Imithetho elawulayo iyisisekelo sokulawula indawo ezungezile ekhona futhi ithonya ukuphila kwansuku zonke kwezakhamuzi, abanikazi bebhizinisi, nabathuthukisi. Igunyazwe ohulumeni bendawo njengemikhandlu yedolobha, amakhomishane esifundazwe, namabhodi okuhlela, lemithetho ichaza ukuthi yini engakhiwa lapho, ukuthi iziphi izinto ezingase zisungulwe kakhulu kangakanani, futhi yimiphi imisebenzi evunyelwe ekuphileni kwaso sonke isifunda. Ngaphezu nje kwesemimiselo yemingcele, ukuhlanganisa isakhiwo, ukuveza umbono womphakathi ngenxa yokukhula kwawo kwesikhathi esizayo, impumelelo yezomnotho, impatho yezentengiselwano yezemvelo, nokungaphathiswa kwezenhlalakahle, ukuqonda indima kahulumeni wendawo ekudaleni nasekuhleleni izakhiwo, ibaluleke kakhulu kunoma yisiphi isigaba somphakathi esikhathalela umphakathi, noma ngabe isakhamuzi, isimiso somsebenzi, noma umenzi wemisebenzi, noma umzamkhandiswa wemithetho yale ngokomthetho wezindawo, izimo zezindawo, izakhiwo zezenhlalakahle, izakhiwo zezindawo, ihlelwe ngokwezimo, futhi idlalebhubhubhubhubhubhubhu elilawula izwe elingundayo, futhi idla idla i-

Iyini Imithetho Ekhohlisayo?

Imithetho eshayayo iyimithetho yendawo ehlukanisa indawo yesifundakazi ibe yizifundakazi futhi igunyaze izinhlobo zendawo ezivunyelwe esifundeni ngasinye. Ithola igunya layo elingokomthetho emaphoyiseni ombuso ($) ilungelo elingokwemvelo likahulumeni lokuvikela impilo yomphakathi, ukuphepha, ukuziphatha, nenhlala - kahle. I-oceral sigcompone ihlanganisa izakhiwo ezimbili: ibalazwe elikhona elisusa imingcele yesifunda ngasinye, nemibhalo ehlanganisa imingcele evumela ukusetshenziswa, ukuphakama, isilinganiso somphakathi, izikhawu, izikhawu, izimfuneko zokupaka imoto, nezinye izindinganiso zokuthuthukisa indawo ngayinye.

Umqondo wanamuhla wokuhlanganisa indawo wavela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili leminyaka, iNew York City ithatha isinqumo sokuqala esibanzi ngo1916 sokulawula ubude nezakhiwo ezinkulu zezakhiwo ezinde nokuhlukanisa phakathi kwemisebenzi efana namafektha kanye nezintambo. INkantolo ePhakamileyo yasekela ukufaneleka komthetho-sisekelo wokubekwa kwecala embonini [icala lonyaka ka-1926] [i-Euclid v. Ambler Realty Co., iveza ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwamandla amaphoyisa kuyinto esemthethweni uma nje kuhlangene nempilo yomphakathi, ukuphepha, nenhlala kahle. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, i-Onvernice i-bibial enzile eMelika, kanye ne-mende, cishe lonke iqoqo lemithetho ye-ocence.[[FLT]

Ohulumeni bendawo bavumelanisa imithetho eqondile yendawo, inani labantu, kanye nezomnotho. Ngokwesibonelo, idolobha elikhula ngokushesha lingase lisebenzise izindawo ezihlala amakhaya anezihlobo ezizimele lapho liqondisa ukuthuthuka kwezentengiselwano emaphasishini amakhulu, kuyilapho ingaphakathi lamadolobha akhiwe ngokuminyene lingasebenzisa izakhiwo ukuze likhuthaze ukuthuthuka kwezokuhamba nemisebenzi exubeneyo. Ukulawula kwendawo okuzuzwa ukuyenza ibe yithuluzi elinamandla, kodwa futhi libe nengxabano, ithuluzi lokuhlela umphakathi.

Injongo Nokubaluleka Kwemithetho Yokuziqamba

Ukuqonda lezi zinjongo kusiza ekucaciseni ukuthi kungani ohulumeni bendawo benikela ngengcebo enkulu ekwenzeni nokulungisa kabusha imithetho yabo yokuhlela.

Ukuthuthukiswa Okuhlelekile Nokusetshenziswa Kwezwe

Umgomo oyinhloko wokulungisa indawo ukugwema ukuba seduze kwesikole noma indawo ebanzi eseduze kwesikole noma indawo yokuhlala ethulile ingadala izicefe ezinjengomsindo, ukungcola, ukuminyana kwezimoto nezingozi zokuphepha. Ukuhlanganisa izindawo ezihlukene ngokuhlanganisa izinto ezifanayo ngokuhlanganisa izindawo ezisetshenziswa kanye kanye kanye, izindawo zezentengiselwano ezihamba ngezindlela ezinkulu, izifunda zezentengiselwano ezihamba ngemigwaqo ebanzi, nezindawo ezivulekile ezindaweni ezimisiwe. Lokhu kuhlelelwanisa izimoto kunciphisa izingxabano futhi kuthuthukise ilungiselelo eliphumelelayo lezindawo zomphakathi njengemigwaqo, amanzi, kanye nezindawo zokukhucunga.

Ukuvikelwa Kwezindinganiso Zempahla Nesimo Somakhelwane

Izimiso eziqinile neziqondakali kahle zokusebenzisa indawo zisiza ekuvikeleni inzuzo yempahla ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi ukutshala ifaktha kwamninikhaya akuncishiswa ukwakhiwa kwesitolo sokulahla amakhaya noma isitolo sezisebenzi ezizimele esiseduze komnyango. Ukulungisa futhi kuvikela ukwakheka komakhelwane ngokuqondisa izakhiwo eziphezulu, izitayela zokwakha, ubukhulu obuphezulu, nobunzima. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho wokubeka indawo ethile kungadinga ukuba amakhaya amasha esifundeni esingokomlando alondoloze izici ezithile zokuklama noma izakhiwo zokuhlala zilinganiselwe ezindaweni eziseduze kwezindawo zokuthutha. Ngokubeka izindinganiso eziqinile, izakhiwo zinikeza ithemba lokuba indawo yazo ihlala ihleli kahle ngesikhathi.

Impilo Yomphakathi, Ukuphepha Nenhlalakahle

Ukuzilungisa kusiza ngokuqondile empilweni yomphakathi nasekulondekeni ngokulawula izakhiwo ezinamagumbi ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukukhanya, umoya, nendawo evulekileyo; ngokugcina izimboni eziyingozi zikude ezindaweni zokuhlala; nangokufuna ukuba izimoto ezihambayo zihambe kahle futhi zingene ezimotweni eziphuthumayo. Imithetho eminingi yezindawo zihlanganisa amalungiselelo okulawula izikhukhula, ukukhuphuka kwamanzi asesiphephweni, nokulondolozwa kwezihlahla, ngaleyo ndlela kunciphisa izingozi zemvelo nokuthuthukisa impilo ezungezile yendawo ezungezile. Ukuzimela futhi kusekela ilungiselelo lomphakathi wezindawo zokupaka, izikole, nezikhungo zomphakathi, ngokufuna abathuthukisi bezindawo zokunikezela lezinjongo noma ngokukhula kwezindawo lapho izinkonzo zikhona kakade.

Ukuthuthuka Kwezomnotho Nokuzinziswa Kwezomnotho

Ohulumeni bendawo basebenzisa imingcele ehlelekile ukuze bakhange amabhizinisi, bavule imisebenzi, bandise nentela. Ngokuhlela intengiselwano yezentengiselwano, ihhovisi, nezindawo zezimboni, uphawu lwezezimali kubanikazi lapho intuthuko ikhuthazwa khona. Izindinganiso zokusebenza . Njengemingcele yomsindo, intuthu, nezimoto (accan) yenza izifunda zezezimboni zibe nezindawo ezingcono zokusetshenziswa kwemisebenzi eseduze. Ngaso sinye isikhathi esifanayo, ukuhlanganisa iziteshi kungavikela amaphasishi ezithebeni ezikhumulayo ngokufuna ukuvalwa kwezindawo zokulungisa, iziteshi zezandla, nemiklamo yezempasi yezandla. Imithetho ehambayo engenisa imingcele engcono yezentengo engenisa ukukhula kokuphila, isiza ukuba abantu balondoloze isikhathi eside ukulondolo.

Isivikelo Sendawo Ezungezile Nokulondolozwa Kwayo

Izindawo ezihlanganisa izinjongo zendawo ezungezile. Izindawo ezingaphezulu zingavikela izindawo ezingokwemvelo ezizwelayo njengezindawo ezingamaxhaphozi, imithambeka, namaphasishi ezilwane zasendle. Amalungiselelo ahlokomayo avumela abakhi ukuba bagxilise ingqondo ekwakheni ingxenyeni yendawo engabonakali kalula, bagcine ezinye ezinye zivulekile. Eminye imiphakathi iye yasebenzisa izindinganiso zokwakha eziluhlaza ebekelwe imingcele eqinile, idinga ukwakhiwa okusha ukuze ihlangabezane nempumelelo yamandla amandla noma izimiso zokuphatha amanzi avunguzayo. Ohulumeni bendawo basebenzisa futhi ukunciphisa izimoto ezihamba amakhilomitha ambalwa, ezixubene, ezisetshenziswayo, futhi zithuthuke ngendlela engcono.

Izinhlobo Zokuhlelwa Kwezimbali

Nakuba i-compal ngayinye iqala iqoqo layo, iningi layo liyizinhlobo ezimbalwa ezivamile. Ukuqonda lezi zigaba kuyisihluthulelo ekuchazeni ibalazwe elizokwenziwa nokuqondiswa kwenqubo yokuthuthuka.

Ukuzihlobisa

Izifunda ezivamile zezigodi. Zilawula ubukhulu bezindlu − ziboniswe njengezindawo zokuhlala ngehektare noma ngesilinganiso esiphansi kakhulu sobukhulu--(nezinhlobo zezakhiwo ezivunyelwe. Izindawo zokuhlala zomkhaya owodwa (R-1) ngokuvamile zivumela kuphela amakhaya ahlukene ezindaweni eziqashiwe, kuyilapho izibopho eziningi zemikhaya (R-3, R-4) zivumela i-duplexes, izindlu zamadolobha, nezakhiwo zokuhlala. Ezinye izindawo zokuhlala zihlanganisa amalungiselelo ezindaweni zokuhlala (ADU) noma amakhaya amaqoqo. Amabhonasi kanye nezimfuneko zokuthutha amakhefu zingahlanganiswa nezingizo zezindawo zokuhlala ukuze zikhuthaze izindlu ezingenisa imali.

IZoning Yezentengiselwano

Izindawo zezentengiselwano zihlalisa izitolo, amahhovisi, amathilomu, amahhotela, namabhizinisi enkonzo. Zisukela ezifundeni zezentengiselwano zomphakathi (zihambisa izakhamuzi zendawo) kuya ezikhungweni zezitolo zendawo nasezindaweni zamabhizinisi eziphakathi. Izindawo zezohwebo zivame ukulawula isilinganiso esiphansi (FAR), ubude bokwakha, uphawu, ipali, nokuvala izikhala zezindawo zokuhlala. Imithetho eminingi ihlanganisa izinga lokusebenza ukuze kuncishiswe umsindo, ukushayisa imoto, kanye nemiphumela yezimoto.

Izimboni

Izindawo zezimboni zigcinelwe ukukhiqiza, ukusakaza, ukusakaza, nokucwaninga nezindawo zokuthuthukisa. Lezi zindawo ziqhele ukuba kude nezindawo zokuhlala futhi zisondelene nezitimela, imigwaqo emikhulu, noma izikhumulo zezimboni. Izindawo zezimboni zingahlukaniswa kakhulu zibe izimboni ezilula (umzz., izakhiwo zokuhlanganisa izakhiwo zokucwaninga izakhiwo zokucwaninga, izimboni, amakhemikhali, iziteshi ezicwengisiwe), kanye nezindinganiso eziqinile zokusebenza ezizosetshenziswa ezimbonini.

Ukulima

Izindawo zokulima zivikela amapulazi ekuthuthukeni kwezindawo zokulima ezibanzi noma ezentengiselwano. Kuvame ukuvumela ukufuya, ukufuya, nemisebenzi ehlobene nayo futhi kungavimbela ukusetshenziswa kwe-odarm. Isilinganiso esincane kakhulu sivame ukuba sikhulu (umz., amahektare angu-20 noma ngaphezulu) ukuze kulondolozwe ukusebenza kwemisebenzi yokulima. Ezinye izifunda zezolimo zihlanganisa ukudluliselwa kwamalungelo okuthuthukiswayo (TDR) avumela abemi bendawo ukuba bathengise ukuthuthuka kwabo ezindaweni ezimisiwe zokukhula.

Ukusetshenziswa kwe-Purpose ekhethekile kanye nokuzingela

Izindawo eziningi zanamuhla ezihlanganisa izindawo ezixubene ezivumela ukuhlanganiswa kwemisebenzi yokuhlala, yezentengiselwano, futhi ngezinye izikhathi elula izimboni ezisetshenziswa esakhiweni esisodwa noma isifunda. Ukuxuba imishini kukhuthaza ukuhamba, ukuncika kwezimoto futhi kunciphise ukuncika kwezimoto. Izifunda ezikhethekile zihlanganisa intuthuko ehleliwe (amaPUD), evumela izindinganiso zomklamo ezivumelanayo emiklamweni emikhulu; izakhiwo ezihlanganisa imingcele eyengeziwe (umk., izingozi zengqophambano, noma ukubukelwa kwemiklamo) phezulu kwesakhiwo esingaphansi kwe-hosholo; nezindawo ezintantayo, ezingavumela ukuba kusetshenziswe umnini wempahla.

Inqubo Yokuzingela: Indlela Uhulumeni Wendawo Olawula Ngayo Izwe

Indalo, ukuthuthukiswa, nokugcinwa kwemithetho esemthethweni kuhlanganisa inqubo ehleliwe elinganisela ukuhlaziywa kobuchwepheshe, ukuthathi-nxaxheba komphakathi, nokwenza izinqumo zezombangazwe. Le nqubo isebenza kakhulu eminyangweni yokuhlela kahulumeni yendawo, ukuhlelwa kwezinhlangano, nezikhungo zemithetho.

Ukuhlela Okuwusizo Njengesisekelo

I-Zoning ayenzeki endaweni engenalutho. Ivame ukusekelwa ehlelweni elihambisanayo (elibizwa nangokuthi uhlelo olubanzi noma uhlelo oluphambili) elihlaziya umbono wesikhathi eside womphakathi wokukhula, ukukhula, ukuthuthukisa, ukulondoloza, nesisekelo. Icebo lokusungula izinhloso nezimiso zokusebenzisa izwe, ezokwethutho, indawo yokuhlala, ukuthuthukisa izomnotho, kanye nesivikelo sendawo. Imithetho okumelwe ihambisane necebo elibanzi ukuze ikwazi ukubhaliswa ngokomthetho. Ngaphambi kokuba kwamukele noma kulandele ibalazwe, ngokuvamile ohulumeni bendawo bathuthukisa uhlelo lwabo olubanzi ngokubophela komphakathi.

Ukuphoqelela Nokuvuselela Umkhosi Omangalisayo

Izisebenzi zokuhlela − ngokuvamile zincedwa ochwepheshe nezeluleko ezingokomthetho − ukulungisa umthetho wezindawo nebalazwe. Lo msebenzi uhilela ukuhlelwa kwezindawo, ukuhlaziya inqubo yendawo nezomnotho, ukuhlelwa kwezakhiwo zezakhiwo, nokuveza intuthuko yesikhathi esizayo. Ukwaziswa komphakathi kubuthwa ngezindawo zomphakathi, iziphetho ze-website, nokuqulwa komphakathi phambi kwekhomishane yokuhlela. Umthetho wokwenza imishini ubuye ubukezwe umkhandlu wedolobha noma ibhodi lesifunda, okungase kugcine ukuzwa okwengeziwe futhi kwenziwe ukulungisa ngaphambi kokuba kuthathwe.

Ukungaguquguquki, Ukusetshenziswa Kwemibandela Nemvume Ekhethekile

Ngisho nekhodi eliklanywe ngokucophelela kakhulu alinakubheka zonke izimo. Ukunikeza ukuvumelana nezimo, ohulumeni bendawo basungula izindlela zokukhululeka. uvumela umnikazi wendawo ukuba aphambuke edingweni elikhethekile (umz., isithiyo noma umkhawulo wobude) uma ukuphoqelela okuqinile kungadala ubunzima obungadingekile. ukusebenzisa (noma inxanxalazelo ekhethekile) ivumela ukusetshenziswa okungavunyelwe njalo endaweni ethile, uma kuqhathaniswa nezimo ezinciphisa imiphumela yayo. Lezi zinqumo ze-judiac zivame ukwenza ibhodi yezicelo (B) noma ukuhlelwa kwe-'ikhompathi ye-'ommesesholo yomphakathi.

Ukuphoqelelwa Nokuphikiswa

Uma umthetho wokuhlela indawo usukhona, ohulumeni bendawo bawuphoqelela ngemvume yokwakha, ukuhlola, nangemithetho yokusebenza kwezindawo. Abanikazi bezindawo abaphula imithetho yokuhlela ngamazwe (ngokwesibonelo), ngokusebenzisa ibhizinisi endaweni yokuhlala noma isakhiwo esingaphezu kwe-electal) engathola isaziso sokwephulwa, amaface, noma ngisho nemithetho yenkantolo yokunqanda ukuhlinzwa. Ukuphoqelelwa kokugcinwa kwemisebenzi kuyizinto ezibucayi, kanti ngokuvamile kungaphansi kwezisebenzi ezisebenzisa imithetho evimbela ukuhlelwa komphakathi.

Izinselele Nokugxeka Ukuzikhohlisa

Naphezu kokusetshenziswa kwayo kabanzi, izakhiwo zinezimpikiswano. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukuhlelwa kwendawo kuye kwaba nengxenye ezinkingeni eziningi zezenhlalo, zezomnotho, nezemvelo. Ohulumeni bendawo kumelwe balwe nalezi zinselele njengoba belungisa imithetho yabo.

Ukuzingela Nokuhlala Kwazo

Enye yezindlela zokugxeka eziphikelelayo zokuhlanganisa indawo, indima yayo ekuqhubekiseleni phambili ubandlululo lwezinhlanga nezomnotho. Imikhuba yokuhlukanisa izindawo [ njengemithetho] encishisiwe yezinga elilodwa noma ngaphezulu, ukuvinjelwa kwezindlu eziningi, kanye nemingcele evimbelayo encishisiwe emakhaya aphansi nawabantu abanemibala ehlukene ezindaweni ezithile. Lemithetho, ngokuvamile ivikelwe njengokulondoloza “imfanelo yendawo yokuhlala,” iye yahlanganiswa nenkinga yezindlu ezimweni eziningi. Izinkantolo nemithetho yezwe iye yaqala ukubekela inseleleka ukuhlukanisa amakhaya, ngezindawo ezithile (isibonelo, i-Ofronia, i-California, ne-Washington) imithetho evimbela imithetho yendawo evimbela imingcele yezindawo eziningi.

UBUNIMY NOKUmelana Nomphakathi

I-NaMBYism eyaziwa ngokuthi (“Ingaphumi'''''''''''''''''), ingalibazisela noma inciphise imisebenzi enjengezindlu ezithengwayo, izindawo zokuhlala ezingenamakhaya, izindlu zamaqembu, noma izindawo zokuphehla amandla. Nakuba izakhamuzi zivame ukubhekana nokuphikiswa kwenqubo yokuhlela, ukuphikiswa kwe-NIMBY kungabonisa ukumelana okuhlelekile kokuthi abambalwa bawanciphisa kakhulu amazwi ezindleko zomphakathi.

Ukuyinkimbinkimbi Nokutholakala

Izimiso zokuzilungisa ziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, ngokuvamile zisebenzisa amakhulu amakhasi anamakhasi ayinkimbinkimbi kanye nomthetho omthetho. Lokhu kuyinkimbinkimbi kungenza kube nzima ngezakhamuzi ezivamile, abanikazi bebhizinisi abancane, ngisho nezikhulu zendawo ukuqonda imithetho. Ngenxa yalokho, izinqumo zokuthuthukisa zingabuswa abathuthukisi abaklanywe kahle nabameli abasebenzisa indawo, kuyilapho izakhamuzi namaqembu omphakathi ezama ukuthatha igalelo eliphumelelayo. Imiphakathi eminingi isebenzela ukwenza lula nokuhlanganisa imithetho yayo ehlelayo ukuze ithuthukise ukugqama nokwenza umphakathi ube nomphakathi ube nomphakathi ube nomphakathi.

Indawo Ezungezile Nezohwebo Eziphelele

Ukuzingela kungaba nemiphumela engafuneki. Ngokwesibonelo, indawo enkulu ehlala abantu ezindaweni ezisemaphethelweni iholela ekuncipheni kwezindawo ezisebenzisa amapulazi, ukwandisa intuthu yemoto, kanye nendawo yezilwane zasendle ehlukene. Ngokuphambene, imizamo yokugxilisa ukuthuthuka emadolobheni ngezindawo eziphezulu ingabangela ukuphikiswa kwezakhamuzi ezikhathazekile ngokukhuliswa nokushenxiswa kwendawo ezungezile. Ukulinganisela phakathi kokulondolozwa kwendawo ezungezile, ukukhokhwa kwezindlu, kanye nomphakathi kuseyinselele yohulumeni bendawo.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo EZoning

Ukuhlola indlela amadolobha ahlukene aye asondela ngayo ezindaweni ezihlukene kwembula amandla nezihibe zaleli thuluzi lokuqondisa.

IDolobha LaseNew York: Indawo Yokuzalelwa Kwezoni Yanamuhla

Isinqumo sokulungisa idolo lika-1916 eDolobheni laseNew York sasiyingqophamlando ekuhlelweni kwamadolobha, simisa ukuphakama nesithiyo esalawula i-octal coneral. Phakathi namashumi eminyaka, ukuhlanganiswa kwezakhiwo kwedolobha kuye kwaqala ngokuphawulekayo. Ngo-1916, isilinganiso esibanzi sesakhiwo esibekwe phansi esisunguliwe (FAR) kanye nezindawo zomphakathi ezisezifundeni zomphakathi. Muva nje, leli dolobha liye laphishekela “ukumisa indawo yokuhlala yemali ekhona” ngemithetho yemithetho yezindawo zokuhlala esemthethweni edinga intuthuko entsha ezindaweni ezingabizi mali. Naphezu kwale mizamo, iNew York iyaqhubeka izama ukumelana nokuthola indawo yokuhlala nezindawo zokuhlala, ukushaya izingcingo zokulungisa izakhiwo eziphakathi, njengokuvumela ukuba izindawo zokuhlala eziphakathi ezisezindaweni ezibanzi.

Portland, Oregon: Indawo Yokuhlola Izibuki Eqhubekayo

I-Portland iyaziwa kabanzi ngokuhlela kwayo izinhlelo ezintsha. Ukwanda kwayo kwasemadolobheni, okwamiswa ngo-1979, kunqanda ukukhula ngokulinganisela ukukhula kwendawo emisiwe nokugcina amapulazi azungezile. Phakathi ne-UGB, Portland iye yathuthukisa intuthuko yokuthutha, exubene nezindawo zokuhlala, futhi yakha izinhlelo ezisekelwe ekulawuleni ukuma kokwakha nokubekwa kwendawo kunokusetshenziswa nje kuphela. Inqubo yokuhlanganisa idolobha idinga ukuba izenzakalo ezintsha zokuhlala ezinezingxenye ezingu-20 noma ngaphezulu zibeke eceleni izakhiwo ezithengwayo. IPortland ibonisa ukuthi ingxevava ithuluzi elinamandla lokufeza imigomo, kodwa futhi libhekene izinselele ezihlobene nokukhuphuka kwezindawo zokuhlala ezisezindaweni ezikhulekayo.

ILos Angeles: Ukuhlala Ezindaweni Ezinhle Ukuze Ngikhulume Nenkinga Yezindlu

ILos Angeles inenye yezimo ezinzima kakhulu zokuhlala e-United States, ngokwengxenye iqhutshwa umthetho owenqabela ngokomlando izindlu eziningi zemikhaya ewu 75% yezwe lokuhlala. Ekuphenduleni, leli dolobha liye lathatha izinguquko ezinkulu zokuhlanganisa, kuhlanganise no 2019 “iMayauning JJ.” ukuthi kuhlangene eduze nokuthunyelwa kwezindawo ezithengwayo zezindlu, kanye no-2021 “Indawo engcono” ehlanganisa imiphakathi ephezulu ephezulu ehlala amakhaya amasha ngezigidi ezingu-5,2029. Lezinguquko ziye zabangela izimpikiswano ezinamandla phakathi kwabasekeli bezentengi, abaphikisa ngokuthi ukudilizwa kwezindawo nokulahlekelwa kwesimilo emphakathini. I-Los Angeles iqokomisa isimo sezombangazwe esikhona ezindaweni ezihlukene, i-2029.

IHouston: Ikhono LikaZoning Nemiphumela Yalo

IHouston ingowodwa idolobha elikhulu lase-U.S. elingenakho ukuhlelwa kwemithetho ebanzi. Kunalokho, ukusetshenziswa kwendawo kulawulwa ngenhlanganisela yemithetho yemithetho yesivumelwano, iziqondiso zokwehlukana, nemithetho yedolobha ekwakheni imisha, nokugcinwa kwemingcele, nokugcinwa okungokomlando. Nakuba lokhu kulula kwehlisa imingcele ekuthuthukiseni futhi kugcine izindleko zezindlu zingabizi kakhulu, kuye kwaholela ekukhuleni ngokungahleleki, ukuxabana phakathi kwemisebenzi engekhona ngokomthetho, nokungaklanywa kwedolobha. Indaba kaHouston inikeza indawo emelene nokubekwa amadolobha anezinzuzo kanye nezithiyo zombili izikweletu ezibonisa izinzuzo kanye nezingakhohlozi zokungena kwe-lassez-faire.

Ikusasa Lokuzitika: Ukuthambekela Okuya Kukhula Nezinguquko

Ohulumeni bendawo kulo lonke izwe baphinde bacabange ngokuhlela izindawo ezingokwesiko ukuze babhekane nezinselele eziphuthumayo ezinjengokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukutholakala kwezindlu, nokushintsha kwenani labantu.

Izimiso Ezisekelwe Kumthetho

Ngokungafani nokusetshenziswa okuvamile kwendawo esekelwe kuyo, igxile ekwakheni izinhlelo ezisekelwe ekwakheni ukuphakama kwazo, ukunqwabelana, izithiyo, nokungalinganiswa kwezindawo eziseceleni] kunokusetshenziswa kwemisebenzi ethile ngaphakathi kwazo. Lemithetho ifuna ukudala izakhiwo ezihambayo, izindawo ezilinganiswayo ngokugcizelela ubuhlobo phakathi kwezakhiwo nendawo yomphakathi. Izimiso ezisekelwe kusetshenziswa kakhulu ezifundeni ezisemuva, eziphakamele, eziphakamele, futhi zithuthukisa ukugcwala.

Izindlu Eziphakathi Nezindawo Ezingahlali Zikhona

Ukuze kuxazululwe ukuntuleka kwezindlu, amadolobha amaningi akhona avumela “ukuvalwa kwezindlu phakathi” ukuvumela izindlu zokwenza "izinsukwana, ama-duplexis, izindlu zamadolobha, nezakhiwo ezincane" izindawo ngaphambili ezazilinganiselwe emakhaya omkhaya owodwa. Oregon, California, nase Washington zidlulise imithetho esemthethweni eqeda izakhamuzi zendawo eyodwa, kuyilapho amadolobha anjengeMinneapolis, Charlotte, nePortland aye aqeda izifunda-yodwa zemikhaya kuphela. Lenguquko iyaqaphela ukuthi izakhiwo ezingokwesiko zithunyiwe futhi zinikela ukuba kutholakale indawo yokuhlala.

Ukuzihambela Kwezulu

I-soning iklanywa ukuze ifeze izinhloso zesimo sezulu. Izibonelo zihlanganisa ukufuna izimoto zikagesi ezihamba ngezindlela ezihambela intuthuko entsha, ukufulela uphahla oluluhlaza nophahla olupholile ezifundeni zasemadolobheni ashisayo, nokumisa izigodi ezigcwele izikhukhula ezilinganisela ukukhula ezindaweni eziphakeme. Eminye imiphakathi iye yamukela “ukuzinza” okuhlanganisa ukwakha izithako kanye nezinyathelo zokuzivumelanisa. Ukungaboni kwesimo sezulu kunganciphisa futhi ukukhishwa kwegesi ngokuthola indawo yokuhlala eduze kwemisebenzi nemoto, ngaleyondlela kunciphisa amabanga amade.

Ukungalingani Nohlanga Kuyaphishekelwa

Inani elandayo lohulumeni bendawo liqhuba ama-audio amanani asemthethweni ezindawo zabo ukuze kubonwe futhi kususwe amalungiselelo aye aqhubekisela phambili ngokomlando ukucwasana ngokobuhlanga. Ngokwesibonelo, amadolobha ahlola imingcele enciphile enciphileyo, izimfuneko zokupaka izimoto, kanye nendawo yokuhlala ethinta imibala yabantu ngokungenakuqhathaniswa. Umgomo uwukwakha imithetho yokuhlanganisa egcwele futhi ekhuthaza ukukhetha okulungile kwezindlu, njengoba kufunwa yi-Punical Fair Holication Act.

Ukuhlelwa Kwezintambo Zoling Nemininingwane

Ubuchwepheshe benza ukuba kube lula ukuhlanganisa indawo. Amadolobha amaningi manje anikeza amabalazwe ahlanganisayo, ama-panet avumela i-partum, kanye nokufushaniswa kwemithetho ecacile. Izimiso zokwaziswa ze-GOC (GIS) zivumela abahleli ukuba bahlaziye imiphumela yezinguquko ezihlongozwayo zezimoto, izakhiwo, nezindawo zendawo ezizungezile. Amathuluzi amanani asiza nokuba nengxenye yomphakathi ngemihlangano engokoqobo nangemibuthano exhunyiwe.

Isiphetho

Imithetho yokuzihlela ingaphezulu kakhulu kunemithetho yezobuchwepheshe engaqinile; iyizibonelelo zezindinganiso zomphakathi kanye nezinhloso zekusasa lawo. Ohulumeni bendawo basebenzisa lemithetho ukuhlela izakhiwo ezingokomzimba, ezingokwenhlalo, nezezomnotho, ukulinganisela izifiso ezincintisanayo ukuze kufinyelele ukuthuthukiswa, ukuvikela inzuzo yempahla, nokuthuthukisa inhlalakahle yomphakathi. Kodwa ukuhlanganisa izinto futhi kubangela ukungezwani, abagxeki bekhomba indima yayo ekuthuthukiseni ukungalingani, ukulinganisela ukutholakala kwezindlu, nokuncishiswa kwezindawo.

Njengoba imiphakathi iqhubeka iguquka, izimpawu zokulungisa kumelwe ziphinde zibuye zibuye zilungiswe. Izindawo eziphumelela kakhulu azikho ezikhona kodwa zivumelana nemininingwane emisha, ukushintsha kwenani labantu, nokuhlela umphakathi kuqala. Ukuhlanganyela enqubweni yokuhlanganisa indawo. Ngokuya ezindaweni ezithile, ngokufaka izinkulumo zomphakathi, ngokunikeza izimemezelo zemithetho yokuhlela, noma ukusebenza ekhomishinini yokuhlela, kungezinye zezindlela eziqonde kakhulu zezakhamuzi zokuthonya ikusasa lezindawo zazo. Ngokuqonda indlela i-Groant esebenzayo, abantu ngabanye nezinhlangano zingaba ngayo abaxhasi abaphumelelayo bekhono lokulalela, abahlala ndawonye, abakwaziyo ukuhlanganisa, futhi abakwazi ukusekela umphakathi.