Igatsha eliphethe likahulumeni wase-United States aliyona nje into eqhele kakhulu eWashington, D.C. izenzo zalo ziguqula izinga lomoya esiwuphefumulayo, ukuphepha kokudla esikudlayo, isivinini sokuxhumana kwethu nesivinini somphakathi wethu we-inthanethi, kanye nokulondeka kwezindawo zethu eziseduze. Kusukela esikhathini uvuka ufike esibikezelweni sezulu esinikezwa yinxusa likahulumeni kuze kube sesikhathini osivala ngaso umnyango wakho ongaphambili ebusuku, igatsha eliphethe liyasebenza. Lesi sihloko sihlola isakhiwo, ukusebenza, kanye nethonya elibonakalayo legatsha eliphetheyo ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, sinikeza ukuqonda okubanzi kwendlela lengalo kahulumeni ethinta ngayo cishe zonke izici zokuphila kwanamuhla kwaseMelika.

Ukuqonda Igatsha Eliphethe: Ukwakhiwa Nenjongo

Igatsha eliphethe lingelinye lamagatsha amathathu alinganayo kahulumeni wase-U.S., amiswe yiSiphakamiso II soMthetho-sisekelo. Umthwalo walo oyinhloko ukuphoqelela nokusebenzisa imithetho edluliswa yi-Congress. Igatsha liqondiswa uMongameli, okhonza njengenhloko yombuso nenhloko kahulumeni. Kodwa uMongameli uyingxenye ebonakala kakhulu yenhlangano egcwele ehlanganisa uMongameli ongumsekeli, i-Khabhithinathi, izinhlangano eziningi zikahulumeni, nezinkulungwane zeminyango nezikhulu zikahulumeni.

UMongameli Nomongameli Oyisekela

UMongameli ukhethwa njalo ngemva kweminyaka emine futhi ulinganiselwe emibalweni emibili. UMongameli ongumongameli, okhethwe ethikithini elifanayo, uthatha umongameli uma uMongameli engakwazi ukukhonza. Ngalé kokulandelana, uMongameli usebenza futhi njengoMongameli weSigele futhi ngokuvamile uthatha imithetho eqondile. Amandla kaMongameli ahlanganisa ukukhipha iziyalezo zezikhulu, ukukhipha umthetho, ukuyala amabutho ahlomile, nokuqhuba inkambiso yakwamanye amazwe. La mandla athinta ngokuqondile izakhamuzi ngemithetho elawula inhlekelele yezentengiselwano, ngezivumelwano zezizwe zezentengiselwano.

IKhabhinethi Nezinkonzo Zomphakathi

IKhabhinethi inezinhloko zeminyango engu-15 ephethe, njengoMnyango Wezemfundo, uMnyango Wezempilo Nezenhlalakahle, noMnyango Wezokuthutha. Isesha ngalinye lengamela izindawo ezithile zezimiso futhi liqondisa izinhlelo ezithinta ukuphila kwansuku zonke. Ngokwesibonelo, uMnyango Wezezolimo uhlola inyama nenyama yenyama nenyama yenkukhu, uMnyango Wemfundo uphatha uhulumeni wokufundisa abafundi, kanye noMnyango Wezezokuphepha Kwekhaya uqondisa ukulondeka kwezindiza nenhlekelele. Ngaphansi kwesilinganiso sekhabethe, amakhulu ezinhlangano, amabhodi, kanye nemishini e-"nethiat (EPA), i-Fod and Diod Administrations Commissiontions (FCC) ne-Foderal Commossionsionations (FC) isebenza ngokunakekela izindleko ezikhethekile.

Izimiso Nemithetho Elawulayo

Enye yezindlela eziqondile igatsha eliphethe elithinta ngazo izakhamuzi yiziqondiso eziphetheyo nezimiso zezinhlangano. Iziqondiso eziphetheyo ziyiziqondiso ezikhishwa nguMongameli onamandla omthetho, ozohlolwa ngokwahlulela. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imithetho inemininingwane eminingi eyenziwa yizinhlangano zokusebenzisa imithetho. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Occupational Safety and Health Administration ikhipha imithetho efuna abaqashi ukuba banikeze izimo eziphephile zokusebenza, kuyilapho i-EPA ibeka imingcele ethinta amanzi aphuzwayo. Lemithetho ikhishwa ku-Federal Register futhi inethonya elibophayo emabhizinisini nakubantu ngabanye.

Umtapo womtholalwazi wegatsha eliphethe

Igatsha eliphethe lenza imisebenzi eminingi esekela ukubusa kwesizwe futhi ifeze ngokuqondile umphakathi. Ngezansi kunemithwalo yemfanelo eyisisekelo, ngayinye enemiphumela yangempela.

Ukuphoqelelwa Kwemithetho

Igatsha eliphethe liqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho kahulumeni ifezeka ngokukholeka. Lokhu kuhilela yonke into kusukela kubamangaleli bentela ngoMnyango Wobulungisa kuya ekuthatheni izimpahla zobuqaba nge-Cmmosfect ne-Bord Teadern Provice. Izinhlangano zomthetho zokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwemithetho njenge-FBI, i-Drug Inforcement Administration (DEA), kanye ne-Bureau of Alcohol, i-Filersoval, ne-Exlosives (ATFF) zisebenza ekusekeleni imithetho kahulumeni. Igatsha eliphethe i-mthetho yezekhosethi eliphethe iziboshwa eziboshwe ngesilinganiso esikhulu, njenge-Sécuritiesme and Exchange Commis (EC) liqinisekisa imithetho yezimali evikela abanikazi futhi lilondoloze ubuqotho.

Ukuphatha Isimiso Sangaphandle Nokukhohlisa

UMongameli umelela i-United States phesheya, ufaka izivumelwano (ngemvume yeSigele) futhi wenza izivumelwano eziphethe amazwe angaphandle. UMnyango Wezwe ulawula izikhundla zezokubusa futhi ufaka iziphakamiso emhlabeni wonke, ukhipha amaphasishi namamvume okubhalisa futhi usiza amaMelika aphesheya kwezwe. Izinqumo ezingokomthetho zithinta izakhamuzi ngemithetho yokuhweba ngemithetho ethonya lempahla ethunyelwe kwamanye amazwe, izivumelwano zokhuseleko zamazwe ezigcina izwe lilondekile, kanye nosizo lokusiza abantu ababonisa izindinganiso zaseMelika. Ngokwesibonelo, isinqumo sikamongameli sokufaka izimemezelo ezikhundleni zensimbi zinganyusa izindleko zabenzi bezinto zasekhaya nabathengi abathenga izimoto nemishini.

Ukumiswa Kwezikhulu

UMongameli umisa izinkulungwane zabantu ezikhundleni eziyinhloko, kuhlanganise nonobhala bamaKhabhinethi, amajaji, amanxusa, kanye namakhanda ezinhlangano ezizimele. Lokhu kumisa kuhlela isiqondiso sikahulumeni iminyaka eminingi ezayo. Amajaji angokoMalumeni, aqinisekisiwe ngokuphila, achaze imithetho noMthetho-sisekelo, athonya amalungelo omphakathi, imithetho yendawo ezungezile, nemikhuba yezebhizinisi. Izinhloko ze-Agency zihlela izinto eziza kuqala ukuze kuqashelwe ukugcinwa, njengokufuna ukuphishekela izenzo zobushiqela noma ukuthoba indawo ezungezile.

Abaholi Bezempi

NjengoMyaleli-iChief, uMongameli unegunya eliphelele eMnyangweni we-U.S. i-Admy Admy, iButho lamanzi, iButho Lasemoyeni, iButho Lasemoyeni, i-Marine, i-Prine Force, i-Asce Force, ne-Coast. Lendima ihlanganisa ukugunyaza amabutho, ukumisa amabutho, ukwenza izinqumo ngokuzivikela kwesizwe. Imiphumela yezempi yansuku zonke izwakala ngenhlekelele (njengeButho Lempi Lamasosha Anjini phakathi neziphepho), isivikelo semikhumbi, kanye nokuba khona kwezisekeli ezisekela izomnotho zendawo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uMnyango weVeterani (umnyango wezezezezwe) unikeza ukunakekelwa kwempilo nezinzuzo zezigidi zezisebenzi zempi, ezithinta ngokuqondile imikhaya yabo nemiphakathini yabo.

Ukuphathwa Kwemali

Unyaka ngamunye, uMongameli unikeza izicelo zemali ezihlela ukuchitha imali ebaluleke kakhulu kuzo zonke izinhlelo zikahulumeni. Nakuba ekugcineni i-Congress ifaneleka izimali, igatsha eliphethe likhipha imali futhi lilawule izindleko zikahulumeni. Ihhovisi Lokuphathwa Kwemali ne-Hlaybime (OMB) lihlanganisa le nqubo. Izinqumo zokuxhasa imali yezezimali zezengqamuzana, imfundo, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, kanye nokuvikela kwesizwe kushintshela ezimiphumeleni zangempela zemigwaqo, ukutholakala kwenkokheli yokucwaninga, kanye nenani labaqondisi bezindiza. Igatsha eliphethe i-International Revece Service (IRS), liqoqa imali ngenkokhelo ngayinye yezentengo yomuntu siqu.

Indlela Igatsha Eliphethe Elikuthinta Ngayo Ukuphila Kwakho Kwansuku Zonke

Ngezansi kunezindawo ezithile lapho ithonya lazo liphawuleka khona kakhulu.

Imfundo Ihloniphekile Futhi Isiza Abafundi

UMnyango Wemfundo wengamela imali yokufundisa kahulumeni oboleka abafundi futhi unikeza imali esiza izigidi zabantu ukuba zifunde ekolishi. Futhi uphoqelela imithetho yamalungelo omphakathi ezikoleni futhi umisa izindinganiso zokuqoqwa kokwaziswa ekufezekeni komfundi. Igatsha eliphethe lingamisa imithetho emisha yokukhokha imali ebolekwayo yabafundi, uPell Grant eligazekile, nokuqoqwa kwezikweletu zabafundi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iSikolo seSikole saseLunch, siqondiswa uMnyango Wezolimo, sinikeza izingane ukudla ngesihle noma okunciphile kakhulu emikhayeni ephansi engenisa imali (explot) ethinta ngokuqondile ukungondleko kanye nekhono lazokufunda.

Ukutholakala Kwezokwelapha Nempilo Yomphakathi

Izempilo zibunjwe kakhulu izenzo zegatsha eziphethe. I-Derrement of Health and Human Services (HHS) inikeza amaMedicare, Medicaid, ne-Affordal Care Act (ACA) Act. Izimiso zikaMongameli zinganwebeka noma zivimbele, zishintshe ukusetshenziswa kwemilaliso egunyaziwe, futhi zifake ucwaningo lwezokwelapha nge-National Institutes of Health (NIH). Phakathi ne-Ascid ezempilo yomphakathi, njengesifo se-COVIID-19, amagatsha aphethe ahlela ukusakaza imithi yokugoma, ukuhlola, nesiqondiso esizikhungo zezokunqanda izifo (CDC). I-FRAP inquma ukuthi ikuphi ukwelashwa okukhona.

Ukuphepha Komphakathi Nomthetho Ophoqelelwayo

Igatsha eliphethe liphoqelela imithetho kahulumeni ngokumelene nobuphekula, ukushushumbisa izidakamizwa, ubugebengu obuyi-inthanethi, nobugebengu obuhleliwe ngezinhlangano ezinjenge-FBI ne-Derrement of Homeland Security Administration (TSA) abagibeli bezokuvikela ezikhumulweni zezindiza, kuyilapho iFederal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) isabela ezinhlekeleleni zemvelo. I-Bureauni of Prisons iqondisa iziboshwa zikahulumeni, neHofisi ye- Justice Programs inikeza imvume yezwe nemithetho yendawo yezenzwe zezokuvinjelwa kwezempatho nezokuvinjelwa kobugebengu.

Imithetho Yendawo Ezungezile Nomthetho Wesimo Sezulu

Igatsha eliphethe linendima eyinhloko ekuvikeleni indawo ezungezile nasekulungiseni isimo sezulu. I-Evironmental Protection Agency (EPA) imisa izindinganiso zokukhipha igesi ezihambayo zezimoto nezindawo zezimboni, ilawula izinga lamanzi okuphuza, futhi ilawula ukuhlanzwa kwezindawo eziyingozi. Izinqumo zikaMongameli zokuthi angazifaka yini ezivumelwaneni zezwe lonke, njenge-Paris Reavention, ziphawula ukuzimisela kwesizwe ukunciphisa amagesi ashisayo. Lemithetho ithonya umoya ophefumulayo, amanzi owaphuzayo, kanye nezinhlobo eziphila kanye nendawo yakho ezungezile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uMnyango Wezambane uphatha amazwe omphakathi, amapaki ezwe, amapulangwe, ukukhuthaza izindleko zokuzilibazisa nokukhipha amandla.

Izimiso Zezomnotho Nesivikelo Sethengiselwano

Igatsha eliphethe inzuzo enkulu ngokwezomnotho. UMnyango wezimali ulawula izimali zezwe, kuhlanganise nokuqoqwa kwentela, izikweletu, nokugunyazwa kwemithetho yokusebenza kwentela. Nakuba iFederal Reserve izimele, uMongameli umisa i-Bhodi yalo yoMbusi, obeka inzala ethinta izikweletu zezikweletu, amakhadi okuthenga ngesikweletu, nemali eboletwayo. Inkambiso yezentengiselwano, emenziwe yiHhovisi le-United States Trantial Interrection and the Department of Comment, ithonya izindleko ezivela kwamanye amazwe kanye nokuncintisana kwezokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe. Izinhlangano zezentengiselwanor Sumercial Ex Excial Provicetion Burection (FB) ne-Fodolation Commissionerst (FT), imithetho yokukhwaa, ukukhohlisa, ukukhwaba.

Izinto Zokuhamba Nezakhiwo Eziyinkimbinkimbi

Njalo lapho ushayela emgwaqweni omkhulu, undiza ngendiza yezentengiselwano, noma uhamba ngesitimela, uthembele egatsheni eliphethe. I-Derpartment of Transportation (DOT) yengamela i-Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), i-Federal Highway Administration, iFederal Rail Ortrap Administration, neNational Highway Traffray Safety Administration (NHTS). Lezinhlangano zimisa izinga lokuphepha, ukulawula izimoto, ukuqondisa izimoto, ukukhumbula, nokuhlela izimali zenkonzo yokulungiswa kwemigwaqo.

Ukuphepha Kokudla Nezinto Ezidliwayo

IFDA ilawula ukuphepha kwemikhiqizo eminingi yokudla (ngaphandle kwenyama, inyama yenkukhu, kanye namaqanda alungisiwe, awela ngaphansi kwe-USDA). I-Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) ikhumbula amathoyizi ayingozi, amaelectronic, nezinto zasendlini. Umemezelo wezobulimi uqinisekisa ukuthi inyama nenkukhu kuyahlolwa. Lezi zinkampani zithembele egatsheni eliphethe ukuze zixhase imali, zihole, zihole, futhi zibeke izinto eziza kuqala. Uma uthenga iphakethesi noma isihlalo semoto somntwana, uthemba ukuthi igatsha eliphethe imoto lenze umsebenzi walo ukuze likugcine uphephile.

Amalungelo Omphakathi Nobulungisa Bezenhlalo

Igatsha eliphethe limisa imithetho kahulumeni enqabela ukucwaswa okusekelwe ngokohlanga, ubulili, inkolo, ukukhubazeka, nezinye izici. UMnyango Wezikhundla Zokwahlulela Umphakathi uhlola ukuziphatha okubi kwamaphoyisa, ukuvota amalungelo, nokucwaswa kwezindlu. I-Umeal Accomplication Opportounty Commission (EOC) isingatha izikhalo zobandlululo emsebenzini. Iziqondiso eziphethe zingaqhubekela phambili futhi ngesibonelo, zifune ukuba abakhi bombuso bathathe isinyathelo sokwenqaba noma ukunqabela ukucwaswa kwesisekelo socansiswa kwezocansiso obulili nobulili. Lezizenzo zinemiphumela eqondile emfundisweni yezemfundo, emsebenzini, nakuhlala.

Amasheke Nokulinganisela: Kubangela Ukulandisa

Igatsha eliphethe alisebenzi endaweni engenalutho. isimiso sokuhlolwa nokulinganisa soMthetho-sisekelo siqinisekisa ukuthi alikho igatsha elilodwa elinamandla kakhulu.

Ukuqondisa Okungokomthetho Komhlangano

ISishaya-Mkhandlu siphethe amandla esikhwama semali − kumelwe sivumele konke okusetshenziswa nguhulumeni. Indlu neSigele kungaphatha nokuqulwa kwezindaba, izincwadi ezingaphansi kwe-poena, futhi kuhlolwe izenzo zegatsha. ISishaya-mthetho siqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli futhi kumelwe ivume ukuthi i-raify ivunyelwe abantu ababili-sithathu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uMkhandlu ungalawula i-veto ngokuvota okungumongameli kuzo zombili izikhundla. Lamagunya acindezela igatsha eliphethe ukuba lithethelele izimiso zalo nenhloso yomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Congress Congress ingavimbela ukuxhaswa kodonga olusemngceleni noma izikhulu zezinhlangano zezinhlangano ukuba zifakazele ngezinqumo zazo.

Ukubukezwa Kwezinkantolo Ngokwahlulela

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zinegunya lokuhlola izenzo zobukhulu futhi zinqume ukuthi ziyavumelana yini noMthetho-sisekelo nezimiso zikahulumeni. Noma ubani othinteka ngemithetho noma umyalo wezikhulu angawubekela inselele enkantolo. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yalahla izenzo zobuphathi ngezizathu ezinjengokudlula igunya lomthetho-sisekelo noma ukwephula amalungelo abantu ngabanye. Le nhlolo-nqumo yokwahlulela iqinisekisa ukuthi igatsha eliphethe linamathela emthethweni, ivikela izakhamuzi ezinqumweni eziwumthetho noma ezingekho emthethweni.

Ukulandisa Komphakathi Ngezinqumo Nezintambo

Izakhamuzi zithatha ukuhlola okuphelele egatsheni eliphethe ngokhetho. UMongameli ukhethwa njalo ngemva kweminyaka emine, futhi ukwakhiwa kwe-Congress kuyashintsha njalo ngemva kweminyaka emibili. Abashicileli bangavuza noma bajezise iqembu eliphethe ngokusekelwe ekusebenzeni kwegatsha eliphethe. Ngaphandle kwebhokisi le-collet, izakhamuzi zingahlanganyela ngokuthinta abameleli bazo, ngokulalela iziphakamiso zomphakathi, ngokunikeza iziphakamiso ezingokomthetho, nangokusebenzisa amalungelo azo okuzinzisa kuqala ukubhikisha noma ukunxusa kukahulumeni. Ukuhlola nokuhlola i-messagementveism kusebenza futhi njengesekhohlo, ukuda amandla noma ukonakala.

Ukulwela Nokususa

UMthetho-sisekelo uvumela iNdlu yabameleli ukuba isheshise uMongameli, uMongameli ongumsizi, noma ezinye izikhulu zomphakathi ngenxa “yokucabanga, ukufumbathisa, noma ezinye izenzo zobugebengu eziphakeme kanye nokungalungi.” Khona - ke iSigele siqu siqunga icala futhi singaboshwa abantu abaningi, okuphumela ekususweni esikhundleni. Nakuba ukujezisa kuyivelakancane, kuyisithiyo esinamandla ekunqandeni ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla futhi siye sasetshenziswa emlandweni waseMelika, kuhlanganise nomongameli uAndrew Johnson, uBill Clinton, noDonald Trump (twice).

Isiphetho: Igatsha Eliphethe Njengelungu Lansuku Zonke

Igatsha eliphethe akuwona umqondo owenye indawo, ocatshangelwayo. Yiwo amandla aqinisekisa ukuthi amanzi akho ampompi aphephile, umsebenzi wakho uvikelwe ngezindinganiso zempilo nokulondeka, ukuhamba kwakho ngendiza kulondekile, futhi amalungelo akho ezomnotho ayavikelwa. Kusukela kukuhlolwa kwe-Social Security ye-social Security okusekela ukugcinwa komoya ohlanzekile wezizukulwane ezizayo, igatsha eliphethe lifakwa endwangwini yokuphila kwansuku zonke. Ukuqonda ukuthi lisebenza kanjani futhi ungahlanganyela kanjani nalo ngokuvota, ukuphawula komphakathi, nokusekela kweze kulawule i-democrali. Isikhathi esilandelayo ubona ilebula lokudla, ibhodi lezokuhamba ngentela, noma uthatha isikhathi sokuqaphela imishini eyinkimbinkimbi yegatsha eliphethe inzuzo.