Ukuqonda Ukungathathi Ngamacala Ezomthetho

Ukwakhiwa komthetho kwakha umgogodla wokubusa kwanamuhla, futhi izakhiwo ezimbalwa ziklama umthetho kakhulu kune-badaralism. Lesi simiso, lapho isishayamthetho sihlukaniswa khona sibe amagumbi amabili, siklanyelwe ukulinganisela ukusebenza, ukuhlola umthetho, nokuqinisekisa ukuthi amazwi amaningi azwakalayo ngaphambi kokuba umthetho udlule ngokushesha. Abafundi besayensi yezombangazwe, izakhamuzi, nomlando, baqonde inqubo yenqubo ye-bitabaral enqubweni yemithetho ehlukene, banikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile kokusebenza kwe-democraticism, indlela amandla adluliselwa ngayo, nendlela eminye imithetho edluliselwa ngayo lapho abanye behamba ngokushesha. Lokhu kuhlola imvelaphi, izakhiwo, nezinqubo zokuthatha isinyathelo, ihlola izinzuzo nezinselele zabo, futhi kunikeza izibonelo zangempela zokuphila.

Iyini Imfundiso Yokuzitika Ngezitho Zomzimba?

I-Bidaralism ibhekisela endikimbeni yemithetho enezingosi ezimbili ezihlukene. Igama elithathwa kwisiLatini bi (imbili) kanye imatra[. Injongo eyisisekelo yale nqubo ehlukene ukunikeza izinhlolo nezilinganiso ngaphakathi ngaphakathi, ivimbela umzimba owodwa ukuba usebenze ngokuxhamazela kakhulu noma ngaphandle kokuhlela ngokwaneleyo. Ngokufuna ukuba umthetho ohlongozayo udlule kuwo womabili amagumbi, ngokuvamile ngaphansi kwemithetho ehlukene noma umele imithetho, amandla ahlehla futhi anwe futhi anwe esisekelweni semvume.

Umsuka Ongokomlando Wemfundiso Yokuzitika Ngezitho Zomuntu Ongenamthetho

Umqondo wendlu yomthetho yomthetho eneziphakamiso ezimbili unezimo zakudala, kodwa isimo sayo sanamuhla sibhekiselwe kakhulu emuva ePhalamende laseBrithani. IPhalamende laseNgilandi lashintsha ngekhulu le-13 nele-14 laba indikimba ye-bidameral: iNdlu yamaCommony (ekhethwe yizicuphi) neNdlu yamaWord (ehlangene nezikhulu zabefundisi). Le sibonelo sathathwa futhi savunyelwa futhi savunyelwa amanye amazwe amaningi. I-United States, ngokwesibonelo, yamisa i-biabeaural Congress ngo-1789 njenge "grand" phakathi kwamazwe amakhulu namancane, neNdlunds esekelwe kubantu abameleli abanikeza umbuso ngamunye isigaba esifanayo. Ukuhlehlela okufanayo kwalozwe lombuso wase-Australia, e-Australia, e-Jalimane, nase-Indiya.

Kungani Kunezigungu Ezimbili?

Kunezizathu eziningana eziyinhloko zokusebenzisa i - bibaarlism:

  • Ukudluliswa kwezithakazelo ezihlukene. Elinye igumbi livame ukumelela inani labantu (indlu ephansi"), kuyilapho elinye limelela izifunda, izigaba, noma amakilasi ("indlu engaphezulu"). Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi kucatshangelwa kokubili ukuthi iningi liyobhekana nemibono embalwa noma yesifunda.
  • [ Ukuhlola nokuhlola. ngamakamu amabili, umthetho ubuye ubukeze kabili, unciphise ingozi yemithetho engahleliwe kahle noma ehlanganisayo ingena mpikiswano efanelekile.
  • Isikhonkwane nama-scence. I-Babameralism isakaza amandla omthetho, ikwenza kube nzima nganoma isiphi isigaba ukuba silawule. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ezimisweni zikahulumeni lapho indlu ephezulu ivikela khona amalungelo ezifundazwe.
  • Ukuvikelwa ebushineni beningi. Ngokufuna ukuvunyelwa ngokwazo kuzo zombili izingosi, isimiso singaqapha ezilinganisweni ezisheshayo zokuthatha izintambo ezingase ziphuthe amalungelo amancane.

Izibonelo Zemithetho Eqinile Emhlabeni Wonke

Nakuba i - bibamaral ivamile, isimo sayo esiqondile siyahlukahluka kakhulu ngokwezwe. Nazi izibonelo eziphawulekayo ezibonisa uchungechunge lwezinto ezingase zenzeke:

Ingqungquthela Yase - United States

ISishaya-Mkhandlu sase-U.S. singenye yezindikimba ezidume kakhulu ze-badamaral. Indlu yabameli inamalungu angu-435 okuvota, ngalinye likhethwa ngegama leminyaka emibili elivela ezifundeni ezabelwe abantu. ISigele sinamalungu ayikhulu (kumbuso ngamunye) akhethelwe iminyaka eyisithupha, nengxenye eyodwa kwezintathu zokhetho njalo eminyakeni emibili. ISigele sinamandla ayingqayizivele, kuhlanganise nokugunyaza isivumelwano nokumiswa kweminyango yomongameli, kuyilapho izimali zemali kumelwe zivele eNdlungwini.

IPhalamende LoMbuso Ehlangene

IPhalamende le-UK lakhiwa iNdlu yamaCommons (amalungu angu - 650 akhethiwe) neNdlu yamalungu eLords (amalungu acishe abe ngu-80, ikakhulukazi ontanga abamiswe kakhulu, ontanga abathile abafuyiwe, nababhishobhi). AmaCommo ayigumbi eliyinhloko, negunya lokuvumela umthetho nohulumeni. AmaNkosi asebenza njengegumbi lokulungisa, acubungula izikwele nokusikisela ukuhlenga, kodwa amandla awo alinganiselwe yiPhalamende lezEnzo, elivumela amaCommony ukuba alawule umthetho wayo ngemva kokulibala.

I-Boundestag ne-Boundesrat yaseJalimane

Isimiso se-bidamaral saseJalimane siklanywe sizungeze isakhiwo saso sikahulumeni. IBundestag (indlu ephansi) ikhethwa ngokuqondile umphakathi futhi iyindikimba eyinhloko yemithetho. IBundesrat (indlu ephezulu) imelela amazwe angu-16 asemthethweni ( Länder) futhi amalungu ayo ayizithunywa ezimiswe uhulumeni. I-Bundesrat kumelwe ivumele umthetho othinta imibuso noma izimali, inikeza izifunda eziqondile ekwenzeni umthetho wezwe.

IPhalamende laseNdiya

IPhalamende laseNdiya lineLok Sabhaha (Indlu Yabantu) neRaja Sabhaha (Indawo yamazwe ase-Australia). ILok Sabhaha ikhethwa ngokuqondile ngemibandela yeminyaka emihlanu evela elungu elilodwa, kanti amalungu eRajiya Sabha ukhethwa ngezishaya-mthetho zeminyaka eyisithupha. ILokha Shabha unegunya elikhulu, njengoba ilawula uhulumeni nohlelo lwemali, kodwa iRajiya Sabba ingabambezela izikwelezeli zemali engakhokhi imali futhi inikeze izimemezelo zezizwe.

Ezinye Izibonelo Eziphawulekayo

  • : iPhalamende inendlu ekhethiwe yamaKhoma neSigele esimisiwe (izikhulu ezikhethwe ngumphathi-khulu ngeseluleko somphathi omkhulu), nezikhulu eziphethe umthetho.
  • Australia: IPhalamende leFederal lihlanganisa iNdlu yabameleli (ekhethwe) neSigele (esikhethwe ngokulinganiswa, isifundazwe ngasinye esinemimelelo elinganayo). ISigele singavala noma silungise zonke izikweletu, sinike amandla amakhulu.
  • [ Fransa: ISihlangano sesizwe (sikhethwe ngokuqondile) neSigele (sikhethwe ngokuqondile yizikhulu zendawo) bobabili bahlanganyela ekubekeni umthetho, nakuba uMhlangano unegama lokugcina uma kuphikisana.
  • waseJapane: Ukudla kwesizwe kuhlanganisa iNdlu yabameleli nendlu yoMkhandlu, nendlu yabameleli ephethe amagunya aphakeme, kuhlanganise nenye indawo ekuhleleni imali nezindaba zesivumelwano.

Izakhiwo Zemithetho Eqinile

Ukuqonda indlela igumbi ngalinye elakhiwe ngayo nendima yalo ehlukile kubalulekile ukuze kulandelwe inqubo yokushaya umthetho.

Indlu Ephansi (Indlu Yabameleli, Indlu YamaCommons, IBundestag, ILok Sabhaha)

Indlu ephansi ivame ukuba nkulu futhi imelele ngokuqondile abavoti. Amalungu ayo avame ukukhethwa ukuze athole amagama amafushane, awenze asabelele ngokwengeziwe embonweni womphakathi. Izici eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

  • Ukukhetha ngevoti ethandwayo. Amalungu amaningi angaphansi endlu akhethwa ezifundeni ezinelungu elilodwa noma ngezimiso zokumelela ezilinganayo.
  • Indima eyisisekelo ekuqaleni izikweletu zemali. Ngoba intela nokusebenzisa imali kuthinta umphakathi ngokuqondile, imithetho eminingi ifuna umthetho onjalo ukuba uqale endlini ephansi.
  • Ukukholisa nokunikeza. Ezimisweni zephalamende (njenge-UK, Canada, eNdiya), indlu ephansi inquma ukusinda kukahulumeni. Ikhabethe kumelwe liqondise iningi elisendluni ephansi ukuba libuse.
  • Amagama athathayo. amagama angokoqobo asukela eminyakeni emibili kuya kwemihlanu, aqinisekisa ukuthi i-votoroling izakulandisa.

Indlu Engenhla (ISanate, Indlu YamaLord, IBundesrat, IRaje Sabha)

Indlu engaphezulu ngokuvamile mincane futhi iklanyelwe ukunikeza ukuzinza, ukubukiswa kwesifunda, noma ukuhlolwa kochwepheshe. Amalungu ayo angase akhethwe ngokungaqondile, amiswe, noma azuze njengefa izikhundla zawo. Izici ezivamile zihlanganisa:

  • Amagama athatha isikhathi eside noma okhetho olushaqisayo. Abakhomisi noma amakhosi bavame ukusebenzisa amagama amade (iminyaka eyisithupha kuya kweyisishiyagalolunye) noma baye banyakazisa izinguquko ezivimbela igumbi ekushintsheni kwezombangazwe okufushane.
  • Isifundazwe noma isifundazwe. Ezimisweni zikahulumeni, isifunda ngasinye sithola ukumelelwa okulinganayo noma okucishe kulingane kungakhathaliseki inani labantu (isiKhathi sase-U.S.).
  • Imibono kanye nokubambezela amandla. Izindlu eziphezulu zivame ukubukeza nokulungisa izikweleti ezidluliswa yindlu ephansi, kodwa zingantula amandla okuqala izikweletu zemali. Ikhono lazo lokuvimbela umthetho lihluka kakhulu.
  • Imisebenzi ekhethekile. Ezinye izindlu eziphezulu zinendima ezikhethekile, njengezivumelwano zokuvuma, ukuqinisekisa ukumiswa kwezikhulu, noma ukuhlanganyela ekuhlolweni kokungagunyazi.

Inqubo Yokushaya Indiva Enqubweni Ye - badamal: Hamba Ngenkani

Nakuba izwe ngalinye linemithetho yalo eningiliziwe, indlela evamile ilandela isishaya-mthetho se-bamayal ayiguquguquki ngokuphawulekayo. Lenqubo ivumela amathuba amaningi empikiswano, ukulungisa, nokucabangela, isiza ekukhiqizeni imithetho ehlelwe ngokucophelela. Ngezansi kulandelana okuvamile, kusetshenziswa iSishaya-Mkhandlu sase-U.S. njengesibonelo esiyinhloko kodwa siphawula ukuhlukahlukahluka.

Isinyathelo Sokuqala: Isingeniso Sebhola

Noma iliphi ilungu laleligumbi lingangenisa isikweleti semali, nakuba intela yentela noma yentela ngokuvamile kufanele ivele endlini ephansi. Imali yabelwe inani futhi inikezwe isihloko, bese ibhekiswa ekomitini efanelekile. Esimisweni sephalamende, umthetho omningi usungulwa uhulumeni (ikhabethe), futhi izikweletu zamalungu azimele azivamile.

Isinyathelo Sesibili: Ukubukeza KweKomiti

AmaKomiti angamahhashi asebenzayo enqubo yokushaya umthetho. Ikomiti ngayinye isebenza ngokusemthethweni enkabeni (umz., ezolimo, ijaji, impilo). Ikomiti ihlola isimemezelo, ukuqulwa kwecala nochwepheshe nabagcini-mthetho, futhi ingafaka "ophawu" (osokugcina) umbhalo. E-U.S., izikweletu eziningi zifa ekomitini. Amakomiti amakhulu ahlanganisa:

  • Amakomiti amisayo:[ amabhodi ahlala njalo aphatha izihloko ezithile.
  • Khetha amakomiti:[ amakomiti esikhashana akhiwe ngenjongo ethile, efana nokuhlola indaba.
  • amakomiti ahlotshisiwe:[ Akhiwe amalungu avela kuwo womabili amagumbi, ngokuvamile ukuze aqondise noma acwaninge (umk., iKomiti ehlangeneyo yentela).

Ngemva kokuthatha isinyathelo sekomiti, izindleko zibikwe emuva egumbini eligcwele ngokutusa (imvume, i-ante, noma ukwenqatshwa). Umbiko wekomiti uchaza injongo yemali nanoma iziphi izinguquko ezenziwe.

Isinyathelo 3: Impikiswano Nezinqumo Ezivamile

Lapho ikhankanyiwe, isigwebo sibekwa ekhalendeni legumbi. Umholi (umz., uMholi Wolimi noma uMholi) usihlela ukuba sihlolwe phansi. Imithetho yokuphikisana iyahluka phakathi kwamagumbi. Endlu yabameleli yase-U.S. impikiswano ivame ukulawulwa kakhulu yiKomiti yemithetho, ebeka imingcele yesikhathi nezinhlobo zokulungisa imvume. ESigqeni, impikiswano ivulekile kakhulu; abaqondisi bangakhuluma isikhathi eside njengoba befisa, futhi i-Refalbuster (impikiswano elindelekile) ingabambezela ukuvota ngaphandle kokuba amajaji (umpempe ka-60 ovotis) iyacelwa. E-UK House of Com, i-Speader, i-Speader, futhi idingidaywa ngenkulumo ehleliwe.

Isinyathelo 4: Ukukhuluma Ngezwi

Ngemva kwengxoxo, amavoti angaphakathi emalini, ngokuvamile adinga ukuba iningi elivamile (inani elidibene nelinye) ukuze lidlule. Ezinye izinyathelo, njengokulungisa komthetho-sisekelo noma ukuphatha i-veto, zingadinga isithathu noma isithathu sesithathu se-ftif. Endlini yase-U.S., ukuvota ngokuvamile kuqhutshwa ngemishini; eSigeqeni, kungaba yizwi noma ucingo olubanzi. Uma umthetho uhluleka, ungafa ngenxa yaleso simiso. Uma udlula, u-"engross" (unyatheliswe njengenguquko yokugcina) futhi uthunyelwa kwenye igumbi.

Isinyathelo 5: Ukucabangela Komkhandlu Wesibili

Enye iphinda yonke lenqubo: ibhekisa ikomiti, ukuzwa, ukufukula, impikiswano yaphansi, ukulungisa, nokuvota. Legumbi lingase lidlule imali njengoba itholakele, liyidlulise ngokulungisa, noma lilahle. Ezimisweni zephalamende, indlu ephezulu ngokuvamile inesikhathi esilinganiselwe sokuthatha noma amandla anciphileyo e-veto. Ngokwesibonelo, i-UK House of Lords ayinakuvimbela umthetho unomphela; ingalibala nje unyaka owodwa ngaphansi kwePhalamende leMisebenzi. Ngokuphambene, iSishaya - mthetho i-U.

Isinyathelo 6: Ukuxazulula Ukungezwani: AmaKomiti Engqungquthela

Uma amagumbi amabili edlula izinguqulo ezihlukene zesivumelwano esifanayo, ikomiti yengqungquthela imiswa ukuze ilungise ukungezwani. Le komiti inamalungu amancane (amalungu) asemagumbini ngalinye, ngokuvamile akhethwa umholi. Axoxa ngenguquko eyekelelwe, eyaziwa ngokuthi "umbiko wesivumelwano" zombili zamakamu" kumele zivote embikweni ofanayo wengqungquthela, futhi kuthunyelwe izinguquko ezikhona phakathi kwezindawo zokuhlala. Uma igumbi lizilahla, isikhwama singabuyela emuva engqungqutheleni noma sife. Emazweni amaningi (kuhlanganise i-UK ne-Jalimane), inqubo "impephonsi" isetshenziswa esikhundleni salokho, lapho umbiko uthunyelwa khona futhi uthunyelwe khona phakathi kwesivumelwano kuze kufikelwe, ngaphandle kwengqungqungquthelane.

Isinyathelo 7: Ukugunyazwa

Uma umbhalo ofanayo usudlulile womabili amagumbi, isikweleti sibekwa kumphathi (umongameli, i-monarch, noma umbusi-general). Izinketho zomphathi ziyahluka ngokwezwe:

  • [[Umthetho:0] Sisayine emthethweni. Imali iba yisenzo sephalamende.
  • Iwuvota. E-U.S., umongameli angawubuyisela kumthetho, owubuyisela eKhongoloni. Ingxenye ephindwe kathathu emagumbini amabili ingawudlula u-veto. Kwamanye amazwe (umz., eNdiya), umongameli angabuyisela incwadi yokuhlola, kodwa ingxenye elandelayo idinga ukuvunyelwa.
  • Ivumele ukuba ibe umthetho ngaphandle kwesignesha. Kwezinye izimiso (umz., U.S.), uma umongameli engathathi nyathelo izinsuku eziyishumi lapho uMkhandlu usesakheni, umthetho uba umthetho ngokuzenzekelayo.
  • Pocket vento. Uma iziKhongolo zikhona phakathi nenkathi yezinsuku eziyishumi, ukungasabeli kukamongameli kubulala lomthetho.

Ngemva kokuvunyelwa isikhulu (noma ukudukiswa), umthetho uyamiswa futhi unyatheliswe, usebenze ngosuku oluchazwe emalungiselelweni awo.

Ukubaluleka Kokubusa Ngokubusa Ngentando Yeningi

I-bidameralism ayiyona nje i-archy engokwemvelo; inemiphumela emikhulu emfaneloni nasekugunyazisweni kwemithetho. Abavikeli besimiso bakhomba izinzuzo eziningana:

Ukuzimisela Nokuhlola Okuthuthukisiwe

Ngenxa yokuthi izimali kumelwe zisebenzise amakomiti amabili ahlukene, izimpikiswano, namavoti, zihlolwa kakhulu kunasesishayamthetho esingenamdlandla. Lokhu kunciphisa amaphutha, kuthole imiphumela engahlosiwe, futhi kuphoqelele abamisi-mthetho ukuba bacwengisise iziphakamiso zabo.

Ukumelelwa Kwezithakazelo Ezihlukahlukene

Izindlu eziphansi zivame ukuveza intando ethandwayo, kuyilapho izindlu eziphakeme zivame ukunikeza iphimbo ezindaweni, ezindaweni, noma emaqenjini amancane.

Ukuqina Nokuvikelwa Kwamalungelo Amancane

Ngokufuna izimpicabadala ezinkulu ngezenzo ezithile (isib., ukuhlanganisa isivumelwano, ukuguqula umthetho-sisekelo) noma ngokunika indlu engaphezulu amandla athatha isikhathi, izimiso ze-bidameral zenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuba izikhulu zesikhashana zimise izinguquko ezithathela phambili eziphula amalungelo amancane. Lokhu kuqina kubaluleke kakhulu emiphakathini ehlukahlukene.

Isikhuthazo Sase - Bipartisan Sokuhlehla

Uma amaqembu ahlukene elawula amagumbi ahlukene, umthetho ungadlula kuphela ngokuxoxisana nokubambisana. Ngisho noma elinye iqembu lilawula zombili izindlu, ukungafani kwangaphakathi phakathi kwamagumbi (isizk., indlu ifuna izinyathelo ezengeziwe zokuziqhayisa kuyilapho iSigele singenawo amandla) ngokuvamile iphoqelela ukuhlehla. Lokhu kungaholela ezimisweni ezilinganisela kakhudlwana.

Izinselele Nokugxeka Kokungathathi Hlangothi

Naphezu kwamandla ayo, i - bidraryism inamaphutha.

Inkiya Yemithetho Engenawo Amacala

Uma amagumbi amabili elawulwa amaqembu ahlukene noma enemibono ehlukene kakhulu, kungadlula umthetho omncane. Ngokwesibonelo, e-United States, ukuhlangana kwe-filbuster-prone nendlu elawulwa kakhulu kuye kwaholela ekuvalweni njalo kukahulumeni kanye nasezindlekweni eziphambili zezikweletu. Ngisho noma isikhwama sisekelwa umphakathi kakhulu, isidingo sokudlula okufanayo kuwo womabili amakamu siveza amaphuzu amaningi.

Ukumelela Okuphambene

Ezimisweni eziningi, ukumelelwa kwezindlu eziphakeme akulingani ngamabomu ekusekeleni izifunda ezincane noma izifunda. Nakuba lokhu kuvikela lezindawo, kungaholela futhi ezimweni lapho idlanzana lomphakathi wesizwe lingavimbela khona intando yeningi. Ngokwesibonelo, iSigele sase-U.S., simelela cishe amaphesenti angu-20 abantu abahlala ezindaweni ezinama-senethi angu-50, nokho lingase likhiphe umthetho we-vebuster.

Isikhathi Nezindleko

Inqubo ye-bimaral idinga isikhathi esikhudlwana, izisebenzi, nemithombo kunesimiso somnyombo we-uncameral. Amabhuloho kumelwe agcinwe emagumbini amabili, izingqungquthela kumelwe zihlelwe, futhi imizamo yokunxusa ingadinga ukuhlasela abamisi-mthetho abaningi ngokuphindwe kabili. Lokhu kungaba okukhathazayo futhi kungabambezela umthetho ophuthumayo.

Ingozi Yokuhlobisa Izitho Zomzimba Kwezigungu Ezikodwa

Akuzona zonke izimiso ze-bidamaral ezilinganayo. Ezimisweni eziningi zephalamende (umz., i-UK, Canada), indlu ephansi ibambe cishe wonke amandla, futhi indlu ephezulu ingalibala, ingavimbeki, ingavimbeki, ikhiphe umthetho. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi lokhu kwenza isimiso sibe nama-i - nadamal, kunciphise iziphetho ezihlolwe kanye nokulinganisela. Ngokungafani, uma indlu ephezulu inamandla kakhulu (njengoba abanye baphikisa iSigebethi sase-U.S.), kungase kuvimbele izinguquko ezidingekile.

Ukuqhathanisa Isimiso Se - bimeral Nesokushisa

Ukuqonda i-bidaralism kudinga futhi ukuvuma okungasetshenziswa: i-undallerism, lapho ikamelo elilodwa liphethe khona wonke amandla omthetho. Izimiso zobu - Unicamera zivamile emazweni amancane noma afanayo (umz., iDenmark, i-New Zealand, iSweden) nakumazwe amaningi ase-U. (Nebraska isifundazwe esinendlu yomthetho ehlangeneyo). Abaxhasi be-Unigaralist baphikisa ukuthi iphumelela kakhulu, icace kakhulu, futhi inecala ngenxa yokuthi i-veto change ngokomthetho. Kukhona amaphuzu ambalwa kakhulu, ngakho, imithetho ingadluliselwa ngokushesha kakhulu. Nokho, abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ngaphandle kwegumbi lesibili, umthetho ungadukiswa, ungaphuzwa kabi, noma uphathwe ngeqiniso elilodwa. Ukuvikela kwe-biral kuveza ukuvumelana kwento ehambisana nokushelwayo.

Isiphetho: Isizathu Sokuba Ukuqonda Inqubo Yokushaya Icala Kubaluleke

Inqubo yomthetho yenqubo ye-bidamaral iklanyelwe ukuba ibe yeyobucukubhede, inikeze amathuba amaningi okufaka, ukubukeza, nokubukeza. Kunokuyisithiyo nje esiqinile, lesi sakhiwo siveza ukukhetha ngamabomu kokwazisa ukumelelwa, ukucabangisisa, nokuyekethisa ngesivinini, nokululaza. Kubafundi nabafundisi, ukuqonda ukuthi izikweletu ziba umthetho kanjani, ukuphikisana komkhandlu, amakomiti engqungqungquthela, nokuthatha isinyathelo sokuphatha, ukuhlanganisa ifasitela nokulawula izakhiwo zentando yeningi. Kukhanyisa indlela amandla asetshenziswa ngayo, indlela izingxabano ezixazululwa ngayo, nendlela izinhlangano ezishintsha ngayo imithetho engokomthetho. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kugcinwa ngayo inqubo ye-US. U. Urcesterings, ukuhlolwa i-palmel, noma ukuhlola inqubo ye-buni yombuso yesizwe, ukuqaphela indima yokulawula ezinye izakhamuzi zezehlaka, ukuqondwa kwemithetho, inzuzo, futhi inzuzo yemithetho ephuma njalo.

Ukuze baqhubeke behlola, abafundi bangahlola imithombo engokomthetho enjengaye .Gov ku-U.unignoration, UK] iziqondiso zePhalamende ukuze kwenziwe umthetho[, kanye [[FLT:] ne-Granland] Boundtag's project yenqubo yomthetho [. Umbono ophakathi, inikeza inseleleko yolwazi lwe-bitrygial [[FLT] [FLT] nolwazi olusembulukileyo], ngesikhathi [FLT] inikeza ukuculaza okungoko nohlelo olungokolwazi olungokolwazi lwe-'i-'Active'.[FLT]