Izisekelo ZobuFederalism BaseU.S.

I-United States isebenza ngaphansi kwesimiso sobuzwe, lapho amandla ehlukaniswa khona phakathi kukahulumeni wezwe nohulumeni bakazwelonke. Ohulumeni bendawo (izindawo), izifunda, amadolobhana, izidalwa zikahulumeni (izidalwa), zisuka kumthetho-mthetho noma kumthetho. Lesi sakhiwo esinemigoqo sidala indawo eyinkimbinkimbi lapho uhulumeni, umbuso, nemithetho yendawo ingaphelelisa futhi iphikisane. Ukuqonda izimiso zesisekelo kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukuthi la manani kahulumeni asebenza kanjani.

Amandla Angokongamela: Anemizwa Futhi Asetshenziswa Kakhulu

Umthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. unikeza uhulumeni uhulumeni amandla akhethekile , njengokuqondisa ezentengiselwano zamazwe, ukusungula imali, ukumisa impi, nokumisa isimiso sokufuduka. Ngakuwo u-Nacessary no Kumelwe Claus [[FLT:]] (Ingxenye I, i-62], i-Congress futhi inegunya eliyivumela ukuba imise imithetho edingwayo ukuze ifeze imisebenzi yayo edibeneyo. [[FLT:]] Ukuthatha isikhundla sika Claus [[FLT] ] [ictle] [ictal] [ictle] [imithetho ehlangeneyo]) evumela ukuba umthetho wemithetho ye-Equat produant iwulwe yimithetho yezwe eliphakeme, imithetho ebopheleyo noma amajajize imibuso. [izwe]

Umthetho kazwelonke ubusa izindawo ngobubanzi besizwe: ukuwiswa kwamandla emali, ukugunyazwa, ukukhishwa komgunyathi, izindiza, nezindaba zakwamanye amazwe. Kulezindawo, uhulumeni unegunya elikhethekile noma elikhululayo. Ithuluzi eliwusizo lokuhlola amandla kahulumeni liyi- i-Constitution Ancotion[, elungiselelwe i- Library of Congress.

Imibuso Nemibuso Yendawo: Amaphoyisa NakuBuso BukaDillon

I-odoli iphethe amandla amakhulu ngegunya layo . Amandla ezwe afihla umthetho wobugebengu, imfundo, ukuhlanganisa, umthetho womkhaya, nenhlalakahle yendawo. Lokhu kugcinelwe wona [ ISigqizo sombuso . Amandla ezwe afihla umthetho wobugebengu, imfundo, ukuhlanganisa, ukuhlanganisa, umthetho womkhaya, nezindawo eziningi zokubusa zendawo. Nokho, abanakho ukubusa okungokwemvelo. Ngaphansi komthetho we-[FLT:] [FLT] [FLT]] [FLT]] [5], aphethe amandla anikezwa kuphela agunya agunyawezwe, kuhlanganise nalawo anikezwa yi-modeod ngokomthetho.

Leliqembu lezikhulu lisho ukuthi imithetho yendawo − ewumsindo, amahora ebhizinisi, imithetho yokwakha, akumelwe ingqubuzane nomthetho kahulumeni noma kahulumeni. Uma ikhona, izinkantolo kumelwe zinqume ukuthi yiliphi izinga elikhona. I-Cornell Legal Information Institute inikeza incazelo efingqiwe yoMthetho [ Dillon.

Izindawo Eziyinhloko Zokweqisa Nokuxabana

Ukuhlangana komthetho wendawo, umbuso, nombuso kuvela ezinkundleni eziningi zezimiso eziphezulu. Ngezansi kunezindawo ezinhlanu lapho izifunda eziphakelanayo zingqubuzana khona, kudala ukuxabana okungokomthetho futhi kudinga ukunquma okucophelelayo.

Ukufuduka Nokuhlanzwa Kwabantu

Ukuthutha kuyimibuso kahulumeni kuphela, kodwa ukugcinwa komthetho wendawo kusebenzelana nabafuduki nsuku zonke. Amadolobha okufuduka ayimibuso elinganisela ukubambisana neziphathimandla zezokufuduka zikahulumeni, ngokuvamile enqaba ukubamba abantu ngesisekelo sokungalawuleki. Uhulumeni wezwe uphikisa ukuthi imithetho enjalo iphula i-Supremacy Clause, kuyilapho izikhulu zendawo zithi zivikela imiphakathi yabafuduki nezidingo zezikhulu zendawo. Izinkantolo zezezwe zikhiphe izimemezelo ezixubile; imidlalo ephakathi kwe 8.S.C. 1373 (ekuyimigoqo yemingcele yendawo yokuxhumana ngesimo sokufuduka) nezindawo ezihlala. Inkonzo yokucwaninga yenkonzo yezentengiselwano yezentengo ibika lokhu [FOLT] [2]

Ukubuyiselwa Kwemililo Yengalo

ISichibiyelo Sesibili sinikeza ilungelo lokugcina nokuphatha izikhali, kodwa ubukhulu bazo bubunjwe yimithetho kahulumeni enjenge-Gun Control Act ka-1968 kanye nemithetho yendawo. Lomthetho we-Federal ubeka i-basel / prohibibing felon, abaxhaphazi basekhaya, nabanye abasuka ekubeni nezikhali ezidubulana nezindawo eziqinile, njengakwinkathi yokulinda, ukunqanda, nokuvinjelwa kwezikhali zokuhlasela. Lokhu kudala isiphithiphithiphithiso kubangela ukuba abanikazi abangokomthetho nezinselele. [[FLT:] Kuyi-New York Rifle & Pistol Association Association. Bruen[FLFLD:] [20] [20], iNkanto ephakeme yemithetho yokulungisa izibhamu, ukugcizelela umlando nesiko lendawo. Ohulumeni bendawo manje kumelwe bathethelele iziqondiso ngokulawula iziqondiso zemithetho. [[Foctive.]

Ukuqashelwa Ngokomthetho

Mhlawumbe isibonelo esicace kakhulu sempi yezwe yaseColumbia i-cannabis. I-Guided Divisions Act ibala insangu njengesidakamizwa seShedyna, isenza ukukhiqizwa kwayo, ukusakaza, nokuba nobugebengu obuphakathi. Kodwa ngo-2025, izifunda ne-Fourties of Colupy ziye zagunyaza ukwelapha noma insangu. Imithetho yendawo iyaqhubeka ilawula ukugcinwa, ukutshalwa, nokusetshenziswa. UMnyango Wezobulungisa ukhiphe imemorialda ngezikhathi ezihlukahlukene (umz. Cole Memory) ukuqondisa abashushicileli bezwe ukuba bagcine umthetho ukuba bagcine imicimbi ethile yeze uma kuhlanganiswe izinto ezithile eziyinhloko. Nakuba kunjalo, izingozi ezingokomthetho zishiye izivumelwano zezezezezomthetho, kodwa uMkhandlu wesizwe uhlanganisa abagibeli (Rhobarbarbarband) unyaka wonke) ezivimbela ukusetshenziswa kweminyango zempompomposo yokwelapha. [Fla yomthetho oqhubekayo] i-S.[0]

Ukubuyiselwa Kwendawo Ezungezile

Umthetho wendawo ezungezile ungesinye isikhungo lapho amazinga amaningi kahulumeni ethonya khona. I-Ceaose Air Act, Clean Water Act, nezinye izimiso zikahulumeni zimisa izindinganiso zesizwe, kodwa imibuso ingathatha imithetho eqinile. Ohulumeni bendawo bavame ukusebenzisa izimiso zokusebenzisa indawo ezungezile ezithinta indawo ezungezile, njengokuhlanganisa izithuba eziluhlaza, ukulawulwa kwamanzi asesibhakabhakeni, nokuvinjelwa kwesikhwama sepulasitiki. Uma ukuvinjelwa kwendawo kungqubuzana kwemithetho ye-ohulumeni (umz., kusho ukuthi ukuvimbela ukuvinjelwa kwepulasitiki kwepulasitiki, izinkantolo kumelwe zinqume ukuthi ubani ophethe igama lokugcina indawo. Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuhlanganisa futhi izikhangiso ezibekwa phansi komthetho kahulumeni, ngokwesimezo lwesimezomthetho, isimezo sepulasitiki, nesezikhwama ye-sclo. I-Agementation’izenving) [FLD:0] i-Evievievietion ofotence Act [FFalline]

Izimo Eziphuthumayo Zempilo Yomphakathi

Isifo se-COVOID-19 saqokomisa ukungezwani phakathi kwesiqondiso sikahulumeni negunya lendawo. Uhulumeni wakhipha imingcele yokuhamba, isiqondiso sokufihla nokufihla isimilo, futhi wanikeza ukuxhaswa kwemali nokuthunyelwa kwemijovo. Kodwa izikhungo zezempilo nendawo yenza iziyalezo zangempela , izikole ezifuna izifihlakaliso emabhizinisini, zilinganisela imibuthano. Ngo-202021,2021, ukumangalelwa kwangasese kwamacala ayimfihlo kwabekwa inselele ezisekelweni ezithi zihlanganisa ukuphulwa kwamalungelo omthetho-mthetho-sisekelo (umz., inkululeko yokuhlangana, inqubo efanelekile, yenkolo). Ezinye iziphakamiso zikahulumeni zakhipha imithetho evimbela iziyalezo zempilo zendawo, ukwenza izinga elithe nkqo lombuso, lombuso, nombuso wendawo ehlala ikhona, impikiswano ekhona ekhona, eyaziwa [Folfly Active Acts] [1] ngezeMpi yezeMpi yeze-yoMnyango yezeMpi yeze-mali yamaphoyisa.[F.

Imishini Engokomthetho Yokuxazulula Izingxabano

Lapho imithetho yendawo neyohulumeni ingqubuzana, izimfundiso nezinqubo eziningana ezingokomthetho zinquma umphumela. Ukuqonda lamathuluzi kubalulekile kothisha nabafundi abahlaziya izingxabano zezwe zangempela.

Uvivinyo Oluyisilinganiso

Intethelelo iwumthetho wokuthi umthetho kahulumeni unqoba isifunda esiphikisanayo noma umthetho wendawo. Kungashiwo (Lomthetho ungenawo amazwi acacile athi “lo mthetho ulula umthetho kahulumeni”) noma oshiwoyo. Ukuhlehliswa kuthatha izindlela ezimbili: insimu yehhovisi [ [[FLT]] [isimo somthetho] [lapho umthetho wezwe] ugcwele kakhulu kangangokuba ushiya indawo yonke, ungashiyikho igumbi lomthetho wezwe) futhi [[FLT:] ihlawulo lwezentengo [[FLT] [act] [ase] uma kungenakwenzeka ukuvumelana nazo zombili izimo zombuso, noma uma umthetho uvimbela imingcele ye-ocean.] Igunya phezu kwe-NSCUM, i-NSProleversethi ye-ogleonthetic, inguquast, iqala i-mthetho ehlanzekile, ngaphandle kokuba ivumela ukumelana nemvume enzi

Imithetho yendawo ingathunjwa futhi umthetho wezwe, ngokuveza amalungiselelo omthetho noma incazelo yokwahlulela. Lokhu kuhlukile kumthetho owenziwe ngethulusi. I-Cornell Information Institute [[FLT: 1] inikeza incazelo ephelele yezinhlobo zokuhlengwa.

Indima Yezinkantolo NoClaus Owakhazimula

Lapho kuphakama izingxabano, izinkantolo zikahulumeni − ikakhulukazi zichaza imingcele engokomthetho ne-state. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yakhuluma njalo ngemingcele kazwelonke nangamandla endawo ngaphansi kwe-Supremacy Claus. Arizora v. United States[ [202], iNkantolo yashaya amalungiselelo amaningana okuqinisekisa ukuthunyelwa kwezindawo ngenxa yokuthi yangenela kwemithetho yezwe ngenxa yokuthi yangenela egunyeni likahulumeni. Murphy v. NA[FLT][FLT][20:8] [20]), iNkathiwe umthetho wezwe owenqabela ngokuphumelelayo ukuthi ivimbela ukubhalisa kwemidlalo, ikhiphe ukuthi imfundiso emelene nomthetho kahulumeni othile eqondisa ukuqondisa ukubusa. [Fotelse.]

Izifundo zecala elingokoqobo lezwe

Ukuhlola okulandelayo kwecala kubonisa imiphumela engokoqobo yezimiso zomthetho ezihleliwe, okubonisa indlela izimiso ezifiphele ezibangela ngayo izingxabano ezisobala.

Izindawo zokuhlala ezihlanzekile: City of Chicago v. Izinhlelo

Ngo-2017, khona - ke u-Attorney General Jeff Sessions wamemezela ukuthi ama-oversity awenqaba ukudlulisela ukwaziswa kokufuduka kuziphathimandla zikahulumeni angalahlekelwa yimali ethile egunyaza ukugcinwa komthetho. iChicago, idolobha elingcwele, limangalelwe, liphikisa ukuthi lesi simo sasingasiphula iSichibiyelo seshumi nesigaba semibuso. Ikhothamo leNkanto edluliswayo eMnyango weSifundazwe seSebethiyesi lalithi i-Attney General ayinagunya lokuphoqeqelela ukuphosa leso simo. Icala libonisa indlela izinkantolo eziphethe izikhulu ezingahlasela ngayo i-Emplocation, nendlela izinkantolo ezisebenza ngayo njengezigwebo. Ibonisa futhi ukuthi inkantolo zendawo ingamelana ngokuphumelelayo nokuhlasela kwe-ogalelo-mthetho uma ziphethe ama-protection.

Abavikeli Bemali Nezikhangiso Zokuqulwa Kwecala

Ngisho nasezindaweni lapho i-cannabis isemthethweni ngokuphelele khona, amanxusa kahulumeni ngezinye izikhathi aye ahlasela ama-pasethi. I-Cole Memory (203-2018) yanikeza isiqondiso ku-U.S. i-Attorney ukususa ukuphoqelelwa kokugcinwa kwemisebenzi kahulumeni, kodwa yasuswa ngo-2018. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, ukuphoqelelwa akuzange kube ngcono. United States v. McITH[[FLTY:] (206), iSifundazwe sanquma ukuthi iRobaker-Mover-parer ayiseki uhulumeni ukuba ungayisebenzisi imali ukuze umangalise abantu ngabanye ngokulandela imithetho yezokwelapha. Lokhu kuqokomisa amandla e-Congrescestion of United States of Constropriationstion, ukuhlanganisa i-modurated elwayomthetho womthetho.

Ukwehliswa Okuncane Nokwehliswa

Ohulumeni abaningi bendawo baye bamisa iholo eliphansi kunezinga likahulumeni noma likahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, iSeattle yadlula iholo elingu-R2266 hour elilinganiselwe eminyakeni edlule. Iholo likahulumeni lingu-R27.25 (kusukela ngo-2025), futhi imithetho kahulumeni iyahluka. Nokho, amanye amazwe adlulise imithetho evimbela imingcele yeholo lendawo. Ngo-2023, umthetho we-sovinia wamazwe wacabangela izikweletuzo zokwehlawulo. Izinkantolo ziye zasekela lolu mbuso ngenxa yokuthi ohulumeni bendawo bayindalo. Izingxabano lapha zihambisana nombuso wendawo kunokuba kukhululwe nendawo, kodwa zibonisa ukuphikisana okufanayo okuphezulu. [[FOLD: 0]

Izimfune Zezakhamuzi Nabafundisi

Ukuqonda ukuhlanganiswa komthetho wendawo nohulumeni akuyona nje indlela yokufunda kuphela, kodwa kuthinta ukuphila kwansuku zonke. Izakhamuzi kumelwe zazi ukuthi iliphi izinga likahulumeni okumelwe ziphendukele kulo ngenxa yezindaba ezihlukahlukene: ukukhononda ngomakhelwane onomsindo kuyindaba yendawo, kuyilapho ukwephulwa kwamalungelo ohulumeni okufuna ukuthatha isinyathelo sikahulumeni. Othisha bangasebenzisa lokhu kuhlola ukuze bafundise ukugxeka uhulumeni, bakhuthaze abafundi ukuba bahlole ukuthi igunya elingokomthetho lisebenza kanjani nokuthi kuphi lapho kuphakama khona izingxabano.

Ukufundisa Amaphuzu

  • Sebenzisa izenzakalo zamanje: Tshabalalisa icala elilindele iNkantolo Ephakeme elihilela ukukhishwa (isib., imithetho yendawo ezungezile noma yezempilo) bese nixoxa ngezimpikiswano nhlangothi zombili.
  • Ukuqulwa kwecala lemithetho: Kwehlukanise abafundi babe amaqembu endawo, amaqembu kahulumeni, nawawokuhlongoza isimiso (isib., umthetho wezidakamizwa), bese kuba nezingxabano.
  • Qhathanisa nemithetho yendawo: Yenza abafundi bathole umthetho wendawo (isib., umthetho womsindo, ukuvinjelwa kwezikhwama zepulasitiki) nokucwaninga ukuthi umthetho kahulumeni noma kahulumeni ungase uwunqobe yini.
  • Sikiselwa indima yejaji: Xoxani ngendlela i - Supremacy Claus nokuhlolwa kokwahlulela okuxazulula ngayo ukungaqiniseki.

Ngokuhlanganyela ngenkuthalo nalokhu kucindezeleka, abafundi bazuza ukuqonda okuhlukile ngemiphumela ewusizo yombuso. futhi bafunda ukuthi umthetho awuyona isimiso esiqinile semithetho kodwa uyisimiso esiphilayo esizivelela ngokuxoxisana, ukuphenya, nomthetho.

Isiphetho

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwe-Suprecy Clause, isifundazwe, ne-guvernet bunye bobunye obungaguquguquki , ngezinye izikhathi bubambisana. Umthetho we-Federal umisa indawo yamalungelo amaningi nezimiso eziningi, kodwa uhulumeni nohulumeni bendawo banegunya elikhulu lokuzama nokusingatha izidingo zendawo. Izimfundiso zeSupremacy Clausle kanye nokuzikhulula kunikeza izimiso zokuxazulula izingxabano, kodwa amaqiniso endaba ngayinye abaluleke kakhulu njengezimiso ezingokomthetho. Kubafundisi nabafundi ngokufanayo, ukutadisha lokhu kwembula amandla ombuso waseMelika: isimiso esiklanyelwe ukungalungiseki kodwa ukusabela ngokuvumelana kodwa nokulawula kwentando yentando yeningi. Njengoba izinselele ezintsha zezobuchwepheshe zokushintsha isimo sezulu, kodwa ukuthatha isilinganiso sombuso womthetho okumelwe ukwenze enkabeni. Isikhulu sesizwe, sihlolwe kahle nalezi zinhlanganise nalene zemithetho elungele ukubusa. I-prigalthtop, i-moduced, i-modult; i-modult, i-modult, i-modult; i-modult, i-modult, i