo Ephakeme njengefa ekuhlukaniseni kwemibuso. United States v. Nixon [19774], iNkantolo ikholelwa ukuthi ilungelo lesikhulu likhona kodwa akuyona into ephelele futhi kumelwe inikezele ezidingweni zesimiso sokwahlulela komthetho.

Inkolelo - mbono yesikhulu seqembu, ethi uMongameli unegunya eliphelele egatsheni eliphethe, iye yacelwa omongameli banamuhla ukuba bathethelele ukusetshenziswa ngonya kwamandla okubusa. Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi iqinisekisa ukulandisa ngokubeka umthwalo wemfanelo kumphathi oyedwa okhethiwe. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ilulaza isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela ngokugxilisa kakhulu igunya eWhite House.

Amandla Ayinhloko Ombuso Nesisekelo Sawo Somthetho - sisekelo

ISishaya - mthetho sinemibuso eminingi esetshenziswa njengenhlolo - vo egatsheni eliphethe, eminingi yayo ebaliwe eSiphakamisweni I, Ingxenye 8. Lemibuso ivumela uMkhandlu ukuba ucindezele, uqonde, futhi uhlole isinyathelo somongameli.

Amandla Okubusa

Amandla oMkhandlu ayinhloko yigunya lokwenza imithetho. Inqubo yokushaya umthetho idinga ukuba womabili amakamu adlulisele izikweletu ezifanayo, ezibe sezinikezwa uMongameli. Lo mbuso uvumela uMkhandlu ukuba umise izimiso ezibopha igatsha eliphethe. Uma uMongameli engavumelani nomthetho, igatsha eliphethe kumelwe liwuphoqelele ngaphandle kokuba futhi kuze kube yilapho umthetho uphinde ubekwe noma utholakale ungalawulwa.

Inqubo yokwenza umthetho ithatha ijubane ngamabomu futhi idebesele. Uma uMongameli ethatha isinyathelo ngokulandela amakomiti, izibopho ezingaphansi, nezimpikiswano zaphansi kuzo zombili izintambo ngaphambi kokufika edeskini likaMongameli. Lokhu kuyinkimbinkimbi kuqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho uthathwa ngokucophelela, kodwa futhi kusho ukuthi uMkhandlu ulwa kanzima ukuze uphendule ngokushesha ekuqubukeni kwezinkinga. Uma uMongameli enza ngendlela engalindelekile ngemithetho yezikhulu, uMkhandlu ungasabela ngokukhipha umthetho ohlanganisa izinqumo zawo siqu zesimiso, ugumbule umsebenzi wesikhulu.

Amandla Okuthenga

ISiphakamiso I, isiqephu 9 sinikeza ukuthi "Ayikho imali ekhutshwa kuTreasury, kodwa eConsalo of Appropring enziwa nguMthetho" Lobu mandla besikhwama semali anika ithonya elingavamile kuzo zonke izici zikahulumeni. UKhongolo lunquma ukuthi imali engakanani inkampani ngayinye eyitholayo, ukuthi ingasetshenziswa kuphi, futhi ngaphansi kwaziphi izimo. Lokhu kuvumela uMkhandlu ukuba uxhase noma umphangameli oncishisiwe, ukhokhe noma ujezise izinhlangano, futhi ubeke imithetho ebaluleke kakhulu ngaphandle kokushaya umthetho wesigeqe.

Inqubo yokuxoxisana iye yaba inkundla yempi enkulu phakathi kukaMongameli noMkhandlu. Omongameli basikisela ukuba kube nohlelo lokuhlela imali, kodwa akudingeki ukuba uMkhandlu uthathe imali. Uma uMongameli noMkhandlu bengavumelani nokusebenzisa izinto eziza kuqala, umphumela kungaba ukuvala kukahulumeni, izinqumo eziqhubekayo, noma ukuchitha izikweletu ezinqwabelene ezilinganayo ezilinganiswayo. Amandla esikhwama semali avumela uMkhandlu ukuba ubeke izimo ekuxhaseni imali, njengalokhu kudinga izinhlangano ukuba zibike ngemisebenzi yawo noma zigweme ukusebenzisa izimali ezithile.

Ukulwela Nokususa

Amandla eSishaya - mthetho uhulumeni angenye yezindlela zawo ezinkulu zokuhlola igunya lobumongameli. ISiphakamiso II, iSiqeshana sesine sinikeza ukuthi uMongameli, uMongameli ongumphelelisi, nazo zonke izikhulu zomphakathi zase-United States zingasuswa esikhundleni ngokujezisa, futhi zikhululwe, ngokuvukela, ngokufumbathisa, noma ngobunye ubugebengu obukhulu kanye nabameleli. Indlu yabameli inamandla okungathobeki, ifuna ivoti enkulu. ISigebethi - Cate - senga - yenze icala futhi ingalahlwa yiziningi ezimbili eziphindwe kathathu, okuphumela ekususweni kwehhovisi.

Ukuphambanisa ngokuyinhloko kuyinqubo yezombangazwe, hhayi eyesigebengu. Incazelo "yobugebengu obukhulu kanye namaphutha" iye yaphikiswa kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika, ngokuphikisa ngokuthi ihlanganisa ukuziphatha kobugebengu okungathi sína kuphela kanye nabanye abaphikisa ngokuthi kuhlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla okusongela uhlelo lomthetho-sisekelo. Omongameli abathathu baye bavunyelwa yiNdlu: uAndrew Johnson ngo-1868, uBill Clinton ngo-1998, noDonald Trump ngo-2019 no-2021. Akukho okwalahlwa yiSigelethi, nakuba uMongameli uNixon ehlehliselwe iNd House engavota ezihlokweni zezentengoso.

Ukuqondisa Nokuphenya Okusemhlanganweni

Amandla okuhlola awashiwo ngokuqondile kuMthetho-sisekelo kodwa iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqaphela njengebalulekile emsebenzini wemithetho yeSishaya-mthetho soMkhandlu. Ngokuzwa, amapesenti, nemibiko, uMkhandlu ungahlola indlela igatsha eliphethe elisebenzisa imithetho, ukuthulula indle nokuxhaphaza, futhi ubeke izikhulu icala. Isimiso sekomiti sivumela uKhongolo ukuba luthuthukise ulwazi ezimisweni ezithile futhi luqhube ukuqondisa izinhlangano nezinhlelo okuqhubekayo.

Uphenyo lwe-Congress luye lwaveza amahlazo amakhulu, kuhlanganise ne-Teapot Dome yama-1920, i-Watergate strup-in, i-Iran-Contra, nokuhlasela kwe-Benghazi. Lokhu kuhlola kuye kwaholela ekulahleni, ekudumeni, ekushicileleni, ekulungiseni imithetho, nakwezinye izimo, ukuquliswa kwezigebengu. Nokho, ukuphumelela kokuqondisa kuxhomeke ekufuneni kwezombangazwe kwe-Congressreskorrence nokuzimisela kwayo ukubekela igatsha eliphethe, okungalinganiselwa lapho leli qembu lilawula amagatsha amabili.

Isivumelwano Sokuntengantenga Nesimiso Sangaphandle

Lapho uMongameli eqhuba inqubo yangaphandle futhi exoxa ngezivumelwano, iSigele kumelwe sivume izivumelwano zokugunyaza ngenani eliphindwe kabili-ntathu ngaphambi kokuba zisebenze. Lokhu kunikeza iSigele iphimbo elinamandla ekulolongeniseni izibopho zezizwe zonke zaseMelika. ISigele singahlongoza ukubuyiselwa kwezivumelwano, ukuphoqelela izimo ekuhlolweni kwesivumelwano, noma ukwenqaba ukucabangela isivumelwano ngokuphelele. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi uMongameli ngeke abophe i-United States ngokunyenyelele ezivumelwaneni zomhlaba wonke ezingenasisekelo.

Ngezinye izikhathi abameli baye bahoxisa inqubo yesivumelwano ngokusebenzisa izivumelwano zezikhulu, ezingadingi ukuvunyelwa kweSigele. Izivumelwano eziphetheyo zibopha ngaphansi komthetho wezizwe kodwa azinaso isikhundla esingokomthetho sasekhaya njengezivumelwano. ISishaya-mthetho siye sahlehlisa lomkhuba, amanye amalungu ephikisa ngokuthi ululaza indima yomthetho-sisekelo weSigele. INkantolo Ephakeme ngokuvamile iye yasekela ukusetshenziswa kwezivumelwano zezikhulu, uma nje zivumelana negunya elikhona lemithetho.

Imishini Yokubambisana

Amasheke nezilinganiso phakathi kukaMongameli noKhongolose zisebenza ngochungechunge lwezindlela ezithile ezivumela igatsha ngalinye ukuba limelane nokuphambana kwelinye.

Umongameli Uhlola Izishaya - mthetho

Ngalé kwe-veto, uMongameli unamathuluzi amaningana okuhlola amandla ombuso. UMongameli angabiza uMkhandlu ukuba ube nesimiso esikhethekile, esivumela umphathi ukuba amise uhlelo lwezishaya - mthetho. UMongameli futhi unamandla okumisa amaKhongolo uma amagumbi amabili engenakuvumelana ngosuku lokufushaniswa, nakuba lamandla engavamile ukusetshenziswa. Amandla okuthethelela, avumela uMongameli ukuba anikeze iziphakamiso nezintethelelo zecala likahulumeni, awakho ngaphansi kokuvunyelwa kwemithetho yesivumelwano futhi asebenze njengesekeli segatsha lokwahlulela futhi, ngokungaqondile, amandla eSishaya ucingo sokuchaza ubugebengu.

UMongameli uthonya futhi iKhongolokazi ngesikhulu sezikhulu eziqinela abanye, esebenzisa izinkulumo zomphakathi kanye nokubonakala kwemithombo yezindaba ukuze akhe ukusekela okuthandwayo kwezinhlelo zeziphathimandla. Umongameli onezikhundla zokugunyaza eziphakeme angacindezela uMkhandlu ukuba ukhiphe umthetho, kuyilapho umongameli onezinga eliphansi angase akuthole kunzima ukuqhubekisela phambili noma yisiphi isinyathelo. Lo mbuso ongahleliwe awubhalwanga eMthethweni kodwa uye waba yithuluzi elibalulekile lobuholi bobumongameli enkathini yanamuhla yezindaba.

Izinhlolo - vo Zenhlangano Kumongameli

ISishaya-Mkhandlu sinezindlela eziningi zokuhlola amandla obumongameli ngaphezu kwalawo esesixoxwe ngawo. Iseluleko seSigele namandla okuvuma kudlulela ezivumelwaneni nasemibangweni, kuyilapho amandla endlu akhethekile okusungula izikweleti zemali ehlawulwayo ewumsebenzi oyinhloko enkambisweni yezemali. ISichibiyelo se 25 seSichithiwe sawo sivumela amaKhomishane ukuba ahlanganyele ezinqumweni eziphathelene nokukhubazeka komongameli nokulandelana, kuqinisekisa ukuthi igatsha eliphethe liyaqhubeka lisebenza ngisho nalapho uMongameli engasebenzi.

UMthetho weSishaya-mthetho ka-1946 wasungula inqubo yokuhlelwa kwemali yengqungquthela, inikeza iKhomishane indlela engokomthetho yokumisa umthetho wemali. I-Congregational Umthetho wokwahlukanisa i-Devisial Control ne-Impoundment Control Act ka-1979 yaqinisa amandla eSikhwama semali ngokulinganisela amandla kaMongameli okuvala izimali ezibekwe yi-Constantive. Lo mthetho wawuyimpendulo eqondile kuMongameli Nixon ekusebenziseni imposiso yokuvimbela ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlelo aphikisana nazo.

Izinhlangano Ezizimele NoMbuso Ophethe

Ukwanda kwesifundazwe sokuphatha kuye kwawenza lukhuni amasheke nezilinganiso ezingokwesiko phakathi kukaMongameli noMkhandlu. Amanxusa azimele anjengeFederal Reserve, i-Secreties ne-Exchange Commission, kanye neFederal Evolution Commission, ziyingxenye yegatsha eliphethe kodwa ziklanyelwe ukuvalwa ekulawuleni okuqondile komongameli. Abaholi bawo bakhonza izinqumo ezimisiwe futhi bangasuswa ngenxa yembangela, balinganise ikhono likaMongameli lokuqondisa izenzo zabo.

Umbuso wasungula lezinhlangano ukuba zikhulume ngezindaba eziyinkimbinkimbi ezidinga ubuchwepheshe nozimele kwezombangazwe. Nokho, ukuzimela kwalezi zikhungo kuye kwabekelwa inselele ngomongameli abaphikisa ngokuthi ziphula imfundiso ye-ounity. INkantolo Ephakeme ikhulume ngalenkinga engathi i-Humphrey's Exector v. United States [1935] ne Free Enterpurise Fund v. Public Company Accounting Oversate Over Board [[FLT:]] (20)], ngokuvamile isekela umthetho wezinhlangano ezizimele kuyilapho zilinganisela umgangatho wazo.

Izibonelo Ezingokomlando Zokuhlola Nokulinganisela Ezisebenzayo

Ubuhlobo obuphakathi kukaMongameli noKhongolose buye bahlolwa kaningi kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika.

Ihlanekezelo LobuPhostoli Nobumongameli

Ihlazo leWatergate lama-1970 liseyisibonelo esiphawuleka kakhulu sokuhlola amandla kamongameli. Ngemva kokuphulwa endlunkulu yeDemocratic National Committee, i-Congress yasungula ukuhlola okukhulu okwaveza indlela yokusebenzisa kabi igunya kaMongameli Nixon nomphathi wakhe. IKomiti yeSigele i-Watergate yabamba izindlebe ezicubungulayo ezabamba ukunaka kwesizwe, kuyilapho iKomiti yeHouse Judiciary yagunyaza izihloko zokuvinjelwa kobulungisa, ukusetshenziswa kabi kwegunya, nokudelelwa kwemithetho yeSishayamthetho.

Ukuyeka kukaNixon ukwenqaba ngoAugust 1974, ngaphambi kokuba indlu ivote ngokungagunyazi, kwabonisa ukuphumelela kobuphathi lapho kuhlangene nokucindezela komphakathi nesenzo sokwahlulela. Ihlazo laholela ekuguquleni okukhulu, kuhlanganise ne-Ethics in Government Act, ukusungulwa kwezeluleko ezizimele, nezimiso zezezimali ezikhuliswe ngomkhankaso wezezimali. Lesi senzakalo samisa futhi isenzakalo sokuthi amakhosi angabekwa icala lokuxhashazwa kwegunya, ngisho nalapho lokho kuxhaphaza kungasho ubugebengu.

Ukuhluleka Kwezinhloso Nemingcele Yamandla Obumbano

Ukungagunyazi kukaMongameli Clinton ngo-1998 kwavivinya imingcele yamandla oMkhandlu wokungathobeli. Indlu yasola uClinton ngecala lobuwula nokuvinjelwa kobulungisa okuhlobene nobuhlobo bakhe neNdlu Yendlu Emhlophe. Icala laphakamisa imibuzo eyisisekelo ngokuthi yini ehlanganisa "amacala amakhulu kanye nabadukisi" nokuthi ukungagunyazi kufanele kugcinelwe ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla eziphathimandla kunokungaphathi kahle komuntu siqu.

ISigele sakhulula uClinton ngemva kokuqulwa kwecala kwamasonto amahlanu, kungekho sihloko sokugomela esamukela ivoti enkulu. Umphumela wasikisela ukuthi uMkhandlu wawuzogcina ukunqatshelwa kokuziphatha okusongela ngokuqondile uhlelo lomthetho-sisekelo, ngokuphambene nokushiyeka komuntu siqu. Lesisenzakalo futhi sagcizelela isimo sezombangazwe senqubo yokungagunyazi, namavoti alandela kakhulu imigqa yeqembu.

UMthetho Wokunakekela Ongenakulinganiswa Nemingcele Yamandla Omthetho

Ukudlula koMthetho we-Affordble Care Act ngo-2010 kwabonisa amandla oMkhandlu wokumisa izinguquko ezinkulu zenqubo, ngisho naphezu kokuphikiswa umongameli. UMongameli u-Obama wenza ukunakekelwa kwempilo kwashintsha indawo yokuqala yezobuphathi bakhe, esebenza eduze nomthetho wobuKhomanisi owawuzonweba futhi ulawule izimakethe zomshuwalense. Umthetho wamiswa kuphela ngamavoti eDemocratic ngemva kwempikiswano ephikisanayo eyathatha isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka.

Izenzakalo ezilandelayo zabonisa amasheke angomongameli angawasebenzisa ekwakheni umthetho okhona. UMongameli uTrump, owamelana ne-ACA, wasebenzisa iziyalezo eziphetheyo nezinguquko ezilawulayo ukuze enze buthaka umthetho, kuhlanganise nokunciphisa ukuxhaswa kwezimali zokufinyelela nokungena, ukwandisa amalungiselelo omshuwalense omfushane angahambisani nemithetho ye-ACA, futhi usekela izinselele zenkantolo zomthetho. Le zenzo zabonisa ukuthi nakuba uMkhandlu ungamisa imithetho, uMongameli unamandla aphawulekayo okuhlela indlela esetshenziswa ngayo.

Amandla Empi Nempi

I-War Powers Resolution ka-1973, edluliselwe kuMongameli Nixon's, imelela enye yemizamo ebaluleke kakhulu yoMkhandlu yokuhlola igunya lomongameli kwezezinye izindlela. Umthetho ufuna ukuba uMongameli athintane neSishaya-mthetho ngaphambi kokuphoqa amabutho ahlomile ukuba alwe futhi akhiphe amabutho phakathi nezinsuku ezingu - 60 nezingu-90 ngaphandle kokuba uMkhandlu ugunyaze lesi senzo. Isinqumo sasiyimpendulo eqondile eMpini yaseVietnam, abaningi eSishaya i-Congresssureant ababekholelwa ukuthi yayiphethwe ngaphandle kwemvume engokomthetho engokomthetho.

I-War Powers Resolution iye yaphikiswa kusukela ekumisweni kwayo. Abameli baye baphikisa ngokuthi iphazamisa igunya labo lomthetho-sisekelo njengenkosi enkulu futhi ngokuvamile iye yahluleka ukuvumelana nezimfuneko zayo zokuhlola. ISishaya-mthetho asivamile ukuphoqelela isinqumo, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokuthi amalungu awafuni ukuthatha icala ngezinqumo zempi phakathi kwezimpi. Ukungezwani phakathi kwamandla omongameli negunya lombuso kuhlala kungaphenduli, futhi impi ngayinye elandelanayo iphakamisa imibuzo emisha ngokulinganisela okufanele.

Ukulinganisela Okuqhubekayo Kwamandla Esikhathini Sanamuhla

Amasheke nezilinganiso phakathi kukaMongameli noKhongolose ziye zavela ngokuphawulekayo phakathi nekhulu leminyaka elidlule, zishukunyiswa izinguquko kwezobuchwepheshe, kwezombangazwe, nohulumeni.

Ukuphakama KoMbuso Ophethe

Ukwanda kukahulumeni kahulumeni phakathi nenkathi yeNew Deal neGreat Society kwashintsha amandla abalulekile kusuka eKhongolose kuya egatsheni eliphethe. UKhomishane wasungula izinhlangano eziningi futhi wanika igunya elibanzi kuzo, ulindele ukuthi abaphathi abangochwepheshe babezosebenzisa iziqondiso eziyinkimbinkimbi ngokuphumelelayo kunabamisimthetho.

UKhomishane uzame ukuthatha elinye laleligunya ngezindlela ezifana ne-Congregational Review Act, evumela ukuba iSishaya-mthetho sigumbuqele imithetho yezinhlangano ngesinqumo esihlangene. Nokho, i-CRA iye yasetshenziswa kancane, futhi ukuthambekela konke kuye kwaba segunyeni eliphethe kakhulu kuhulumeni.

Ukuhlanekezelwa Kweqembu Nokungqubuzana Kwezinhlangano

Ukwanda kokuhlukana kweqembu kuye kwaqinisa izingxabano phakathi kukaMongameli noMkhandlu. Uma umongameli noMkhandlu belawulwa amaqembu ahlukene, izingxabano zingaba izimpi ezihlukanisayo, futhi uhlangothi ngalunye lusebenzisa amandla alo omthetho-sisekelo ukuvimbela uhlelo lomunye. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ekuthatheni izikhawu eziningi, izinhlolo zezingane, ukuphenya okwengeziwe, neminye imizamo eminingi yokuvimbela inqubo evamile yemithetho ngemithetho ngemithetho yezikhulu nezinye izenzo ezingahambi phambili.

Ezinye izazi ziphikisa ngokuthi ukuhlukana kuye kwenza isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela saphazamisa, kuvimbela uhulumeni ekusingatheni izinkinga ezicindezelayo ezinjengezikweletu zesizwe, ukufuduka, nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.

Ubuchwepheshe Nokushintsha Kwendlela Yokuqondisa

Ubuchwepheshe buye bashintsha indlela uMongameli noMkhandlu osebenzelana ngayo. imithombo yezomphakathi ivumela omongameli ukuba baxhumane ngokuqondile nomphakathi, badlulise imithombo yezindaba engokwesiko, futhi ngokwezinga elithile, iSishaya - mthetho. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amathuluzi emishini ayenze ukuba ukuqondisa ukuhlangana kwezinhlangano kube ngcono kakhulu, amakomiti akwazi ukufinyelela izingxenyana eziningi zemininingwane nezokuxhumana phakathi nophenyo.

Inkathi ye-minucture iphakamise imibuzo emisha mayelana nelungelo lokuthola izikhulu kanye nokuthola ulwazi. I-White House iye yamelana nezicelo ze-concomponion zoxhumana ngaphakathi, iphikisa ngokuthi zivikelwe ilungelo lezikhulu kanye nenqubo elulazayo. ISivumelwano siye sasabela kuma-toppona, futhi kwezinye izimo, imisho edelelayo, eholela ezimpini ezingokomthetho ezingaxazululwanga ngokucacile ngaso sonke isikhathi.

Isiphetho: Ukuqhathaniswa Okuhlala Njalo Kwamasheke Nokulinganisela

Amasheke nezilinganiso phakathi kukaMongameli noKhongolose zisebalulekile ekusebenzeni kwesimiso sentando yeningi saseMelika. Lesimiso, esiklanywe oFata Abasunguliweyo ukuze bavimbele ukugxiliswa kwamandla, siye sabonakala siqinile kakhulu emakhulwini amabili eminyaka ezimo ezishintshayo. Siye sasinda ezimpini, ezinkingeni zezomnotho, emahlazweni ezombangazwe, kanye nezinguquko eziyisisekelo enkambisweni kahulumeni.

Ukuqonda lezi zinto ezinamandla akuyona nje indlela yokufunda.

Njengoba i-United States ibhekene nezinselele ezintsha kusukela ekushintsheni kwezobuchwepheshe kuya ekuncintisaneni kwezesayensi yezwe, ukuhlola nokulinganisela phakathi kukaMongameli noKhongoloshelwa kuyoqhubeka kusuka kwenye indawo. Ubuchwepheshe obusha, usongo olusha, nokuhlelwa okusha kwezombangazwe kuzokuvivinya ukwakheka komthetho-sisekelo ngezindlela abaqali ababengeke bazilindele. Kodwa isimiso esiyisisekelo sifana: akukho gatsha elilodwa likahulumeni okufanele libambe amandla anganqandeki. Ukusebenzelana okuqhubekayo phakathi kukaMongameli noMkhandlu, kanye nazo zonke izingxabano, akusona uphawu lokuhluleka nokwehluleka kodwa kuyisiqinisekiso somklamo womthetho-mthetho-sisekelo waseMelika ohlala njalo.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, hlola umbhalo ogcwele woMthetho-sisekelo eNational Archives, bukeza Iphepha lomphakathi eKhongomeni.gov, bese uhlola [[FLT:] ukucaciswa kwendlu emhlophe [indlu yegatsha eliphethe [].